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Injury to the medial compartment of the knee is the most common ligament injury to this joint. The medial approach must consider the presence of associated anteromedial instability. Untreated injury of these instabilities can result in failure of the other reconstructed ligaments. As treatment is usually associated with other ligaments, it is relevant that the technique could save grafts and synthetic material. This article aims to describe a technique for the treatment of anteromedial instabilities through semimembranosus tendon tenodesis in a more anterior and distal position, promoting the tensioning of the posteromedial structures., Technique Video Video 1 Reconstruction of a posteromedial structure of a left knee. The patient is in a supine position. The medial approach starts over the medial epicondyle up to 7 cm distal to the joint interline in the medial tibia surface. At this moment, the semitendinosus and gracilis tendons are removed and prepared to serve as a graft for the (MCLs). The direct tibial insertion of the semimembranosus (SM) tendon is individualized and reinserted from the tibia. Anterodistalization of this tendon is carried out, and posterior oblique ligament is tensioned on this anchor with knee flexed at 5°, neutral rotation, and without adduction. Finally, the MCLs are reconstructed and fixed in 30° of flexion using interference screws.

Several approaches have been reported during laparoscopic spleen-preserving distal pancreatectomy (LSPDP), such as medial, lateral, and posterior approaches. This study reports a tail-first approach that is mobilization of the pancreatic gland from tail to neck followed by division. The short-term outcomes are described. Cases which underwent LSPDP from 2014 to 2020 at Qilu Hospital of Shandong University were included. Clinical parameters were collected and analyzed. One hundred five cases were collected, including 54 Kimura, 45 Warshaw, and 6 modified-Warshaw procedures. Seventy-seven patients (73.3%) underwent LSPDP by a tail-first approach (TFA-LSPDP) and 28 (26.7%) by a medial approach (M-LSPDP). Compared with the M-LSPDP, the TFA-LSPDP group had a lower incidence of splenic infraction (9.1 VS 25.0%, P = 0.05) and a higher frequency of Kimura procedure (55.8 VS 39.3%, P = 0.053). TFA-LSPDP is feasible and safe for treatment of benign and low malignant lesions of the distal pancreas, which has a lower incidence of splenic infraction and a higher frequency of splenic vessel preservation compared with the traditional medial approach.

Numerous approaches were described for the management of Pipkin’s type I fracture with no consensus on the “standard of care”. The strategic thinking of the ideal access is through the medial approach. Using Ferguson intermuscular interval, prospective study was done (January 2014–2019) to evaluate radiological and functional outcomes using HHS and Thompson-Epstein criteria. Fracture patterns were subclassified: anterior and posterior-inferior (AI/PI) requiring different reduction positions. Twenty-one patients (mean FU = 24.3 months (range, 12–48)) were divided into 14 (67.7%) AI and seven PI. Excision was performed in five (23.8%) (AI = 3 (14.3%) and PI = 2) and ORIF in 16 (AI = 11 (52.4%) and PI = 5). At the last follow-up, two (9.5%) were graded as excellent, 11 (52.4%) as good, three (14.3%) as fair, and five as poor. Modified Ludloff’s approach provides safe easy direct access to fracture allowing easy excision or direct anatomical reduction, perpendicular compression, and rigid fixation with minimal complications.

Background : Single-incision laparoscopic right colectomy (SILRC) has been reported in 2008, and since that time an increased number of reports appeared in literature. Currently, it remains popular between the centers with achieved experience. Adoption of suprapubic access, instead of umbilical or other access-sites, allows to enhance the final cosmetic outcomes, together with the realization of complete mesocolic excision (CME) and intra-corporeal anastomosis (ICA). Methods : Between January 2016 and August 2018, 20 patients (10 females, 10 males) were submitted to suprapubic single-incision laparoscopic right colectomy (SSILRC) for adenocarcinoma. Mean age was 74 years and mean body mass index was 24 kg/m2. Sixteen patients have already been submitted to open abdominal surgery. Results : Mean total operative time was 233.9 minutes and mean laparoscopic time was 199.4 minutes. Mean time for ICA was 34 minutes. Mean blood loss was 279.5 mL. One additional 5-mm trocar was necessary in 1 patient (5.0%). Mean length scar was 60.5 cm. Mean hospital stay was 7.8 days. A minimal use of pain killers was registered postoperatively. Mean number of lymph nodes retrieved was 24.5. Early complications were one suprapubic abscess and one suprapubic hematoma. No late complications, including suprapubic incisional hernia, were achieved. Conclusion : Since the specimen has to be removed from the abdomen after conventional laparoscopic right colectomy, the suprapubic access can be an option. SSILRC allows to join the surgical procedure, the specimen’s removal and the enhanced cosmetic results through the same access. Other advantages are the CME, the ICA, the reduced postoperative pain, and the decreased incisional hernia’s rate.

