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Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a global health issue rising in alarming rate. Diseases of mineral and bone metabolism are more common in chronic kidney disease. This study was aimed to evaluate comparison between ionized calcium and albumin corrected calcium in Subjects with CKD with dialysis treatment, to assess their calcium levels. Subjects with CKD on dialysis treatment, who presented to the Department of Medicine, PESIMSR, Kuppam were included into the study. Sample (n=40) was collected from all patients from AV fistula. This was used to analyze total calcium, serum albumin, pH and also ionized calcium values. Albumin corrected calcium is calculated using equation. The preliminary data analyses reporting a significant variation among ionized calcium and total calcium besides albumin corrected calcium in patients with CKD (p .There is a significant variation among ionized calcium and total as well as albumin corrected calcium in subjects with CKD (P Keywords: Albumin, Total Calcium, Ionized Calcium, Dialysis, Chronic Kidney Disease

Staining is technique used in microscopy to enhance contrast in the microscopic image. Stains and dyes are frequently used in biological tissues for viewing, often with the aid of different microscopes. Vital staining is a type of staining, where living cells or tissues will take up stain and mainly used to detect suspicious lesions.

The most common cancer in women is breast cancer, and it poses serious health issues in women, leading to increased mortality rates. Estrogen and its metabolites have been established as risk factors for breast cancer. Determining the role of genetic variants having functional involvement in regulating the estrogen concentration and detoxifying the toxic estrogen metabolites through estrogen hydroxylation by CYP1A1, CYP1B1, and catechol estrogen inactivation by SULT1A1 may reveal crucial information on the identification of genetic biomarkers for breast cancer susceptibility, thus paving the way for monitoring, early detection, and personalized treatment. In the present study, 200 breast cancer and 200 control samples were analyzed with regard to genotypes for the polymorphism rs4646903, rs1048943, rs1056836, and rs9282861 found in the genes CYP1A1, CYP1B1, and SULT1A1, respectively, by real-time polymerase chain reaction. The study revealed positive association of CYP1A1 rs4646903 T to C polymorphism with breast cancer risk. A significant increase of TC and CC alleles of the gene CYP1A1 m1(T/C) genotype rs4646903 was found in patients in comparison with controls (OR = 1.68; 95% CI, 1.13–2.51; p: 0.009). A significant increase of GA and AA alleles of the SULT1A1 rs9282861 genotype was found in patients in comparison with controls (OR = 1.86; 95% CI, 1.21–2.86; p: 0.004). SULT1A1 Arg213His was found to contribute an elevated risk of breast cancer. There was no strong and significant linkage disequilibrium between these polymorphisms. CYP1A1 and SULT1A1 were found to be associated with premenopausal breast cancer cases and high tumor grade. Stratified analysis of the subjects based on receptor status revealed an association between SULT1A1 polymorphism and ER-positive breast cancer cases. The in silico analysis revealed structural variation in SULT1A1 gene with respect to rs9282861 polymorphism. The polymorphisms rs9282861 of SULT1A1 and rs4646903 of CYP1A1 were found to be associated with breast cancer risk in southern Indian population.

Breast cancer is the leading deadly cancer and most commonly diagnosed in women. New technologies in supplement to existing imaging modalities improve breast cancer screening. This article contributes to identify the high potential device that suggested high accuracy and reliable tool for breast screening and also to examine new screening modalities. An improved imaging system which ensures early detection, non-invasive and radiation free is expected in diagnosis. Numerous imaging modalities like positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) imaging, ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), thermography, electrical impedance tomography and few others with recent developments show great potential for diagnosis. Some of the techniques aim for lesion detection and characterization with increased specificity and accuracy. In this paper, the capabilities of traditional and emerging breast imaging modalities used in breast cancer screening are summarized and their advantages and disadvantages are discussed.

