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Background and Aims: Hemoglobinopathies and thalassemias are the commonest single gene disorders in India. In Terai region of India, Hemoglobinopathies and thalassemias are the most common in the Tharu community. Therefore, in this study, we aim to evaluate the Hb variant analysis of hemoglobinopathies and thalassemias in a Tharu population in Lakhimpur Kheri Districts of Uttar Pradesh, India. Materials and Methods: Total 493 individuals were recruited in this study. The demographic details and blood samples were collected from different location at Kheri district during mega health camp. Hb variant analysis was performed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) system beta thalassemia short program in BIO-RAD VARIANT. Results: Out of 493, 108 (21.9%) individual suffers with abnormal haemoglobinopathies. In which β-thalassemia trait is the commonest haemoglobinopathy (12.98%), followed by HbE trait (7.50%), and compound heterozygous HbS/β-Thalassemia trait (1.42%) in overall population. The HbF was significantly greater in HbS heterozygous (1.45 ± 1.41), whereas mean HbA2 was significantly greater in β-Thalassemia trait (5.17 ± 1.36). Conclusion: The high incidence of hemoglobinopathies and thalassemias were observed in Tharu community in Lakhimpur Kheri districts of Uttar Pradesh, Indian.

The β-thalassemia is a hereditary blood disorders, characterized by reduced or absent synthesis of the hemoglobin beta chain that cause microcytic hypochromic anemia. An early diagnosis, economical test, awareness programs and prenatal screening will be a milestone for the eradication of this genetic disorder and to reduce burden of the health sector of a country subsequently the economics. Initially, the diagnosis of β-thalassemia depends on the hematological tests with red cell indices that disclosed the microcytic hypochromic anemia. Hemoglobin analysis shows the abnormal peripheral blood smear with nucleated red blood cells, and reduced amounts of hemoglobin A (HbA). In severe anemia, the hemoglobin analysis by HPLC reveals decreased quantities of HbA and increased the level of hemoglobin F (HbF). The decrease level of MCV and MCH are also associated with β-thalassemia. There are various different molecular techniques such as ARMS PCR, allele-specific PCR, Gap PCR, denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis, reverse dot blotting, DGGE, SSCP, HRM, MLPA, sequencing technology and microarray available to identify the globin chain gene mutations. These molecular techniques can be clustered for detection by mutation types and alteration in gene sequences.

BACKGROUND At any point of time, we can observe several cases of alleged self-harm in our medical wards. Although most of the studies look at nature and types of poison and its management & prognosis, there is a lack of data to analyse demographic profile of these victims. We wanted to assess demography including age, sex, marital status, religion, locality and mode of suicide of patients presenting to emergency department of our tertiary care hospital in North India. METHODS We looked into admission register of emergency department of our hospital and sorted out data of patients of alleged suicidal attempt. RESULTS We collected data of 408 patients admitted to our hospital. 365 (90%) were Hindus and rest belonged to other religions. 367 (90%) attempted suicide by poisoning, 36 (9%) by hanging and 5 (1%) by self-injury, including cutting wrist. 252 (62%) were males and 156 (38%) females. Out of these 156 females, 97 (62%) were married and rest 59 (38%) unmarried. CONCLUSIONS Suicide is a public health challenge. To control the problem, we need to measure its dimensions in its fullest extent. By looking at demography of these patients, we made an attempt to identify vulnerable population. And in the next step, potentially preventable measures should be taken to help the victims