In this thesis, we showed that the incidence of (late) DDH increases in regions such as the province of Manitoba (Canada), where there is no screening programme in place, as (selective) ultrasound programmes in other countries have shown to decrease the rate of late presenting DDH. Improved access to health care and well baby clinics in rural areas, including clinical assessment of the hips beyond walking age, can improve diagnosis and overall outcome. It is unclear from our study if the late DDH is due to family predisposition and inbreeding or mechanically induced due to swaddling/restricted hip movements, a regional custom. Screening should also take into consideration risk factors for the province such as first female, breech and presence of clubfoot deformity. The latter is somewhat controversial, and could again be a regional entity, as current screening programmes no longer include clubfoot as a risk factor.(18,19) On the other hand, ultrasound has also its limitations in identifying relevant DDH. Despite abnormal findings on ultrasound suggestive for DDH within the first 6 months of life, many of these abnormalities will improve over time without treatment. Furthermore, abduction treatment of stable well-centered hips in 3 to 4 months old will not alter acetabular development, as 80% will become normal without treatment. Again, this questions the specificity of US as diagnostic tool to identify true hip disease based on Graf Classification alone. The role of Pavlik harness treatment over 6 months of age is questionable but can still be successful in 60% of the cases in moderate dislocation (≤ Graf type III). Prolongation of the Pavlik harness beyond 6 weeks of treatment did not alter the success rate. After failed Pavlik harness, medial approach lead to poor results in 20% of the patients for both radiographic and functional outcomes. The medial approach in patients younger than 6 months showed better results. Thus, the medial approach should probably be reserved to this age group. AVN rate was high, with almost 1/2 showing some changes during growth but eventually only 1/6 developed more severe proximal growth disturbance. The patient's observed outcome was not linked to the type of AVN but the severity of residual dysplasia. Finally, shape varian978-94-6419-087-8ts of AVN hips using SSM can identify early radiographic changes linked to poor outcome. This has the potential to develop as a tool for decision-making process at already a very young age and therefore improving the outcome.

Introduction: Three general approaches to identifying the recurrent laryngeal nerve during thyroid surgery are recognized: lateral, inferior, and superior.1 In the presented video we intro...

Background: Although Multiple studies showed that the median approach is nowadays the most widely accepted approach according to the “no-touch” principle and safety. However, this approach is a demanding procedure with a steep learning curve and has a high rate of conversion to laparotomy. This aim is to explore the feasibility and safety of tunnel approach in laparoscopic radical right hemicolectomy for colon cancer.Methods：From July 2016 to October 2018, a total of 106 consecutive patients with colon cancer who were subjected to the laparoscopic radical right hemicolectomy in the affiliated cancer hospital of zhengzhou university were enrolled. The patients underwent either tunnel approach (TA) (n=56) or traditional medial approach (MA) (n=50) according to the surgical maneuver performed. The patients' baseline demographics and perioperative results were compared between the two groups.Results: The baseline characteristics did not differ between groups. The blood loss was significantly less [20.0(5.0-40.0) vs. 100(50.0-150.0) , p < 0.001] and operation time was significantly shorter [128.4±16.7 vs. 145.6±20.3min, p < 0.001]in the TA group than those in MA group. Time to first flatus and postoperative hospital stay were similar [3.0(2.0-4.0) vs. 3.0(3-4.0)d，p=0.329; 10.4±2.6 vs. 10.7±3.0d，p=0.506] in both groups. The conversion to laparotomy and complication rates were similar between the groups(0 vs. 6.0%, p = 0.203; 14.3% vs. 18.0%, p =0.603,respectively). There was no treatment-related death in both groups.Conclusions: The tunnel approach in laparoscopic radical right hemicolectomy for colon cancer is a technically feasible and safe procedure as a preferable approach at present compared to those of medial approach, meanwhile this method is easier for beginners to master. Hence this tunnel approach right hemicolectomy is worth recommended.