This study was conducted to estimate the aminoacid levels in the vitreous of patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy, and to correlate it with the adiponectin levels. Secondly to test if these amino acids can alter or induce adiponectin levels and its related factors in retinal cells like pericyte as an in vitro model.All human studies were done as per declaration of Helsinki with institutional approval and after obtaining consent from participating individuals. The vitreous amino acids were estimated in PDR (Proliferative diabetic retinopathy) and MH (Macular Hole) as disease control using HPLC. Bovine retinal pericytes (BRP) were cultured in DMEM/F12 medium and treated with 0.5 mM of any one of the individual amino acids (proline, hydroxyproline, phenylalanine, alanine, serine, glycine, lysine, isoleucine or valine) along with 100 nM insulin for 14 days in high glucose (25 mM) condition. The mRNA expression profile of adipogenic markers (such as Pref1, APN, ZAG and PPARγ), angiogenic markers (VEGF, MMP-2 and MMP-9, TGF-β) and antioxidant markers (Nrf2 and UCP-2) were evaluated by qPCR. Adipogenesis was further confirmed by adipogenesis assay, secretion of adiponectin in medium and triglyceride accumulation by Oil red O staining in Bovine retinal pericytes.Amino acids valine (p 0.004), isoleucine (p 0.0007), leucine (p 0.022), serine (p 0.0007), glycine (p 0.001), alanine (p 0.017), phenylalanine (p 0.013), and lysine (p 0.001) were significantly elevated in the vitreous of PDR group (n = 30) when compared to macular hole (n = 20). There was a significant positive correlation between serine (p 0.021), alanine (p 0.00016), phenylalanine (p 0.04), isoleucine (p 0.023), leucine (p 0.043), and lysine (p 0.026) with adiponectin level in the vitreous. The amino acids hydroxyproline, proline, lysine, glycine and alanine induced the triglyceride accumulation and expression of Adiponectin. VEGF and MMP-9 expression was decreased with all the amino acids treated and PEDF was significantly increased with phenylalanine treatment. TGFβ mRNA expression showed a significant decrease with proline, alanine, glycine, lysine and isoleucine. The Nrf2 expression was significantly increased in alanine and serine when compared to control. The UCP-2 gene showed a significant increase in proline and lysine treatment.Our results suggest that amino acids hydroxyproline, proline, lysine, glycine and alanine which are elevated in the PDR vitreous show a tendency to induce adipogenic effects in retinal pericytes by triggering the accumulation of triglycerides and adiponectin. Hence we hypothesize that these aminoacids when elevated along with insulin and glucose can induce metabolic changes in pericytes. The functional implications of these changes tend to be protective as it increases the antioxidant potential and decreases the angiogenesis markers which are potentially pathogenic.

99mTc-EC (Technetium-99m-ethylenedicysteine) is a renal tubular imaging agent introduced as an alternative to 99mTc-MAG3 (Technetium-99m-mercaptoacetyltriglycine) (1). This radiopharmaceutical can be easily labeled at room temperature and has high radiochemical purity and long stability for at least 8 h. Within 1 h 70% of 99mTc-EC is excreted in the urine (2). 99mTc-EC provides the same Scintigraphic information as 99mTc-MAG3. The Hepato biliary excretion of 99mTc-EC is very low and usually does not affect image interpretation on routine imaging, the possibility of visualization of the gall bladder should be kept in mind while reporting the 99mTc-EC renogram (1). We present a case of 99mTc-EC renogram, a suspected case of hypoplastic/ectopic right kidney, to look for ectopic kidney. In this case, there was unexpected visualization of gallbladder in delayed images. We herewith present this case, so that physician should be careful while reporting 99mTc-EC renogram, as there may be chances for gall bladder to be masquerading as Ectopic kidney.

Background: Onychomycosis (OM) is a fungal infection of the finger or toenails caused by dermatophytes, yeasts, or nondermatophyte molds (NDMs) and can involve any component of the nail unit. OM, apart from being asymptomatic, is a chronic disease and warrants long-term treatment. Aims: The aim was to study the clinicoepidemiological features of OM and to evaluate the mycological and histopathological features among patients attending the dermatology outpatient department. Subjects and Methods: A cross-sectional hospital-based study was performed in 500 patients with symptoms related to the nails and nail folds. OM was confirmed in 284 patients by potassium hydroxide (KOH) mount, fungal culture, or biopsy. Descriptive analysis of the data was undertaken. Results: The study included 284 confirmed cases of OM of which 117 (41.1%) were positive for fungal elements by KOH mount, 168 (59.1%) samples showed positivity in fungal culture, and 62 (21.8%) samples had positive nail biopsy results. Distolateral subungual OM was the most common clinical type (47.6%). Among the fungal isolates, a predominance of dermatophytes was observed followed by yeasts and NDMs. The most common dermatophytic fungal isolate in the culture was Trichophyton rubrum (45%). Conclusion: Our study implies the importance of laboratory diagnosis of OM as it can mimic diverse nail disorders. As the role of NDMs and yeasts is on the rise for etiology of OM, investigations such as KOH examination, culture, or nail biopsy becomes essential for correct diagnosis and management.

