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Rationale: Primary care clinicians may be well placed to play a greater role in obstructive sleep apnea management. Objectives: To evaluate the outcomes and cost-effectiveness of sleep apnea manage...

N-ethyl-pentylone (NEP), also known as "ephylone" and N-ethylnorpentylone, has been identified as one of the most recent novel psychostimulants to emerge into the illicit drug market and it has been associated with some intoxications and even fatalities. However, little is known about the consequences of its repeated consumption as well as the role of the monoaminergic system in such consequences. Thus, the aim of our study was to investigate the neurochemical profile and the behavioural effects after both acute and repeated NEP exposure. Male OF1 mice were acutely (1, 3, 10 mg/kg, i.p.) or repeatedly (1, 3, 10 mg/kg, i.p., 5 days, twice/day) exposed to NEP, and anxiety-like behaviour, aggressiveness, social interaction, depressive-like symptoms, body temperature, changes in monoaminergic enzymes and neurotransmitters levels as well as ΔFosB in striatum and prefrontal cortex (PFC) from post-mortem tissue were analysed short after drug-exposure or during drug-withdrawal. Acute administration of NEP induced anxiolytic effects but also an aggressive behaviour and social exploration deficits in mice, which persist during NEP-withdrawal. Moreover, NEP induced hyperthermia as well as depressive-like symptoms after repeated administrations that may be related to the decrease of serotonin and noradrenaline levels observed in striatum and PFC. Finally, the long-term increase in ΔFosB levels in striatum after NEP chronic exposure points to a high risk of dependence. Altogether indicates that NEP consumption induces different neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders accompanied by changes in the monoaminergic system, posing a threat to public health.

ObjectiveTo assess the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of primary care (PC) and sleep unit (SU) models for the management of subjects with suspected obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA).MethodsMulticentre, open-label, two-arm, parallel-group, non-inferiority randomised controlled trial. A total of 302 subjects with suspected OSA and/or resistant hypertension were consecutively enrolled, 149 were treated at 11 PC units and 153 patients at a SU. The primary outcomes were a 6-month change in the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) score and Health Utilities Index (HUI). The non-inferiority margin for the ESS score was −2.0.ResultsA total of 80.2% and 70.6% of the PC and SU patients were diagnosed with OSA, respectively, and 59.3% and 60.4% of those were treated with CPAP in PC and SU units, respectively. The Apnoea–Hypopnoea Index was similar between the groups (PC vs SU (median (IQR); 23.1 (26.8) events/h vs 21.8 (35.2) events/h), and the baseline ESS score was higher in the PC than in the SU group (10.3 (6.6) vs 9 (7.2)). After 6 months, the ESS score of the PC group decreased from a mean of 10.1 to 7.6 (−2.49; 95% CI −3.3 to −1.69), and that of the SU group decreased from 8.85 to 5.73 (−3.11; 95% CI −3.94 to 2.28). The adjusted difference between groups for the mean change in the ESS score was −1.25 (one-sided 95% CI −1.88; p=0.025), supporting the non-inferiority of PC management. We did not observe differences in the HUI between groups. The cost analysis showed a median savings of €558.14/patient for the PC setting compared with the SU setting.ConclusionsAmong patients with suspected OSA, the PC model did not result in a worse ESS score or HUI than the specialist model and generated savings in terms of management cost. Therefore, the PC model was more cost-efficient than the SU model.Trial registrationResults; >>NCT02234765, Clinical Trials.gov.

Background Integrated care (IC) can promote health and social care efficiency through prioritization of preventive patient-centered models and defragmentation of care and collaboration across health tiers, and mobile health (mHealth) can be the cornerstone allowing for the adoption of IC. Objective This study aims to assess the acceptability, usability, and satisfaction of an mHealth-enabled IC model for complex chronic patients in both patients and health professionals. Methods As part of the CONNECARE Horizon 2020 project, a prospective, pragmatic, 2-arm, parallel, hybrid effectiveness-implementation trial was conducted from July 2018 to August 2019 in a rural region of Catalonia, Spain. Home-dwelling patients 55 years and older with chronic conditions and a history of hospitalizations for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or heart failure (use case [UC] 1), or a scheduled major elective hip or knee arthroplasty (UC2) were recruited. During the 3 months, patients experienced an mHealth-enabled IC model, including a self-management app for patients, a set of integrated sensors, and a web-based platform connecting professionals from different settings or usual care. The Person-Centered Coordinated Care Experience Questionnaire (P3CEQ) and the Nijmegen Continuity Questionnaire (NCQ) assessed person-centeredness and continuity of care. Acceptability was assessed for IC arm patients and staff with the Net Promoter Score (NPS) and the System Usability Scale (SUS). Results The analyses included 77 IC patients, 58 controls who completed the follow-up, and 30 health care professionals. The mean age was 78 (SD 9) years in both study arms. Perception of patient-centeredness was similarly high in both arms (usual care: mean P3CEQ score 16.1, SD 3.3; IC: mean P3CEQ score 16.3, SD 2.4). IC patients reported better continuity of care than controls (usual care: mean NCQ score 3.7, SD 0.9; IC: mean NCQ score 4.0, SD 1; P=.04). The scores for patient acceptability (UC1: NPS +67%; UC2: NPS +45%) and usability (UC1: mean SUS score 79, SD 14; UC2: mean SUS score 68, SD 24) were outstanding. Professionals’ acceptability was low (UC1: NPS −25%; UC2: NPS −35%), whereas usability was average (UC1: mean SUS score 63, SD 20; UC2: mean SUS score 62, SD 19). The actual use of technology was high; 77% (58/75) of patients reported physical activity for at least 60 days, and the ratio of times reported over times prescribed for other sensors ranged from 37% for oxygen saturation to 67% for weight. Conclusions The mHealth-enabled IC model showed outstanding results from the patients’ perspective in 2 different UCs but lacked maturity and integration with legacy systems to be fully accepted by professionals. This paper provides useful lessons learned through the development and assessment process and may be of use to organizations willing to develop or implement mHealth-enabled IC for older adults.