Background and objectives: To evaluate the single-injection and triple-injection techniques in infraclavicular blocks with an ultrasound-guided medial approach in terms of block success and the need for supplementary blocks. Methods: This study comprised 139 patients who were scheduled for elective or emergency upper-limb surgery. Patients who received an infraclavicular blocks with a triple-injection technique were included in Group T (n = 68). Patients who received an infraclavicular blocks with a single-injection technique were included in Group S (n = 71). The number of patients who required supplementary blocks or had complete failure, the recovery time of sensory blocks and early and late complications were noted. Results: The block success rate was 84.5% in Group S, and 94.1% in Group T without any need for supplementary nerve blocks. The blocks were supplemented with distal peripheral nerve blocks in 8 patients in Group S and in 3 patients in Group T. Following supplementation, the block success rate was 95.8% in Group S and 98.5% in Group T. These results were not statistically significant. A septum preventing the proper distribution of local anesthetic was clearly visualized in 4 patients. The discomfort rate during the block was significantly higher in Group T (p < 0.05). Conclusion: In ultrasound-guided medial-approach infraclavicular blocks, single-injection and triple-injection techniques did not differ in terms of block success rates. The need for supplementary blocks was higher in single injections than with triple injections. The presence of a fascial layer could be the reason for improper distribution of local anesthetics around the cords. Resumo Justificativa e objetivos: Avaliar as técnicas de injeção única e tripla no bloqueio infraclavicular, empregando-se acesso medial guiado por ultrassonografia, comparando-se o sucesso do bloqueio e a necessidade de bloqueios complementares. Método: O estudo incluiu 139 pacientes com indicação de cirurgia de membro superior eletiva ou de emergência. O Grupo T (n = 68 pacientes) recebeu bloqueio infraclavicular com técnica de injeção tripla e o Grupo S (n = 71), bloqueio infraclavicular com injeção única. Registrou-se o número de pacientes que necessitaram bloqueio complementar de nervo ou que apresentaram falha completa do bloqueio, o tempo de recuperação do bloqueio sensorial e as complicações precoces e tardias. Resultados: A taxa de sucesso do bloqueio infraclavicular, sem necessidade de bloqueio complementar de nervo, foi 84,5% e 94,1% para os Grupos S e T, respectivamente. No bloqueio infraclavicular foi necessário bloqueio de nervos periféricos distais em 8 e 3 pacientes dos Grupos S e T, respectivamente. Após a complementação, a taxa de sucesso do bloqueio foi 95,8% e 98,5% para os Grupos S e T, respectivamente. Os resultados não foram estatisticamente significantes. Imagem de septo impedindo a distribuição adequada do anestésico local foi claramente visualizada em quatro pacientes. A taxa de desconforto durante a realização do bloqueio foi estatatisticamente mais alta no Grupo T (p< 0,05). Conclusões: As técnicas de injeção única e tripla em bloqueio infraclavicular guiado por ultrasonografia com acesso medial não diferiram quanto à taxa de sucesso. A necessidade de bloqueio complementar foi maior com a técnica de injeção simples. A ocorrência de invólucro de fascia poderia justificar a distribuição inadequada do anestésico local ao redor dos fascículos do plexo.

Because of the known tendency for early redislocation following open reduction, we developed surgical methods for shortening the ligamentum teres to improve immediate postoperative stability when performing medial approach open reduction (MAOR) for the management of developmental dysplasia of the hip. Between 2004 and 2014, 32 patients with dysplasia of the hip were managed by MAOR with partial excision and plication of ligamentum teres. The patients were followed up for an average of 6.9 years. At the final follow-up, clinical outcomes achieved were categorized as excellent and good in 39 (39/40; 97.5%) hips. At the latest follow-up, 97.5% (39 hips) were classified as good or excellent on the basis of the Severin classification (Severin grade 1 or 2). In conclusion, this series of MAOR, in which ligamentum teres partial excision and plication was utilized, we found stable reduction in all hips. On the basis of these positive results, we recommend this method for children treated with MAOR. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level IV: case series.

The most common conservative approaches to the hip joint are the anterior, the Ganz safe surgical dislocation and the medial approach. The anatomy of these approaches is described in detail in this review. Each approach is also evaluated considering the surgical conservative indications, technique, and complications.

Calcaneal osteotomies are commonly used to correct varus hindfoot alignment in patients with symptomatic cavovarus deformity. Translational, closing wedge, and Malerba-type osteotomies have been implicated in the development of tarsal tunnel syndrome and neurologic injury to branches of the tibial nerve. The authors hypothesized that there would be minimal clinically important injury to the tibial nerve by performing a translational calcaneal osteotomy from a medial approach.All patients undergoing a cavovarus reconstruction by a single surgeon were identified. Patients were included if they underwent a lateralizing calcaneal osteotomy via medial approach. Demographics, operative reports, and clinic notes were reviewed to identify concomitant procedures performed, incidence of postoperative tarsal tunnel syndrome, complications, and preoperative and postoperative nerve examinations. Postoperative radiographs were reviewed for location of the osteotomy relative to the posterior tubercle.Twenty-four patients underwent lateralizing calcaneal osteotomy via a medial approach. Of the osteotomies, 83.3% (20/24) were in the middle third of the calcaneus, with a mean of 11.6-mm translation. No patients developed postoperative tarsal tunnel syndrome or tibial nerve palsy.Lateralizing calcaneal osteotomy performed via a medial approach had a clinically negligible incidence of neurologic injury. Adequate translation was achieved to obtain correction of varus hindfoot deformity. The authors believe that there is less direct and less percussive injury to branches of the tibial nerve when performing the osteotomy from medial to lateral. This technique may represent an operative strategy to minimize risk to the tibial nerve and reduce neurologic deficit following cavovarus reconstruction.Level IV, case series.