Background: Forensic odontology plays a pivotal role in the identification of victims in mass disasters utilizing “preserved dental records” or “ante-mortem records” available with the general dental practitioners. Identification of a deceased individual by comparing antemortem and postmortem records is more reliable and easier as compared to other methods. However, in India, the practice of maintaining dental case record requires additional emphasis. Aim: The aim of the present study is to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practices of dental practitioners in South India regarding awareness and importance of maintaining patient's dental records. Settings and Design: A descriptive questionnaire study was conducted among the alumni of the dental institution over a period of 3 months. The alumni who passed out from 2000 to 2015 were included in the study. Materials and Methods: A structured questionnaire containing 24 questions regarding the knowledge, attitude, and practice of maintaining clinical case records was prepared and validated. Data were collected from 543 dental practitioners from various parts of South India who were the alumni of the dental institution. Statistical Analysis: The data were summarized and analyzed using the statistical software Statistical Package for the Social Sciences. The descriptive analysis was done in percentages, and the results were tabulated. Results: Overall, 58.39% of dentists were found to be maintaining records promptly, and 84.6% dentists have knowledge about forensic odontology, but only 8.4% of dentists have helped the government agencies during mass disasters. Conclusion: This study reveals that the need of the hour is to change the attitude and to cultivate interest among practicing dentists regarding dental record maintenance which can tremendously help in the deceased individual identification process.

An overlap syndrome is a medical condition which shares features of at least two more widely recognized disorders. Autoimmune connective tissue diseases include systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), scleroderma, polymyositis, dermatomyositis, rheumatoid arthritis and Sjögren's syndrome where overlap syndrome most commonly seen in combination with SLE and systemic sclerosis (SSc). Sjogren's is an autoimmune exocrinopathy, in which systemic diseases such as arthritis, interstitial lung disease and renal disease may develop in addition to the pathognomonic features such as dry eyes and mouth. The other associated disease with Sjogren's includes sialadenitis. Sialadenitis of the parotid gland is one of the major disorders of salivary gland. This article presents a rare case report of a patient diagnosed with sialadenitis of the parotid gland and associated with progressive SSc/lupus overlap syndrome and secondary Sjogren's.

Background: Menopause is a physiological event, a unique stage of a female reproductive system and transition in life that occurs in all women who reach midlife. The clinical consequence of menopause is due to estrogen deficiency. Some of menopausal symptoms experienced by these women can be severe enough to affect their normal lifestyle. Unfortunately, majority of these women are not aware of the changes brought about by menopause. Objective of the study was to assess the prevalence of different menopausal symptoms and their severity according to menopause rating scale and their impact on quality of life.Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted by the department of obstetrics and gynaecology, Yenopaya Medical College, Mangalore between June 2020 to August 2020. A total of 210 women who are between the age of 40 and 65 years who had their last menstrual period of at least 1 year ago and were included in the study.Results: In the study majority of subjects were in the age group 46 to 50 years (42.9%). In the study there was significant association between general health and hot flushes, heart discomfort, depressive mood, irritability, physical and mental exhaustion, bladder problems and joint and muscular pain. There was no significant association between general health and sleep problem, anxiety, sexual problems and dryness of vagina.Conclusion: The menopausal rating scale can be used an effective tool while examining the patients for menopausal symptoms. Regular screening of such women can make a huge difference, and their quality of life can be improved.

