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Uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) strains exhibit different levels of biofilm formation that help adhesion of the bacteria to uroepithelial cells. We investigated the genetic diversity and virulence-associated genes (VAGs) of biofilm-producing UPEC. A collection of 107 biofilm-producing (BFP) UPEC strains isolated from patients with UTI in Iran were divided into three groups of strong, moderate, and weak BFPs after a quantitative microtiter plate assay, and the involvement of curli and cellulose in adhesion of the strains to T24 cell line was confirmed by the construction of csgD and yedQ mutants of two representative UPEC strains. BFP strains were tested for their genetic diversity, phylogenetic groups, and the presence of 15 VAGs. A significant decrease in adhesion of csgD and yedQ mutant strains confirmed the role of biofilm production in adhesion to uroepithelial cells. A high diversity was found among all three groups of strong (Di = 0.998), moderate (Di = 0.998), and weak (Di = 0.988) BFPs with majority of the strains belonging to phylogroups B2 (44.9%) and A (24.3%). Strong BFP strains carried significantly higher level papEF, hlyA, and iutA than other BFP groups. In contrast, the presence of fimH, focG, sfaS, set-1, and cvaC was more pronounced among weak BFP strains. There exists a high genetic diversity among the BFP strains with different VGA profiles. However, the high prevalence of phylogroup A among BFP strains suggests the fitness of commensal E. coli strains to cause UTI in this country.

Objectives: Although extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) is a secondary target for national TB control programs, its significance has increased worldwide. In order to study the epidemiology of EPTB in the Northeast of Iran, this survey was conducted. Methods and Methods: A population-based, retrospective analysis of all cases of EPTB during 2012–2015 reported to the TB Unit of the Golestan was performed. Socioeconomic and environmental variables, sites, admission, mode of diagnosis and outcome status were collected. Data analyzed through SPSS 25.0 by descriptive and analytical statistical methods. Results: A total of 741 cases of EPTB were included. Patients were mainly female (59.1%), age of 0 to 40 years old (57.6%), less than five years of education (46.7%) and mainly Fars (39.6%). Non-native ethnicities significantly acquired EPTB more than native ethnicities (p

Background Approximately 25% of people with diabetes will experience diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) during their lifetime. The present study was designed to determine the type of microorganisms isolated from the DFUs and their antibiotic resistance pattern, and to determine predisposing factors contributing to antibiotic resistance at the authors’ wound care clinic in Qazvin, Iran. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted from May to December 2017. One specimen for microbiological studies was obtained from the deep tissue. All demographic, clinical, and laboratory data and results of ulcer culture were collected for each case. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing to different agents was carried out using the disc diffusion method. A p value Results 95 aerobic microorganisms were isolated from 105 specimens. Among Gram-positive and negative bacteria, Staphylococcus spp. and Escherichia (E). coli were the most frequent organisms isolated, respectively. Multidrug resistant (MDR) organisms constituted up to 48.4%, with 37.5% of isolated Enterococcus spp. being VRE, 48.8% of Staphylococcus spp. being methicillin-resistant, 77.8% of isolated E. coli being ESBL and 66.7% of isolated Pseudomonas being MDR. The minimum and maximum prevalence of resistance in Gram-negative bacteria were 17.6% and 87.5% for imipenem and ceftazidime, respectively. The prevalence of Gram-negative bacilli was higher in older patients (p value = 0.039) and rose markedly in patients with a higher number of hospitalizations (p value = 0.015). Conclusion Due to emergence of antibiotic resistance pathogens, culture specimens and antibiotic sensitivity testing are essential for correct management of the DFU infections and the selection of appropriate antibiotics.

The novel coronavirus has infected about 141 million people around the world. So far, about 80.4 million people have been discharged, and nearly 3.01 million people have died (an estimated mortality rate of 2.13%). The study aimed to investigate the effect of plasma therapy from recovered COVID-19 patients to treat the patients hospitalized in the intensive care unit (ICU) of the Shahid Mostafa Khomeini Hospital of Ilam in 2020. The present prospective study was conducted in 2019-2020. Overall, 57 cases of plasma therapy were analysed using the Cox proportional hazard regression model in STATA 12 software. The results showed in patients receiving plasma treatment, the hazard ratio was (HR = 0.68, 95% CI, 0.45-1.04), indicating a 32% lower risk of death in the COVID-19 patients who received plasma therapy compared to those who did not. However, this relationship does not reach statistical significance (p = 0.07). Plasma therapy seems to yield some efficacy among patients with severe COVID-19 and those who have no underlying diseases. It is recommended to be used in combination with pharmaceutical interventions, for example, Actemra, to assess its therapeutic efficiency.