© 2017, Yuzuncu Yil Universitesi Tip Fakultesi. All rights reserved.This study has aimed to evaluate the outcomes of open reduction technique by the medial approach performed in the 3-18 months old infants. The patients who underwent an open reduction by the medial approach for typical dysplasia of hip between the years 2007-2011 were screened retrospectively. The study included 28 hips of 19 patients. The correction percentage of acetabular index was calculated by acetabular angle measurements performed prior to operation and at the last control examination. Avascular necrosis (AVN) was classified by the criteria of Kalamchi-MacEwen while radiological and clinical evaluations were performed using Severin and McKay criteria. The mean age at surgery was 12.1 months (3-18 months) while mean follow-up period duration was found 18.6 months (6-48 months). According to Severin radiological criteria, 9 (32.1%) and 9 (32.1%) hips were evaluated as excellent and good, respectively. Whereas, according to the evaluation based on McKay criteria, 22 (78.6%) and 6 (21.4%) hips were found excellent and good, respectively. Avascular necrosis (AVN) of the femoral head was encountered in 3 (10.7%) of the 28 hips. According to the criteria of Kalamchi-MacEwen Classification; 2 and 1 hips revealed Type I and Type 4 avascular necrosis, respectively. We have encountered according to outcomes data of this study that open reduction technique by the medial approach for treatment of developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) presented more successful clinical and radiological outcomes in the 3-12 months old infants compared with its application in the 13-18 months old infants.

Arthrodesis of the hindfoot is a common procedure for degenerative joint disease and/or severe deformity. Nonunion is a common complication from this procedure, causing an increased burden to the patient and health care system, often resulting in the need for revision surgery. Recombinant human platelet-derived growth factor (rhPDGF) has been shown to be a safe and effective tool to enhance arthrodesis rates in hindfoot surgery while avoiding the potential morbidity of bone grafting. This article provides a review of the role of rhPDGF in hindfoot fusions, and the surgical technique for performing an rhPDGF enhanced double-arthrodesis through a medial approach.

Background A trapped temporal horn can be emergently decompressed by inserting a bedside temporal horn external ventricular drain (tEVD). However, no standardized method for this procedure has been described. Objective To identify methods for bedside tEVD insertion, and determine the safest, most accurate, and most easily standardized approach. Methods Volumetric images of 20 patients with trapped temporal horns were analyzed. Three tEVD approaches (perpendicular, lateral, and medial) were defined, along with standardized insertion points and external landmarks for trajectory guidance. Predicted success in penetrating the temporal horn, skin-to-temporal horn entrance distance, temporal horn distance traversed, and trajectory target error and accuracy were evaluated; data were compared with independent sample t tests. Results Nineteen of 20 cases were analyzed; 13 had critical temporal horn entrapment. Penetration was achieved in 100% of perpendicular and 84% (16/19) of lateral and medial approaches (92% [12/13] of critical entrapments). In 19 patients, trajectory error was not significantly different among approaches. The perpendicular approach had significantly more accuracy than the lateral (P = .01) and medial (P = .002) approaches. The lateral approach afforded significantly more traversable distance than the perpendicular approach (P = .009). In cases with critical entrapment, the perpendicular approach had significantly less error (P = .02) and significantly better accuracy (P = .02) than the medial approach. The perpendicular approach trended toward more accuracy than the lateral approach (P = .06). Conclusion The perpendicular approach appears to be the easiest, safest, and most reliable approach tested. We recommend conducting bedside tEVD placement only in patients with a critically dilated temporal horn who are clinically deteriorating at a rate that prohibits other procedures. Abbreviations CSF, cerebrospinal fluidEVD, external ventricular draintEVD, temporal horn external ventricular drainOR, operating room.

Osteochondral lesions of the talus might be a more common cause of pain than previously recognized, especially among those involved in athletic activities. However, the location of an osteochondral lesion on the talar head is much less common than such lesions localized to the dome of the talus and can pose diagnostic difficulties. We present the case of a 14-year-old soccer player who complained of longstanding pain in his left foot. After unsuccessful conservative treatment consisting of rest and bracing, he was ultimately treated with retrograde percutaneous drilling of the talar head performed by a medial approach. This was followed by casting and non-weightbearing for 6 weeks, after which physical therapy was undertaken. He was able to return to full activity and remained asymptomatic during a 5-year observation period. Although rare, osteochondritis dissecans of the talar head should be considered in young athletes with persistent foot pain that is unresponsive to reasonable therapy.