Background Beta (β)-thalassemia major patients frequently suffer from many vascular problems. Thrombophilia is a blood disorder that comprises imbalances in the blood coagulating factor due to ecological and hereditary components. Previous evidence shows that thrombosis is the commonest risk in beta-thalassemia patients. Several studies have examined that MTHFR C677T, prothrombin G20210A (PT G20210A), and Factor V Leiden G1691A (FVL G1691A) polymorphism play a crucial role in the development of β-thalassemia major, yet the result was questionable and uncertain. Therefore, in this study, we executed the correlation between these gene polymorphisms with β-thalassemia major patients. Methods Suitable keywords were used to search related articles in PubMed, Google Scholar, and Web of Science. In this random-effects meta-analysis, we analyzed the odds ratio (OR) for the estimation of risk. Results A total of nine research articles with 645 β-thalassemia major patients and 989 healthy controls were incorporated in this meta-analysis. The pooled OR was assessed in MTHFR C677T, PT G20210A, and FVL G1691A polymorphism. This random-effects meta-analysis demonstrated that MTHFR C677T, PT G20210A, and FVL G1691A gene polymorphism did not significantly associate with β-thalassemia major. Moreover, the heterogeneity was significantly found in genotype CC vs CT+TT C677T (I2=61%) and allele C vs T (I2=71%) of MTHFR and genotype GG vs GA (I2=95%), GG vs GA+AA (I2=95%), GA vs GG+AA (I2=95%), and allele G vs A (I2=93%) of FVL G1691A. Conclusion The results of this meta-analysis show that MTHFR C677T, prothrombin G20210A, and Factor V Leiden (G1691A) gene polymorphism are not a risk factor for β-thalassemia major.

BACKGROUND: Oral submucous fibrosis is a chronic progressive scarring disease of oral cavity and oropharynx characterized by epithelial atrophy and juxta epithelial inflammatory reaction with progressive fibrosis of the lamina propria an deeper connective tissue. In india, the first mention of this disease in literature dates back to the time of "Sushruta" as "Vidari". However, in modern literature, Schwartz in 1952 first described it as "atrophica idiopathica mucosaeoris". Antioxidants Protects by physically separating the free oxygen radicals from the susceptible molecules. Providing molecules that effectively compete with the oxygen. Rapidly repair the damage caused by the free radicals. Lysing & inactivating free radicals, removing damaged molecules. Body's multilevel defense systems against free radicals. AIMS & OBJECTIVES: The present study was undertaken to see effect of various antioxidant drugs on oral submucous fibrosis clinically as well histopathologically. MATERIAL & METHODS: This study comprises of 64 patients suffering from oral submucous fibrosis. History, examination and investigation of patients were done in detail as per predesigned proforma. OBSERVATIONS: Submucous fibrosis was seen from 2nd to 6th decade of life. Males were more commonly affected (65.625%) than females (34.375%). The incidence of submucous fibrosis is higher in Hindus (87.5%) than Muslims (12.5%). maximum number of the patients were between 1 and 2 years duration or between 5 and 10 years duration (16 cases in each group. Table shows that 50% of the patients suffering from oral submucous fibrosis had been chewing pan - masala and betel nut. In our series of study maximum cases were of severe grade trismus (32.81%). In this study we gave antioxidants drugs to the patients for a period of 2-3 months. Symptoms of burning sensation of mouth were relieved in 64.51% of cases by antioxidant therapy. Repeated painful ulcerations of mouth were relieved in 70% cases by antioxidant therapy. Suppleness of oral tissue was improved in 80.00% cases by antioxidant therapy. The symptom of trismus was relieved in 26.19% cases by antioxidant therapy. Out of 64 cases of oral submucous fibrosis 36 cases improved on therapy (56.25%) No patient got complete cure by therapy and there were 16 cases who failed on therapy (25%). There were 12 cases (18.75%) that did not come for follow up. CONCLUSION: Thus our work is showing that anti-oxidant drugs are overall favourable for early cases of oral submucous fibrosis clinically as well as histopathologically. So we conclude that anti-oxidant therapy should be regularly used in cases of oral submucous fibrosis.