Background: Patient who had history of spontaneous abortion in her previous pregnancy is associated with adverse outcome in her present pregnancy.Methods: A total 63 pregnant women attending OPD and admitted in department of obstetrics and gynecology, Yenepoya Medical College, from April 2017 to September 2017, considered and outcome were studied.Results: Out of 63 patient’s majority (57.1%) of patients belong to the age group 21-29 year. Anemia was found to be very severe in 4.3%, severe in 10% and moderate in 30% patients. Maximum patients (45.7%) were with history of previous one abortion followed by previous two abortions (38.6%). The final outcomes were term livebirth 47 (74.3%), abortion 9 (14.3%), preterm delivery 5 (8.6%), and stillbirth 2 (2.8%) caesarean section (23.3%) for various indications. 19.23% had term PROM, 9.09% had PPROM, 5.76% had term IUGR, 3.84% term IUD, preterm IUD accounts for 9.09% and still birth accounted for about 1.92% which was term, pre-eclampsia accounted for 4.76%, malpresentation for 7.93%, total 3 cases of antepartum hemorrhage out of which placenta previa accounts for about 3.1% and abruption for 1.58%, manual removal of placenta 4.7% and low birth weight 7.6%.Conclusions: Previous history of spontaneous abortion is associated with adverse pregnancy outcome. There is increased risk of abortion, preterm delivery, need for caesarean sections and fetal loss which can be reduced by booking and giving antenatal care.

Feature selection is a processing step that gives a subset of features required for analyzing an image. The process flow of medical image processing includes pre-processing, image segmentation, feature extraction and feature selection. Medical imaging has been developed predominantly nowadays. It assists the physicians to diagnose the diseases through various medical modalities. Fetal defects are the most common congenital abnormality found at birth. Fetal features are selected and extracted to determine fetal biometrics such as Amniotic Fluid Volume, Bi-parietal Diameter, Head Circumference, Abdominal Circumference, Femur Length and Gestational Age. IntraUterine Growth Restriction remains a challenging problem for both the obstetrician and the pediatrician. The vital role of this approach is to detect abnormalities non-invasively and reduce the risk factors in early stages of pregnancy.

Respiratory viruses have been recognised as causative agents for a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations and severe respiratory compromise in neonates during birth hospitalisation. Early-life respiratory virus infections have also been shown to be associated with adverse long-term consequences. Preventing virus infections by intensifying hygiene measures and cohorting infected infants should be a major goal for neonatal intensive care units, as well as more common use of virus diagnostics.

Increased burden of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) in case of hyperglycemic conditions leads to the development of retinopathy, nephropathy, and cardiovascular and neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease. AGEs are considered as pro-oxidants, and their accumulation increases the oxidative stress. The prolonged exposure to these AGEs is the fundamental cause of chronic oxidative stress. Abnormal morphology of red blood cells (RBCs) and excessive eryptosis has been observed in diabetes, glomerulonephritis, dyslipidemia, and obesity, but yet the contribution of extracellular AGEs remains undefined. In this study, we investigated the effect of AGEs on erythrocytes to determine their impact on the occurrence of different pathological forms of these blood cells. Specifically, carboxymethyllysine (CML), carboxyethyllysine (CEL), and Arg-pyrimidine (Arg-P) which have been reported to be the most pre-dominant AGEs formed under in vivo conditions were used in this study. Results suggested the eryptotic properties of CML, CEL, and Arg-P for RBCs, which were evident from the highly damaged cell membrane and occurrence of abnormal morphologies. Methylglyoxal-modified albumin showed more severe effects, which can be attributed to the high reactivity and pro-oxidant nature of glycation end products. These findings suggest the possible role of AGE-modified albumin towards the morphological changes in erythrocyte's membrane associated with diabetic conditions.

Background Private dentists’ knowledge and attitude on preventive dentistry may influence their practice and contribute to oral health of individuals and community. The objective of the study was to investigate the preventive orientation of private dental practitioners in Vadodara (India) through a questionnaire study. Methodology A cross-sectional self-administered questionnaire survey was conducted among Indian Dental Association-enrolled private dentists in Vadodara. The 37-item pre-tested questionnaire included questions about personal and professional characteristics and items to assess knowledge, attitude, practice and barriers related to preventive dentistry. Statistical methods included descriptive statistics and chi-square and correlation analysis using Pearson's Correlation coefficient. Results 82 of 140 eligible respondents filled the questionnaire (response rate: 58.57%). Majority were BDS degree holders (64.63%). Most dentists had solo-practice (65.85%) and had a work experience of 1-10 years (56.10%). 75% reported reading national and/or international dental journals. 62.20% claimed to have attended Continuing Dental Education programmes within the last year and interest was expressed by 89.02%. Majority (80.49%) possessed above average knowledge. Knowledge was higher among least experienced groups compared to the most experienced groups and it was statistically significant. 48.78% of respondents exhibited highly favourable attitude. Frequently rendered preventive measures were oral hygiene instructions, anti-tobacco advice and dietary advices practiced by 86.59%, 80.49% and 43.90% of dentists respectively. Oral cancer screening, fluoride and sealants were done by most dentists on risk basis. Lead protection was ignored by 43.90%. Most dentists perceived patient-related barriers as most impeding to preventive care. No correlation was observed between knowledge and attitude. Conclusion Preventive orientation of private dentists in Vadodara was encouraging with scope for improvement.