This study evaluated the feasibility, complications and long-term outcomes of using a cannulated drill system combined with intraoperative imaging to place a transcondylar screw for the management of canine humeral intracondylar fissure. Thirteen dogs were enrolled, with one dog undergoing staged bilateral surgery. No intraoperative complications occurred. Five minor (36%) and three major (21%) postoperative complications occurred, giving an overall complication rate of 57%. None of the screws placed penetrated the articular surface. The mean duration of surgery was 28 min (SD ±3.5) for dogs that developed a major complication versus 46 min (SD ±18.1) for those that did not (p=0.015). The duration of preoperative lameness was significantly shorter for cases which suffered a major complication (2 days; SD ±2.8) than those that did not (34 days; SD ±31.7, p=0.008). None of the variables assessed were significantly associated with minor complications. Median time from surgery to last follow-up was 5.8 years (range 3.5-8.5 years). Median Liverpool Osteoarthritis in Dogs questionnaire score at the final point of follow-up was 16 (range 7-27). A significant number of patients were found to require analgesia at long-term follow-up.

Aims Open reduction is required following failed conservative treatment of developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH). The Ludloff medial approach is commonly used, but poor results have been reported, with rates of the development of avascular necrosis (AVN) varying between 8% and 54%. This retrospective cohort study evaluates the long-term radiographic and clinical outcome of dislocated hips treated using this approach. Patients and Methods Children with a dislocated hip, younger than one year of age at the time of surgery, who were treated using a medial approach were eligible for the study. Radiographs were evaluated for the degree of dislocation and the presence of an ossific nucleus preoperatively, and for the degree of AVN and residual dysplasia at one and five years and at a mean of 12.7 years (4.6 to 20.8) postoperatively. Radiographic outcome was assessed using the Severin classification, after five years of age. Further surgical procedures were recorded. Functional outcome was assessed using the Pediatric Outcomes Data Collection Instrument (PODCI) or the Hip Disability and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (HOOS), depending on the patient’s age. Results A total of 52 children (58 hips) were included. At the latest follow-up, 11 hips (19%) showed signs of AVN. Further surgery was undertaken in 13 hips (22%). A total of 13 hips had a poor radiological outcome with Severin type III or higher. Of these, the age at the time of surgery was significantly higher (p Conclusion This retrospective long-term follow-up study shows that one in five children with DDH who undergo open reduction using a medial surgical approach has poor clinical and/or radiological outcome. The poor outcome is not related to the presence of AVN (19%), but due to residual dysplasia. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2018;100-B:822–7.

The decision to treat a femoral head fracture conservatively or surgically is the subject of ongoing debate. Several surgical approaches have been proposed for the open reduction and internal fixation of femoral head fractures. To our knowledge, fixation through a minimally invasive medial approach has not been described until now. The novel medial hip approach passes between the adductor muscle bellies posteriorly and their aponeuroses anteriorly. It provides direct access to the fracture site and allows for fixation by compression, without needing to dislocate the hip or detach the muscles. Any loose bodies in the joint that cannot be fixed can also be removed during the procedure. These features make the medial hip approach a clinically-relevant treatment option for the surgical management of femoral head fractures.

The article analyzed the methods of suprapancretic lymph node dissection in laparoscopic gastrectomy which were developed and applied in Japan. The authors described the details of operation technique. There were noted the advantages of medial approach for suprapancreatic lymph node dissection.

Laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy has become widely accepted for the treatment of left-sided pancreatic lesions. Traditionally, a medial laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy (MDLP) has been employed, with division of the gland followed by medial to lateral mobilization. Recent technical reports of lateral laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy (LLDP) suggest that it offers easier access and more precise dissection. Data on this technique remain sparse and inconclusive, with no formal comparison with MLDP. We sought to compare outcomes of LLDP to MLDP.We reviewed the charts of patients undergoing laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy at two academic institutions, from July 2009 to June 2013. Primary outcomes were operating time and estimated blood loss. Secondary outcomes included success of spleen-preserving procedures, length of sacrificed pancreas parenchyma, margins status, 30-day major morbidity (Clavien grade 3-5 complications), and length of stay. We reported data as proportions and medians. We performed comparative analysis using Chi square test or Fisher's exact test for categorical variables, and Mann-Whitney U test for continuous variables.We retrieved 43 cases (19 LLDP, 24 MLDP). Median operative time was shorter (166 vs 190 min; p = 0.03) and estimated blood loss lower (50 vs 250 mL; p0.01) with LLDP. No margin was positive with LLDP compared to 2 (8.3%) with MLDP. Major morbidity did not differ (LLDP 21.0% vs MLDP 25.0%; p = 0.76). Trends toward lower conversion rate (16.7 vs 5.3%; p = 0.36) and shorter length of stay (5 vs 4 days; p = 0.35) were not significant.LLDP is a feasible and safe approach for distal lesions of the pancreatic tail, associated with shorter operative time and decreased blood loss compared to traditional MLDP. Potential of decreased conversion rate and length of stay exists. These hypotheses need to be confirmed in larger prospective studies.