Cell-free DNAs (cfDNAs) are fragmented forms of DNA that are released into extracellular environments. Analyzing them, regarding either concentration or genetic/epigenetic status can provide helpful information about disorders, response to treatments, estimation of success rates, etc. Moreover, since they are presented in body fluids, evaluation of the aforementioned items would be achieved by less/non-invasive methods. In human reproduction field, it is required to have biomarkers for prediction of assisted reproduction techniques (ART) outcome, as well as some non-invasive procedures for genetic/epigenetic assessments. cfDNA is an appropriate candidate for providing the both approaches in ART. Recently, scientists attempted to investigate its application in distinct fields of reproductive medicine that resulted in discovering its applicability for biomarker and genetic/epigenetic analyses. However, due to some limitations, it has not reached to clinical administration yet. In this article, we have reviewed the current reported data with respect to advantages and limitations of cfDNA utilization in three fields of ART, reproduction of male and female, as well as in vitro developed embryos.

Introduction Lack of reliable biomarkers for estimating the outcome is one of the current gaps in ART. In this study, we assessed whether cell-free mitochondrial DNA within the follicular fluid (FF cf-mtDNA) of PCOS patients has biomarker applicability or not. Furthermore, probable involved mechanisms in the FF cf-mtDNA pathway were evaluated. Methods The level of FF cf-mtDNA was compared between 50 PCOS patients and 50 women without any certain reproductive disorder, and analyzed for correlations with ART outcome. The associations between levels of FF cf-mtDNA and TFAM, POLG, and RNase H1 genes expression in mural granulosa cells (MGCs), as well as IL-6, and TNFα in follicular fluid (FF) were assessed. Results We identified that FF cf-mtDNA level was significantly lower in PCOS women and was accompanied by a reduction in the expression of mtDNA biogenesis genes in MGCs of the patients. Although a significant association between FF cf-mtDNA level and ART outcome was observed in the control group, no correlation could be proved in the PCOS group. Moreover, the expression level of TFAM was negatively associated, while amounts of IL-6 and TNFα were positively correlated with FF cf-mtDNA level in both groups. Conclusion PCOS patients present a lower FF cf-mtDNA level in comparison with non-PCOS women. FF cf-mtDNA has biomarker applicability for ART outcome in women without any certain reproductive disorder, but not for those with PCOS. It seems that mtDNA packaging dysfunction results in elevated FF cf-mtDNA, and subsequent effects are triggered by increasing the inflammatory cytokines.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, about 22 nucleotides, non-coding RNAs which regulate a wide range of gene expression during post-transcriptional stage. They are released into intra- and extracellular microenvironments and play vital roles in different physiological and pathological pathways. Due to easy accessibility, detection of extracellular miRNAs in body fluids, e.g. serum, plasma, cerebrospinal fluid, and follicular fluid, has been explored in recent years. Since miRNAs are stable at unsuitable conditions, scientists have been investigating to use them as biomarkers in different fields of medicines. It goes without saying that experienced biomarkers would be required in reproductive medicine as well. Biomarkers can help clinicians and embryologists to diagnose disorders and assess the embryo quality via molecular pattern which is more reliable than nowadays routine methods. Follicular fluid as a noninvasive fluid in assisted reproductive techniques (ART) has attracted researchers as a rich pool for biomarkers, and miRNAs are not exception. Although miRNA biomarkers in reproduction field are located on their initial stage and there is a long path to move forward, several meticulous studies have been performed and discovered their associations with various conditions. In this regard, we summarize the reported miRNAs in follicular fluid and their correlations with female infertility and ART success rate, while subsequent investigations are required.