Background Good adherence to continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) treatment improves the patient's quality of life and decreases the risk of cardiovascular disease. Previous studies that have analyzed the adherence to CPAP were performed in a sleep unit (SU) setting. The involvement of primary care (PC) in the management of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) patients receiving CPAP treatment could introduce factors related to the adherence to treatment. Objectives The objective was to compare the baseline predictors of CPAP compliance in SU and PC settings. Methods OSA patients treated with CPAP were followed for 6 months in SU or PC setting. We included baseline clinical and anthropometrical variables, the Epworth Sleep Scale (ESS) score, the quality of life index, and the Charlson index. A logistic regression was performed for each group to determine the CPAP compliance predictors. Discrimination and calibration were performed using the area under the curve and Hosmer-Lemeshow tests. Results We included 191 patients: 91 in the PC group and 100 in the SU group. In 74.9% of the patients, the compliance was ≥ 4 h per day, with 80% compliance in the SU setting and 69.2% compliance in the PC setting (p = 0.087). The predictors of CPAP compliance were different between SU and PC settings. Body mass index, ESS, and CPAP pressure were predictors in the SU setting, and ESS, gender, and waist circumference were predictors in the PC setting. Conclusions The predictors of adequate CPAP compliance vary between SU and PC settings. Detecting compliance predictors could help in the planning of early interventions to improve CPAP adherence.

BACKGROUND Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSA) is a chronic sleep disorder characterized by repeated episodes of upper airway collapse during sleep. This leads to arterial hypoxemia and sleep disruption and causes daytime sleepiness and several associated dysfunctions, including cardiovascular, respiratory, metabolic, inflammatory, cognitive, and behavioral disorders.(1) OSA is a relevant public health issue, with epidemiological studies showing a prevalence of 10% in middle-aged men and 3% in middle-aged women.(2) Moreover, OSA has been associated with the development of cardiovascular events(3,4) and resistant hypertension,(5) has a negative impact on quality of life,(6) and has even been shown to have a causative role in traffic accidents.(7) The application of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is a highly effective treatment for OSA that can improve symptoms and quality of life, decrease traffic accidents and potentially lessen cardiovascular morbidity.(8,9) Furthermore, CPAP is cost-effective.(10) However, only approximately 10% of individuals with OSA are diagnosed and treated. This scarcity in diagnosis has direct public health consequences due to the above-mentioned health implications and the high economic costs associated with untreated OSA. Currently, the diagnosis and management of OSA are performed in highly specialized hospital-based sleep units (SUs), where full sleep studies (polysomnography (PSG)) or respiratory poligraphy (RP) can be conducted. However, this management approach has proven to be insufficient in identifying most OSA cases in the population, in addition to being cost-ineffective and generating long waiting lists.(11) Given that OSA is a common chronic disorder, we believe that all levels of a healthcare system, especially primary care (PC), should be included in its management.(12-14) The first trials assessing the management of OSA at the PC level reported satisfactory results.(15-19) Moreover, our group showed that CPAP compliance did not differ between the PC and SU setting and was more cost-effective in the PC setting. 19 However, in the above studies, although OSA management occurred at the PC level, diagnosis had always occurred in a SU. Therefore, in the current study, we aimed to determine the efficacy and cost-effectiveness of implementing a program for the diagnosis and management of OSA that can be conducted by PC personnel, and we compared these outcomes to those generated using the standard diagnosis and management protocols that are practiced in SUs. AIMS The main objectives of the GESAP study are to assess the efficacies of PC and SU programs for OSA management. These assessments will be made using the Epworth sleepiness scale (ESS) before and for 6 months after initiating the program to assess its cost-effectiveness based on both ESS and quality of life (EuroQol-5D). Secondary objectives include assessments of patient satisfaction, treatment compliance, and the number, severity, and evolution of the treatment's side effects. Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria (PI 13/02004), Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER), Una manera de hacer Europa; the Spanish Respiratory Society (SEPAR); and Esteve-Teijin (Spain). Cofunded by Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad [COFUND2014-51501]. The authors would like to thank all PC personnel involved in the study, as well as the kind support from Maricel Arbonés, Olga Mínguez and Lídia Pascual (Group of Translational Research in Respiratory Medicine, IRB Lleida, Spain).