Neurosurgeons are getting increasingly involved in surgery for orbital tumours. The various approaches to the orbit can be challenging. The authors have demonstrated on cadavers the various approaches to the orbit which are required to be mastered by the neurosurgeon. The superior approaches which include the transcranial, supraorbital and the hybrid approaches are the most commonly utilized surgical approaches by the neurosurgeon for excision of orbital pathologies. The lateral orbitotomy is an elegant approach for excision of the tumours lateral to the optic Nerve and lacrimal gland tumours. The authors also demonstrate the medial approach through a medial orbitotomy which is a relatively unfamiliar approach to neurosurgeons. The importance of the various landmarks in each approach is emphasised along with the methods to minimize complications. It is imperative that neurosurgeons are intimately familiar with the microsurgical anatomy of the orbit and the various approaches to it.

Donor site morbidity is the most common limitation of the deep circumflex iliac artery (DCIA) flap, so the purpose of this paper is to describe a new, minimally-invasive, approach to its harvest using virtual surgical planning and CAD/CAM technology to reduce functional and aesthetic morbidity at the donor site. Virtual surgical planning was based on preoperative computed tomographic data. A newly-designed surgical guide made using CAD/CAM technology was used to transfer the virtual surgical plan to the site of operation. This enabled us to raise a bicortical flap from the pelvis with preservation of the anterior superior iliac crest from the medial side with minimal muscular stripping. The guide, designed at slightly less than 90° to the lateral cortex, allowed the cut segment of bone to be raised medially. The new virtual surgical planning guide allowed a medial approach with reduced stripping of muscle and lower morbidity. No complications were encountered during the operation or the healing phase. Patients treated in this way had a shorter recovery period, with minimal complaints about walking or loss of profile of the hip. We conclude that virtual surgical planning can aid a minimally-invasive approach with predictable results. This allows a medial approach to the harvest of DCIA with preservation of important anatomical structures, and a reduction in donor site morbidity.

BACKGROUND: Patellar resurfacing after routine arthroplasty remains controversial. Few studies have specifically examined the effect of patellar resurfacing on outcomes after resection of the distal part of the femur and reconstruction with a megaprosthesis. Our objective was to compare the outcomes of megaprosthesis reconstructions of the distal part of the femur with and without patellar resurfacing after resection of a distal femoral tumor. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the clinical records of patients with a femoral tumor who underwent resection of the distal part of the femur and endoprosthetic reconstruction between 1993 and 2013. We excluded patients who had had extra-articular knee resection, patellectomy, revision, reconstruction with an expandable prosthesis, or a proximal tibial replacement associated with the distal femoral replacement. We compared demographic characteristics, surgical variables, anterior knee pain, range of motion, extensor lag, Insall-Salvati ratio, Insall-Salvati patellar tendon insertion ratio, impingement, patellar degenerative disease, additional patellar procedures, complications, and Musculoskeletal Tumor Society (MSTS) score between the patellar resurfacing and nonresurfacing groups. RESULTS: One hundred and eight patients—sixty without patellar resurfacing and forty-eight with patellar resurfacing—were included in the study. The mean age was 33.9 years (range, twelve to seventy-five years). There were fifty-four men and fifty-four women. The mean duration of follow-up was 4.5 years (range, 0.7 to twenty years). There was no significant difference in anterior knee pain between the groups (p = 0.51). Anterior knee pain did not significantly affect the range of motion, extensor lag, or reoperation or complication rate. Patellar degenerative disease occurred in 48% of the nonresurfaced knees but was not associated with focal pain. Complication rates were similar in the two groups, although peripatellar calcifications were significantly more common in the resurfacing group (19% versus 2%; p = 0.005). There was no significant difference in the mean MSTS score between the nonresurfacing (81%) and resurfacing (71%) groups (p = 0.34). CONCLUSIONS: There were no differences in anterior knee pain, range of motion, extensor lag, or MSTS score between the patients with and those without patellar resurfacing. There were no cases of patellar component loosening or revision. In light of the similar outcomes in the two groups, the decision to resurface should be left up to the individual surgeon, who should take into account preoperative peripatellar pain and the status of the patella at the time of resection. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.