At present, an ultrasound scan is a secure, non-invasive, precise examination in the fetus. It has gradually become an important obstetric tool and plays an indispensable role to be concerned of every pregnant woman. Analysis is achieved by segmenting and extracting the fetus from an ultrasound image. Fetal defects are the most common congenital abnormality found at birth. Precise and effectual monitoring of fetal development is one of the key components of prenatal care. The main aim of this approach is the early detection of fetus growth using ultrasound images by measuring and identification of Nasal Bone length, congenital heart diseases and cognitive disability. Image is analyzed using various processes like preprocessing, feature extraction, classification, segmentation etc.

Objective To evaluate the clinical utility of salivary interleukin 8 (IL-8) in the differential diagnosis of potentially malignant lesions (PMLs) and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) in a region with high oral cancer prevalence. Study Design Saliva and blood samples were collected from 100 participants in each group (OSCC, PMLs, and healthy controls). Serum and salivary IL-8 levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The data were subjected to appropriate statistical analysis. Results A significant increase in levels of serum and salivary IL-8 was found in OSCC compared with PMLs and healthy controls. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis found salivary IL-8 to have superior sensitivity in detecting OSCC. A significant increase in IL-8 levels based on the histologic grading of OSCC was also observed. Conclusions This study confirms that salivary IL-8 can be a potent marker that can be used as a tool in the differential diagnosis of PMLs and OSCC.

Background CYFRA 21-1, a constituent of the intermediate filament proteins of epithelial cells, is known to be increased in many cancers. This study was designed to estimate the levels of salivary and serum CYFRA 21-1 in patients with oral precancer and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and compare them with healthy controls. Materials and methods Each group comprised of 100 subjects. Saliva and blood samples were collected from patients with OSCC, premalignant subjects, and normal healthy subjects. Serum and salivary CYFRA 21-1 levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Appropriate statistical tests were employed to assess diagnostic potency of CYFRA 21-1. Results We found a significant increase in CYFRA 21-1 level in OSCC compared with PML and healthy subjects. Salivary CYFRA 21-1 levels in OSCC was threefold higher when compared to serum levels. PML group showed increased salivary CYFRA 21-1 when compared to control subjects, but it was significantly lower compared with OSCC. Receiver operator characteristic curve analysis showed salivary CYFRA 21-1 to have superior sensitivity in detecting OSCC compared with serum CYFRA 21-1. Conclusions The outcome of this study suggests that salivary CYFRA 21-1 can be utilized as a biomarker in early detection of oral cancer.

Pelvic organ prolapse is the descent of the pelvic organs (uterus or bladder or rectum) from their normal anatomical position, in varying combination, into or beyond the vagina as a result of failure of the ligamentous and fascial supports. Sometimes the resulting vaginal eversion or protrusion is so massive it may cause outflow obstruction of one or both ureters. Here authors present a case of a 62 year postmenopausal woman having massive vaginal eversion leading to obstructive uropathy and chronic renal insufficiency. The prolapse was corrected by Sacrohysteropexy.

Acute pancreatitis following viral infection is rare in children. Acute pancreatitis complicating viral infections has been described in the form of isolated case reports and small series. The commonly implicated viral infections have been coxsackie virus, hepatitis viruses, mumps, varicella, herpes simplex and cytomegalovirus. However, the etio- pathogenesis of pancreatitis in viral infections remains unclear. Also, the natural history of such pancreatitis has not been adequately studied. Here we present a case of acute pancreatitis following dengue infection.