Background: Chronic sinusitis is defined as a symptomatic inflammation of the paranasal sinuses for at least 12 weeks. Many risk factors such as genetic malformations, allergic rhinitis, gastro esophageal reflux, exposure to cigarette smoke and anatomical variations play a role in chronic sinusitis. In numerous studies nasal cavity anatomical variations are introduced as one of the most important risk factors for chronic sinusitis. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the association between the anatomical variations in paranasal cavities and chronic sinusitis. Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on 218 suspected participants (over 18 years old) to chronic sinusitis who were referred to the infectious diseases clinic of Bu-Ali Sina Hospital, Qazvin from 2015-2016. According to the positive or negative confirmation of sinusitis in the CT scan, patients allocated into two groups and the prevalence of underlying characteristics and anatomical variations were compared. Findings: Sinusitis was confirmed by CT scan in 103 (47.2%) participants. There was significant statistical correlation between sinusitis and closed osteomeatal complex and concha bollosa (P= 0.001 and 0.01 respectively), but the correlation between sinusitis and septal deviation, paradoxical curvature of the middle turbinate, agger nasi and haller cells was not statistically significant. Conclusion: A significant statistical correlation was observed between chronic sinusitis and the presence of some anatomical variations of the nasal cavities such as closed osteomeatal complex and agger nasi cells. Alterations in sinus drainage and ventilation dysfunction may considered to play a role in this correlation.

Aim. Biochemical markers, including microRNAs (miRs), may facilitate the diagnosis and prognosis of breast cancer. This study was aimed at assessing serum miR-155 expression in patients with breast cancer and receptors. Methods. This case-control study was conducted on 36 patients with breast cancer and 36 healthy individuals. After RNA extraction from the patient’s serum, cDNA was synthesized. The expression of miR-155 was measured using RT-qPCR. Demographic and histochemical data were extracted from patient documents. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software. Results. The mean age of subjects in breast cancer and control groups was 47.64±8.19 and 47.36±7.52 years, respectively. The serum miR-155 expression was higher in the cancer group (1.68±0.66) compared to the control group (p<0.0001). There was a significant relationship between serum miR-155 expression and the tumor grade (p<0.001), tumor stage (p<0.001), and tumor size (p<0.001) of the patients. However, no relationship between miR-155 expression and the presence of lymph node involvement (p=0.15), HER2 (p=0.79), Ki-67 (p=0.9), progesterone receptor (p=0.54), and estrogen receptors (p=0.84) was found. The ROC curve analysis showed that the AUC was 0.89 (77.78% sensitivity and 88.89% specificity), and the cutoff was 1.4 (Youden index: 0.6667) for detecting breast cancer. Conclusion. The findings of this study revealed that serum miR-155 may serve as a potential noninvasive molecular biomarker for breast cancer diagnosis and can help predict the grade of the disease.

Background: MicroRNAs (miRs) are a group of small non-coding and single-stranded RNAs of 18 to 25 nucleotides. The study of microRNAs is one of the new ways to detect cancer. In this study, the serum expression of miR-223 in patients with GC was measured and compared with the control group. Methods: This case-control study was conducted on 39 patients with GC and 39 control subjects who visited the Reza Radiotherapy and Oncology Center, Mashhad, Iran, due to gastrointestinal complaints. The demographic information was collected, and the serum levels of miR-223 were measured using the real-time PCR technique in all study subjects. The association between the GC of miR-223 and tumor staging and cancer progression was assessed. Results: The miR-223 expression in GC patients was 3.10-fold higher than that of the control group (p Conclusion: This study revealed that miR-223 could be considered as a non-invasive diagnostic marker in the early diagnosis of GC.

Current study aimed to evaluate the effect of vitamin D supplementation on flow-mediated dilatation (FMD), oxidized LDL (oxLDL) and intracellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM1) in type 2 diabetic patients with hypertension.In a double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial, 44 patients were randomly divided into vitamin D group (2000 IU/d, n = 23) and placebo group (control, n = 21) for 12 weeks. Vascular function with FMD, Serum 25-OH vitamin D, oxLDL and ICAM1 were assessed at the baseline and after the intervention. This clinical trial was registered at Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (IRCT20191223045861N1).In intervention group serum level of vitamin D increased from 32.42 ± 10.56 to 40.45 ± 12.94 (p 0.001). In the vitamin D group, oxLDL and ICAM1 significantly decreased and FMD increased significantly in both groups (p 0.001). The level of oxLDL (p = 0.017) and ICAM1 (p 0.001) were significantly lower in the vitamin D group than the placebo group and FMD (p 0.001) was significantly higher in the vitamin D group.Vitamin D supplementation of 2000 IU/d for 12 weeks can improve endothelial function and decrease ICAM1 and oxLDL in type 2 diabetic patients with hypertension.