The use of arthroscopy in the management of tibial plateau fractures is not a particularly new concept. It has been used successfully for Schatzker types I–III fractures. In addition to evaluating the fracture itself, it is easier to evaluate the other intraarticular structures. Coventionally, reduction for lateral tibial plateau fractures have been performed through a laterally based metaphyseal window, which is not without limitations, including difficulty with reduction of the fracture, as well as bone grafting though the resultant short subchondral tunnel. Also, there is a risk of lateral vascular supply distrubtion because of same side fracture. A medially based metaphyseal window to approach lateral tibial plateau fractures allows for minimal insult to the soft tissues, with advantageous ease of reduction and grafting through a longer tunnel for subchondral support. We aimed to present our initial experiences in twelwe cases approaching lateral tibial plateau fractures through a medial metaphyseal window. Material-Methods: Our series involves 12 patients with 7 Schatzker type II, 3 Schatzker type I, and 2 Schatzker type III fractures. There were 8 males and 4 females. The average age at the time of surgery was 37 (25-57) years. All of the patients underwent plain radiography and BT in each knee Time from injury to surgery was 6.2 days. Follow up was 18 months (9-22 months).Firstly diagnostic arthroscopy was performed. Concomittant pathology was adreessed as needed. There was 3 lateral meniscus tear that treated with partial meniscectomy. An ACL guide pin was placed percutaneously anteromedial tibia approximately 9 cm distal to the joint line. Once stisfactory positioning a cortical window 1x2 cm. made around the guide pin. Reduction was accomplished with a bone tamp that fits easily into the tunnel. Screws were used as rafters to support the articular surface and subchondral bone. We used in 7 patients lateral plate and screws and in 5 patients only screws. Care was taken to keep pump pressure at approximately 40 millimeters of mercury for alleviate the risk of compartment syndrome. Results: No complications related to the procedure were observed. No secondary loss of reduction was observed in radiological controls. Functional assessment according to HSS of the patients were excellent in 5 cases, good in 5 cases and fair 2 cases. Discussion: Because depressed fragments are elevated from distal cortical windows, the importance of an intact, or easily restored, “cortical envelope” is paramount. This case series showed satisfactory early clinical results. [Figure: see text][Figure: see text]

Rigid endoscopic resection using a thick sheath (ViewSite) may be a viable method for the resection or biopsy of selected deep-seated brain tumors, such as thalamic gliomas and malignant lymphomas. Neuroendoscopic biopsy is one technique used for the histological verification of suspected brain tumors. There are a number of advantages to using this technique. For example, under direct vision, it is possible to carefully observe the tumor surface and avoid vessels during tumor resections. It is also possible to collect enough specimens for a pathological diagnosis. Eighteen consecutive patients safely underwent rigid endoscopic resection or biopsy using a thick sheath (ViewSite). The two-handed endoscopic technique that utilized a mounted rigid endoscope proved very useful and safe, since it enabled easy stanching of hemorrhages. The aim of this study was to demonstrate how to use a thick sheath for deep-seated or intraventricular tumors. The rigid endoscopic approach with a thick sheath provides an alternative medial approach with improved visualization and a wider working space.

This study aimed at evaluating the medial approach for open reduction and internal fixation of Gartland type 3 displaced supracondylar fractures of humerus in children. A prospective, single centre study of on displaced supracondylar humerus fractures in 42 children was carried out at our institute. All fractures were managed with open reduction and internal fixation with crossed K-wires via medial approach. The mean follow-up was 12 months and patients were assessed according to Flynn’s criteria. No patients had post-operative ulnar nerve injury. Cubitus varus was not seen in any patient. Superficial pin tract infection occurred in three patients that subsided with anti-septic dressings and antibiotics. No deep infection occurred. 88.09 % patients showed satisfactory results as per Flynn’s criteria. The medial approach provides an excellent view of the supracondylar area. The approach is convenient due to a lower risk for ulnar nerve injury and better acceptability of the medial incisional scar. Key Words Type 3 supracondylar fracture humerus, medial approach, crossed K-wire fixation, medial column comminution