Hormone related cancer breast cancer has been caused by defects in cell cycle control genes BRCA1 and BRCA2 which also plays a vital role in tumour suppression and DNA repair. To determine the frequency of occurrence of 185delAG mutation of BRCA1 in exon 2 regions which has been previously reported in Ashkenazi Jewish families and also in Indian population. 200 breast cancer affected and 200 healthy age matched control samples were screened for 185delAG mutation by taqman allelic discrimination assay. Among the 200 breast cancer affected cases 29 had family history of cancer and 5 out of the 29 family history group had classic history of multiple members being affected across generations. The study demonstrates though in low frequency the definite strong involvement of 185delAG mutation in familial cases and absence of this mutation in non familial cases. The association of the mutation with breast cancer patients imposes genetic testing in familial cases, making way for targeted therapy and precision medicine. The identification of this mutation as a causal factor for breast cancer will be of value to researchers, patient care, clinicians, for family members and individuals with early onset of cancer.

Posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) is the second most common malignancy in adults and most common malignancy in children, following transplantation. Ascertaining the cause of PTLD requires an extensive clinical and diagnostic workup. Here, we report a case of postrenal transplant recipient presenting with the features of fever, pain abdomen, and breathlessness. 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography/computed tomography which was done showed increased FDG uptake in axillary, mediastina, abdominal lymphadenopathy, soft tissue, and muscle deposits.

Background: Adolescent population occupies 1/5th of world’s population and in India 20.9% of the population falls into this age group. Social prohibitions and traditional beliefs blocked the access to get the right kind of information to adolescent girls that led to poor hygiene practices. These practices results in harbouring of micro-organisms that increases susceptibility to genito-urinary infections. Hence this study was conducted to study the menstrual hygiene practices among adolescent girls and in rural Puducherry. Objectives: To study the menstrual hygiene practices among adolescent girls in rural Puducherry. Methodology: A community based descriptive cross sectional study was conducted in rural field practicing area of MGMCRI, Puducherry, from 15 th of March 2013 to 31 st April 2014 by using semi-structured questionnaire. 528 adolescent girls were included by complete enumeration. Results: Majority (89.2%) of the adolescent girls was using sanitary pads, fresh and reusable cloths were used by 6.6% and 4.2%, respectively. 65.3% girls changed their soaked absorbent 2-5 times in a day. Majority (60.8%) of the girls disposed their used absorbent by burying or burning. 67.9% girls were washing genitalia during micturition. 54.4% used soap and water for hand cleaning purpose and 1.4% used ash & mud etc. Conclusions: Even though sanitary pad users were high, unhygienic practices were noticed, so more emphasize is needed to be given on awareness of menstrual hygiene practices among adolescent girls. Key words: Adolescent girls, menstrual health and hygiene, sanitary pads, genito-urinary illness.

Granulocytic sarcoma (GS) is an extremely rare condition involving infiltration of myeloblasts or immature myeloid cells in an extramedullary site. It is also known as chloroma, myeloid sarcoma or extramedullary myeloid tumor. It usually occurs concomitantly with acute myelogenous leukemia or with the onset of blastic phase of chronic myelogenous leukemia. On rare occasions, it evolves even before the onset of leukemias, and when it precedes leukemias without any overt signs, it is referred to as the primary type. Although GSs can involve any body part, localization in the oral cavity is extremely rare. The recognition of this rare primary entity is important because early aggressive chemotherapy can cause regression of the tumor and improve survival. Here, we report a rare case of GS in a nonleukemic 62-year-old female who presented with generalized gingival enlargement involving both maxilla and mandible.

Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of GnRH antagonists in women undergoing controlled ovarian stimulation and intrauterine insemination cycles (COS/IUI). Study design Randomized controlled trial. Recruited women were randomized into two groups: GnRH antagonist and control group. The primary outcomes were incidence of premature LH surge and clinical pregnancy rates. Results One hundred and forty-one consecutive women were included in the study, with 70 in the antagonist group and 71 in the control arm. The baseline clinical characteristics were similar in both groups. The incidence of premature LH surge and premature luteinization was lower in the antagonist group as compared to the control group (5% vs. 10.3%, P = 0.45 and 5% vs. 13.8, P = 0.31) but not statistically significant. The clinical pregnancy rates were lower in the antagonist group (2.8% vs. 10%, P = 0.12), which was also not statistically significant. Conclusion The addition of GnRH antagonist during controlled ovarian stimulation and intrauterine insemination cycles does not lead to improvement in clinical pregnancy rates.