Purpose: To evaluate the effect of acupuncture therapy on visual function of patients with retinitis-pigmentosa (RP). Methods: In a prospective study, 23 RP subjects received ten sessions of body-acupuncture. Pre and post-treatment evaluations included best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA), near visual acuity (NVA), and static 30-2 perimetry. Results: UCVA, BCVA, and NVA improvements after acupuncture therapy were statistically and clinically significant (P = 0.048, P = 0.0005, P = 0.002, respectively). The changes of mean foveal threshold (MFT) and mean deviation (MD) were statistically significant (P = 0.031, P = 0.02). There were no statistically significant difference between different age group and genders. Subjective symptoms of improvement were seen in most of cases. Conclusion: Future studies are needed to show the effect of acupuncture therapy on visual function of patients with RP. Keywords: Retina, Retinitis pigmentosa, Acupuncture, Chinese medicine

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) continues to be one of the most complex reproductive and endocrine disorder among women of reproductive age. Recent reports have identified close interaction of Vitamin D deficiency and oxidative stress (OS) in exacerbating the pathophysiology of PCOS. This current study aims at assessing the combine effect of MitoQ10 and Vitamin D3 on dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) induced PCOS. Following successful induction of PCOS using DHEA, mice were organized into five groups (n = 8) namely: Negative Control (NC), Vitamin D3 Vehicle (VDV), Vitamin D3 (VD), MitoQ10 (MQ), Vitamin D3 plus MitoQ10 (V+M) and DHEA, ethanol and distilled water, Vitamin D3, MitoQ10 and Vitamin D3 plus MitoQ10 were respectively administered for 20 consecutive days. The study also included positive control (PC) group (n = 8) in which no treatment was applied. Treatment effects were assessed using hormonal assays, biochemical assays, Real-Time PCR, western blotting and histological analysis. Combination of Vitamin D3 and MitoQ10 significantly reduced levels of estradiol, progesterone, FSH, LH, LH/FSH, SOD and MDA. The expression rate of mRNAs of 3β-HSD, Cyp19a1, Cyp11a1, StAR, Keap1, HO-1 and Nrf2 were also significantly low in V+M group. Moreover, the histomorphological inspection of ovaries from this group revealed many healthy follicles at various stages of development including few atretic follicles, pre-antral and antral follicles and many corpora lutea. The characteristics observed in this group were in many ways similar to that of the PC group. The combination of MitoQ10 and Vitamin D3 may be potential candidate to ameliorate PCOS., Biological sciences; Health sciences; Anatomy; Reproductive system; Endocrinology; Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS); Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHA); Vitamin D3; mitoQ10, Oxidative stress (OS); Steroidogenesis

Knee joint surgery for artificial joint replacement is common in orthopedic surgeries. In this operation, there is a need to prepare the surface of the cortical bone for mounting the artificial joint. Therefore, milling process is frequently performed. Since the surgeon should be careful not to hurt bone tissue and neurons and also minimize waste of blood, the operation should be performed in the shortest possible time. This study, for the first time, focuses on modeling and optimization of effective parameters of bone milling including cutting speed, feed rate and tool diameter on surface roughness and material removal rate using response surface method. Results showed that in order to achieve maximum surface quality, minimum feed rate, maximum tool diameter and down milling procedure should be selected. On the other hand, the maximum material removal rate coincides with maximum feed rate and tool diameter. Therefore, cutting speed of 3000[Formula: see text]rpm, feed rate of 50[Formula: see text]mm/min, tool diameter of 5[Formula: see text]mm and down milling procedure can satisfy both high surface quality and high material removal rate.