BACKGROUND: In practical and numerical terms, the solitary nodule is the most important target of thyroid FNAC. Since FNAC can provide an unequivocal benign diagnosis in 60% of patients with benign nodules, its potential to reduce the number of unnecessary operations is significant. Of all the thyroid glands that on surgical resection prove to contain solitary nodules, 70- 80% are benign adenomas and about 10-30% is malignant growth. Over the past two decades, fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) has become an essential step in the evaluation of thyroid nodules, due to its superior diagnostic reliability and cost effectiveness. AIMS & OBJECTIVES: The present study aims to explore the role of FNAC in the diagnosis of various thyroid lesions presenting as solitary thyroid nodules (excluding multiple nodular lesion). MATERIAL & METHODS: 140 patients of more than or equal to 15 years of age presenting with solitary thyroid nodule were the subjects of the current study. Subjects were referred for fine needle aspiration by the treating clinicians. OBSERVATIONS: Male: Female ratio was (18/122) 1:6.8 and age of the patients ranged from 15 years to 62 years. Maximum number of cases was in 3 rd and 4 th decades. 4 patients were in 7 th decade. Cytodiagnostic break up of all 122 cases included colloid goitre 31 cases (25.5%), hyperplastic nodule 3 cases (2.5%), lymphocytic thyroiditis 2 cases (1.6%), Hashimoto's thyroiditis 7 cases (5.7%) and subacute thyroiditis 5 cases (4.0%), from non-neoplastic category. Amongst the neoplastic category, follicular neoplasm (45 cases, 36.9 %) was the most common lesion and remaining included 15 cases of papillary carcinoma (12.3%), 4 cases of Hurthle cell neoplasm (3.3%), 3 cases of medullary carcinoma (2.5%), 2 cases of anaplastic carcinoma (1.6%) and a solitary case of squamous cell carcinoma (0.8%). Colloid was observed in all cases and was abundant in 18 cases (58%) and moderate in 11 cases (35.5%). Dominant cellular pattern observed in all cases and uniform follicular cells were arranged in monolayered sheets (honey comb pattern), nuclear pleomorphism was an uncommon finding, being seen in only 4 cases (13%). Foamy histiocytes or hemosiderin laden histiocytes were a fairly common finding, being observed in 23 cases (74.1%). A cytodiagnosis of follicular neoplasm accounted for 36.9% (45 out of 122) of all diagnosis rendered on adequate aspirates and 64.3% of all diagnosed neoplasms. (45 out of 70 cases), thus reflecting that this entity comprised not only the highest number of cases amongst the neoplastic group but also the most common lesion when both non-neoplastic and neoplastic lesions were considered together. Aspirates from follicular neoplasms were either moderately cellular or highly cellular. Thus good cellularity was the outstanding characteristic feature observed in all cases. Blood in the background was a consistent finding observed in almost all the cases. Scant to moderate colloid was observed in 31 cases (68.8%). The dominant pattern was one of repetitive microfollicles or acini being observed in all 45 cases (100%). Most of the cases also had cellular aggregates with nuclear overlapping. Histopathological correlation was available in 20 cases. 19 cases were consistent with cytodiagnosis although 1 case showed discrepancy. CONCLUSION: It was concluded that FNAC of

Objectives: To evaluate the causes of puberty menorrhagia and effect of hormonal (Progestogens, estrogens and Combined Oral Contraceptive pills) and non-hormonal methods in the management of puberty menorrhagia.Methods: This prospective study included 51 subjects, who presented with puberty menorrhagia to Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, King George Medical University, Lucknow from August 2014 to August 2015. Assessment of each case with thorough history, physical examination and laboratory investigations was done. The underlying cause was diagnosed and the relevant treatment started and subjects kept under regular follow up.Results: In 26 (50.98%) subjects, immaturity of hypothalamic pituitary ovarian axis was the main cause of pubertymenorrhagia, 6 (11.76%) subjects had hypothroidism,5 (9.80%) subjects had polycystic ovarian syndrome, 4 (7.8%) subjects had idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, 2 (3.9%) subjects had disseminated intravascular coagulopathy, 3 (5.88%) subjects had hyperprolactinemia, 3 (5.88%) subjects had both hypothyroidism and hyperprolactinemia, 2(3.92%) subjects had fibroid uterus. All patients responded to medical management.Conclusion: Puberty menorrhagia is a distressing condition both for the subject as well as her parents. Most of thecases are due to anovulatory cycles which is a self-limiting condition at perimenarchal age group. Counseling and reassurance ofthe subjects is an important part of management. Long term medical treatment is successful in the majority of cases and rarely surgical intervention is required. Blood transfusion is required in a few cases.