Emerging epidemiological evidence is compelling for the importance of childhood and adolescence in the development of risk for coronary artery disease (CAD).It is important in India as it has a huge adolescents and children population along with the existing economic, social, and health inequalities among the general population. The literature indicates that a lengthy time interval occurs between exposure to high risk factors and the development of disease, and that many such high risk exposures begin in young adolescence. well-documented trends on tobacco, physical activity, hypertension, diet, obesity present an immediate obstacle to achieving future reductions in CAD disease burden These findings underline the value of targeting children and adolescents for primary prevention efforts in health care and health education for the attainment of overall healthy population in our country.

Aim: The aim of this study is to evaluate the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO) in serum and saliva of patients with oral lichen planus (OLP) and to compare the levels. Materials and Methods: The study included 10 cases of OLP patients which formed the study group and 10 cases of healthy individuals, which formed the controls. The saliva sample was diluted with 10 ml of phosphate buffered saline in order to neutralize the pH. After diluting, the mixture was centrifuged for 5 min at 3000 rpm and the supernatant fluid was stored at −80°C until use. Blood was allowed to clot and was centrifuged for 5 min at 3000 rpm. The clear serum was separated and stored at −80°C until analysis. Statistical Analysis: The analysis was done using SPSS software. Mean and standard deviations were analyzed using the independent samples t-test to compare the mean values of NO and MDA assay. Results: The levels of NO and MDA were significantly higher in serum and saliva of cases with lichen planus than in normal and increase in level of NO was significantly higher than the increase in the level of MDA. Conclusion: Salivary levels of NO and MDA were found to be significantly higher than serum levels, which suggested that saliva can be used as an alternate and effective diagnostic tool in evaluating the oxidative stress status of an individual and antioxidants may be used to reverse the oxidative stress status in lichen planus.

In 2000, approximately 30% of India's population was aged 10 to 24 yr, that increased to 53% when children younger than 10 were included. Alcoholism and alcohol related problems are on an increase in India. This may be due to various factors like adolescent's crisis, modernization, peer pressure, increased socio economic status, easy availability. The major concern is that alcohol consumption is associated with certain other behaviors and long range consequences. Most of the problems can be minimized, if not completely prevented by making the public aware of the complications related to alcoholism. In this context, we attempted to study the effectiveness of a structured programme on the knowledge and attitude of towards alcoholism among adolescents so that knowledge gained from this study can be utilized to make effective public health programmes. It was conducted using a quantitative, experimental approach using a prexeprimental design. Data were collected using a structured knowledge assessment questionnaire and attitude inventory before after giving a structured teaching programme conducted in school among 100 higher secondary school students selected by convenient sampling. Findings revealed that adolescents had inadequate knowledge as evidenced by only 6% of adolescents had good knowledge regarding alcoholism while 76% had average, and 18% had poor knowledge and with respect to attitude 21% of adolescents had unfavorable in while 51% had moderately favorable and only 28% had unfavorable attitudes. Structured teaching was found be effective in increasing the knowledge and creating a attitude towards alcoholism among adolescents at.001 level of significance.The knowledge gained from this study can be utilized to develop and implement effective primary prevention strategies to tackle alcoholism and its associated morbidities.

Work stress in nursing profession has been global problem for many years now. Bad working conditions, redundant curriculum and limited opportunities are some of the reasons identified as the causes for holding nurses back. Lack of institutional support, lack of sufficient recourses, and ever increasing work load are matters of concern in nursing profession. As a result there is an increased work pressure over the existing nurses who are engaged in the care of patient which is also a reason for decline in quality of patient care. Increased work pressure has been associated with a variety of adverse attitudinal, behavioral, and emotional health consequences. There are various techniques and a stress management programme to overcome occupational stress, the most commonly used technique is spirituality. So this study was conducted to assess the work stress and spiritual behavior among staff nurses which will help nurse managers and administrators to develop an implement effective stress management programs for nurses. It was conducted using a quantitative, nonexperimental approach using a correlative design. Quota sampling was used to select 80 staff nurses and data were collected using a demographic data sheet, and likert scale was used to collect data on work stress and spiritual behavior. Overall work stress was found to be high (66.08%) among nurses highest in administration area (74.2%), followed by personal area (69%). The least work stress was reported regarding the profession (58.25%).The mean score of spiritual behavior among staff nurses was found to be found to high 92.64 ±11.23. There was found to be a negative correlation between work stress and spiritual behavior among staff nurses (r = -.219). The study urges all hospital administrators to develop and implement programs for staff nurses for managing stress in daily living to improve their personal health.