Epidemiology of breast cancer in the Arab region is understudied as compared with Western countries. We aimed to examine breast cancer epidemiology in Arab countries from 1990 to 2016. We analyzed the Global Burden of Disease, 2016 data for breast cancer among women in 22 Arab countries. Epidemiological measures including incidence, mortality, and disability adjusted life years (DALYs) were analyzed for breast cancer in women from 1990 to 2016. We also measured the burden of breast cancer stratified by the sociodemographic index (SDI). Our analysis indicates that the incidence of breast cancer in Arab women has risen over the past 26 years, but is still lower than global averages. In 2016, there were 45,980 new cases (28/100,000) and 20,063 deaths (11/100,000) in the region. The burden of breast cancer as estimated by DALYs was also lower than the global rates and tended to increase with increasing SDI. Although some studies have reported that Arab women present with breast cancer at a younger age, our analysis of age-specific rates, indicates that this is not statistically significant. Our findings indicate that a comprehensive plan to improve public awareness, screening, diagnosis, and treatment is required to reduce the growing burden of breast cancer in the Arab world.

Atmospheric Chemistry is important in public health. This paper highlights methodology aspects from analysis of atmospheric chemistry data in China, its correlation with cancer morbidity data, and impact on future cancer morbidity rate that are due to changes in climate.Forthcoming papers use DL for prediction. Research on cancer and analysis of cancer morbidity are provided by Liu Yuxin, Zhaorong Zhu [5].

Background: Emergence of a novel swine-origin influenza A (H1N1) pandemic since 2009 attracted the attention of scientists to characterize epidemiological features and clinical manifestations of this disease in comparison to seasonal flu in different parts of the world. Objectives: The goal of this investigation was to compare these features in confirmed cases of swine-origin influenza A (H1N1) and seasonal flu in the 2009 epidemic in Qazvin province, Iran. Patients and Methods: This cross sectional study was performed during 2009 in the Qazvin province. The epidemiological characteristics and clinical manifestations of all cases with severe flu-like manifestations were registered. Diagnosis of confirmed cases of both groups was performed by Real Time-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) on respiratory secretions of positive cases of swine-origin influenza A (H1N1) and seasonal influenza that were entered in the study. Analysis of quantitative data was performed using paired t-test and those of qualitative variables by chi square and Fisher’s exact test. Results: Among a total of 518 patients with clinical signs of severe influenza throughout the Qazvin province, 76 confirmed cases of swine-origin influenza A (H1N1) and 36 cases of other types of influenza A (seasonal influenza) were detected. The mean age of the first group was 25.67 ± 16.9 years and that of the second group was 36.03 ± 19.8, with a significant difference between the two groups (P < 0.01). The appearance of diarrhea was significantly higher in patients with swine-origin influenza compared to those with seasonal influenza (P < 0.005). There was no statistically significant difference in the number of hospitalizations, need for intensive care, assisted ventilation, and mortality rate between the two groups. Conclusions: Higher prevalence of disease in younger individuals, higher rate of gastrointestinal manifestations and occurrence outside of the epidemic season, were the most important characteristics of swine-origin influenza in comparison to seasonal influenza, in the 2009 pandemic of Qazvin province, Iran. Keywords: Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype; Epidemiology

Background: In 2009, a pandemic associated with a new type of influenza A virus (H1N1) affected many countries worldwide. After five years of silence, in 2015 we encountered another outbreak of H1N1 influenza A. Objectives: The present study aimed to study the epidemiological and clinical features of this disease in the cold and dry climate of Qazvin province, Iran in the last epidemic, during 2009. Patients and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study in which the demographic characteristics and clinical manifestations of confirmed cases of influenza A virus (H1N1) in the province of Qazvin were investigated. The definite diagnosis of cases was performed using real time Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) on oropharyngeal washing specimens from adults and throat swabs from children and severely ill patients. Results: During the time course between July to December 2009, 76 confirmed cases of influenza A (H1N1) were discovered in the province of Qazvin. The mean age of patients was 25.67 ± 16.9 years. The most affected people were students and housewives. Coughing was found to be the most common clinical symptom (96.1%) followed by fever (92.1%), myalgia (48.5%), and diarrhea and vomiting (34.2%). In laboratory confirmed patients, 62 were hospitalized and two cases deceased. Regarding the total population of the Qazvin province (1,100,000), the rate of hospitalization was calculated at 5.42 per 100,000 individuals, with a mortality rate of 0.175 per 100,000 individuals (3.2% of hospitalized cases). Conclusions: Concerning the higher prevalence of disease in younger age groups, and more severe disease in high-risk groups, including overweight patients and pregnant women, the authors recommend special attention to clinical symptoms such as diarrhea and vomiting, cough, myalgia and fever in patients with cold symptoms. Also, for severely ill patients, the allocation of adequate intensive care units should be of prime importance.

Spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) are the best candidates for exploitation in genetic improvement of cattle herds. In fact, SSCs transmit genetic information to future generations. In vitro improvement in proliferation and frozen-thawed SSCs numbers is therefore needed. In the present study, bovine SSCs were cocultured with Sertoli cells, with or without insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1). During 16 days of incubation, 100 ng/mL IGF-1 showed higher efficacy in increasing the numbers and diameters of SSCs colonies than 40 and 150 ng/mL concentrations. Furthermore, 100 ng/mL IGF-1 increased the frozen/thawed cells’ viability rate. Overall, these data demonstrate that usage of 100 ng/mL IGF-1 in vitro improves proliferation and postfreezing viability rate of SSCs.

SUMMARY 1. Gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) release and subsequent septic shock is a major cause of death in intensive care units. Lipopolysaccharide has been reported to increase the production of nitric oxide (NO) and the formation of oxygen-derived free radicals (OFR) in different organs. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the role of an inducible form of NO synthase (iNOS) and OFR production in LPS-induced renal impairment. 2. Measurement of vitamin E as the most important fat-soluble anti-oxidant was used as a marker of tissue oxidative stress. Lipopolysaccharide (10 mg/kg), l-iminoethyl lysine (L-Nil; 3 mg/kg, i.p.; a specific inhibitor of iNOS activity) and dimethyl thiourea (DMTU; 500 mg/kg i.p.; a well-known OFR scavenger) were used. Four groups of eight rats were studied. One group received LPS, whereas a second group received LPS + L-Nil. A third group received LPS + DMTU and the fourth group, receiving saline, acted as a control group. To evaluate renal function, plasma creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) were measured. High-pressure liquid chromatography and ultraviolet detection were used to measure plasma and tissue vitamin E levels. Light microscopy was used to examine histopathological changes in the four groups. 3. Lipopolysaccharide markedly decreased the vitamin E content of renal plasma and tissue (P

Multi-drug therapy (MDT) and Leprosy Elimination Campaigns (LEC) are the major strategies for eliminating leprosy. We report the results of a LEC conducted in 2006 in Qazvin. A total of 1987 individuals (1379 household contacts of 319 registered leprosy patients and 608 people from 3 endemic villages with a high prevalence of leprosy) were examined for detection of new cases of leprosy. All new cases were given MDT and were reviewed after a year. There were 256 suspected cases of leprosy, 13 of whom were confirmed as new cases (7 were classified as multibacillary leprosy). None had visible deformity nor was < 20 years old. All patients completed the recommended MDT course. The few cases detected suggest that in low prevalence areas, a long- term approach of integrated leprosy services and disability management may be more appropriate than LEC as a leprosy elimination strategy.

Extra‐intestinal manifestations (EIM) of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are common in both Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis, occurring in 25‐40% of patients with confirmed diagnosis [1]. Ocular complications may occur in up to 10% of cases most of which are nonspecific; however, in some patients significant ocular morbidity has been reported [2]. As most other EIM’s of IBD, uveitis may be the presenting symptom during active bowel disease, dormant periods, or may precede the diagnoses of IBD. Common presenting symptoms include pain, photophobia, and blurred vision. On exam, patients usually have diminishing visual acuity (VA), hyperemia, perikeratic injection, exudates in the anterior chamber, keratic precipitates, and iris involvement [3-5]. As such, clinical suspicion should be high when managing a patient who presents with such symptoms, regardless of an official diagnosis of IBD.

The complex process of spermatogenesis is regulated by various factors. In this study, the in vitro effects of follicle-stimulating hormone and testosterone on spermatogonial cell colony formation were investigated. Sertoli and spermatogonial cells were isolated from 3- to 5-month-old calves. Co-cultured Sertoli and spermatogonial cells were treated with follicle-stimulating hormone and testosterone in treatment groups before colony assay. Results indicated that follicle-stimulating hormone is the best factor for in vitro colonization of spermatogonial cells. In conclusion, using follicle-stimulating hormone provided proper bovine spermatogonial stem cell culture medium for in vitro study of these cells.