Nurses have been identified in the top ten ranked occupations for work related musculoskeletal disorders, with incidence rates higher in long term care compared to hospitals. Of primary concern are back injuries and shoulder strains. Numerous studies have documented a high prevalence of back, knee, shoulder and other joint pain among health care workers. Lifting patient's awkward postures and forceful movements likely contribute to the risk of low back pain in nurses. In this context, we attempted to compare the body mechanics during selected nursing procedures among staff nurses with and without backpain and to associate the selected factors and body mechanics among staff nurses with and without backpain. It was conducted using a quantitative, nonexperimental approach using a descriptive design. Purposive sampling was used to select 40 staff nurses with and without back pain using an inclusion and exclusion criteria, a backpain screening sheet and data were collected using an demographic data sheet, backpain screening sheet, clinical data sheet and observational checklist. When baseline characteristics were compared both the groups; nurses with and without backpain were found to be comparable in terms of their educational status, type of footwear usage, working hours per day, height, mode of travel, number of children, nurse patient ratio, body mass index and weight except for age, working experience in years, duration and severity of back pain. There was statistically significant difference in body mechanics of nursing procedures among staff nurses with and without back pain, in occupied bed making (t=7.03,p 0.05) found that factors were not associated with body mechanics among staff nurses with and without back pain. The study concluded that nurses should be given knowledge and reinforcement about correct body mechanics in their work and motivation to practice it.

The management of critically ill patients has become increasingly important in the modern medical and nursing system. At the same time the number of intensive care beds in hospitals has grown. The complexity of medical and nursing problems and the severity of illness in critically ill patients have also increased. Critically ill population now occupying intensive care units, demand appropriate diagnosis as well as management skills. The management of a critically ill patient therefore represents a continual balancing act in which the risks and benefits of diagnostic procedures and interventions must be carefully weighed6.Using chest tubes and chest drainage is a complex and critical nursing function. Upto date knowledge and skill of the staff nurses in this field will be helpful to protect the patient and help them to recover from a serious pulmonary problem. Evaluative approach with one group pre-test post-test design (O1 x O2) was used for the study. Data were collected from 30 staff nurses by using purposive sampling technique at M.K.C.G. Medical Hospital through structured questionnaire. Data were analysed by descriptive and inferential statistics. Assessment of the level of knowledge of the staff nurses reveals that majority of respondents (83.33%) had only average knowledge whose percentage of score ranged between 35–70%. The overall pre-test mean score was 18.73 4.05(53.51%) whereas in post test it was 27.16 4(77.6%)revealing 24.09% enhancement of knowledge score. Area wise assessment shows during post test highest mean percentage was 80.86% for "anatomy & physiology, sign, symptoms and indication of chest tube drainage", where as the difference in mean percentage was highest (26.66%)in the area mechanism & principles involved in chest tube drainage. Extremely statistical significant difference was found between the total knowledge score of pre and post test(P=0.0001) revealing effectiveness of SIM. No significant association was found between pre test knowledge score of nurses when compared to demographic variables. The mean of acceptability of SIM " To great extend was" 25.5% and "to some extend was" 4.5%.

Population exposure to diagnostic and therapeutic ionising radiation is likely to increase worldwide, and this has raised concerns about the stochastic effects of low doses of radiation exposure. The present study was aimed to study the incidence of Chromosomal Aberrations (CAs) in patients exposed to low doses of X-rays during diagnostic interventional radiological procedures. Peripheral blood samples were obtained from 11 individuals who had received low doses of X-rays during cerebral angiography, and DNA damage was measured by the formation of micronuclei (MN), CAs and comet assay. The results show that the frequency of DNA damage, scored as tail length in comets, MN and CAs, increased significantly (P < 0.01) in the samples collected after exposure (2 h and 24 h) when compared with those prior to exposure. However, the observed DNA damage was reduced at 24 h post exposure when compared with those at 2 h. This suggests that the CAs may be eliminated upon cell division, and it is only in rare cases that the accumulation of CAs may pose a risk for stochastic effects. Furthermore, the induced aberration frequency showed an inter-individual variation and repair ability when the cell cycle progressed.