The medial approach for the treatment of children with developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) in whom closed reduction has failed requires minimal access with negligible blood loss. In the United Kingdom, there is a preference for these children to be treated using an anterolateral approach after the appearance of the ossific nucleus. In this study we compared these two protocols, primarily for the risk of osteonecrosis.Data were gathered prospectively for protocols involving the medial approach (26 hips in 22 children) and the anterolateral approach (22 hips in 21 children) in children aged < 24 months at the time of surgery. Osteonecrosis of the femoral head was assessed with validated scores. The acetabular index (AI) and centre–edge angle (CEA) were also measured.The mean age of the children at the time of surgery was 11 months (3 to 24) for the medial approach group and 18 months (12 to 24) for the anterolateral group, and the combined mean follow-up was 70 months (26 to 228). Osteonecrosis of the femoral head was evident or asphericity predicted in three of 26 hips (12%) in the medial approach group and four of 22 (18%) in the anterolateral group (p = 0.52). The mean improvement in AI was 8.8° (4° to 12°) and 7.9° (6° to 10°), respectively, at two years post-operatively (p = 0.18). There was no significant difference in CEA values of affected hips between the two groups.Children treated using an early medial approach did not have a higher risk of developing osteonecrosis at early to mid-term follow-up than those treated using a delayed anterolateral approach. The rates of acetabular remodelling were similar for both protocols.Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2014;96-B:406–13.

Objectives There are several reports clarifying successful results following open reduction using Ludloff’s medial approach for congenital (CDH) or developmental dislocation of the hip (DDH). This study aimed to reveal the long-term post-operative course until the period of hip-joint maturity after the conventional surgical treatments. Methods A long-term follow-up beyond the age of hip-joint maturity was performed for 115 hips in 103 patients who underwent open reduction using Ludloff’s medial approach in our hospital. The mean age at surgery was 8.5 months (2 to 26) and the mean follow-up was 20.3 years (15 to 28). The radiological condition at full growth of the hip joint was evaluated by Severin’s classification. Results All 115 hips successfully attained reduction after surgery; however, 74 hips (64.3%) required corrective surgery at a mean age of 2.6 years (one to six). According to Severin’s classification, 69 hips (60.0%) were classified as group I or II, which were considered to represent acceptable results. A total of 39 hips (33.9%) were group III and the remaining seven hips (6.1%) group IV. As to re-operation, 20 of 21 patients who underwent surgical reduction after 12 months of age required additional corrective surgeries during the growth period as the hip joint tended to subluxate gradually. Conclusion Open reduction using Ludloff’s medial approach accomplished successful joint reduction for persistent CDH or DDH, but this surgical treatment was only appropriate before the ambulating stage. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2014;3:1–6.

SummaryAims: To describe the technique of a medial approach for redo groin surgery for varicose vein recurrence and to report the one year prospective results for this procedure.Method: The standardised technique employed is described. Prospective one year data regarding the effectiveness of this procedure was taken from a one year audit performed 2009–2010 at Skaraborg Hospital. Details regarding this patient cohort and the surgery performed were registered. The outcome was measured by using venous clinical severity score (VCSS) and the disease specific quality of life was measured with the Aberdeen varicose vein questionnaire (AVVQ). Venous duplex ultrasound scanning (DUS) was performed preoperatively, after 4–6 weeks and after one year.Results: Out of 255 venous operations 34 regarded redo groin surgery and these were assessed. Females dominated 25/34 and the median age was 55 years (range 26–80). All patients had a probable stump according to DUS. CEAP C3-C4 dominated 28 patients/ legs and C5-C6 in 4 legs. The median operating time was 69 minutes (range 35–120) and the operating time was significantly correlated to the number of incisions (pConclusion: Redo groin surgery by a standardised medial approach is a safe and not an especially technically demanding technique that can be performed reasonably rapidly. The one year results are promising and the early DUS recurrence rate seems low.

Background: Triple arthrodesis through a 2-incision approach has been the primary salvage procedure for rigid hindfoot malalignment resulting from posterior tibialis dysfunction. However, complications like calcaneocuboid joint nonunion, lateral wound dehiscence, and adjacent joint arthritis have been reported after triple arthrodesis. Hence we adopted single-incision medial approach arthrodesis of subtalar and talonavicular joints, sparing the uninvolved calcaneocuboid joint and lateral skin. Method: We report the results of a series of 18 feet with posterior tibialis dysfunction that had correction of malalignment by this approach. Mean age at surgery was 65 years. The mean follow-up was 24 months. Results: There was statistically significant improvement in all the radiological parameters measured. There were no wound-related complications. The union rate was 89%. There were 2 malunions, and 2 feet developed valgus ankle deformity. The overall satisfaction rate among patients was 78%. Conclusion: We present a case series of treatment of posterior tibialis tendon dysfunction by arthrodesis of the subtalar and talonavicular joints through an isolated medial approach. The results were not encouraging enough to recommend adopting this approach as an alternative to triple arthrodesis. Level of Evidence: Level IV, retrospective case series.

Background and purpose The optimal surgical treatment of isolated tibial avulsion fractures of the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) remains controversial. The purpose of this study was to report preliminary results of a novel surgical approach to isolated PCL avulsion fractures by a minimally invasive postero-medial approach with suture anchors. Patients and methods Outcomes were retrospectively analyzed in 16 patients with isolated tibial avulsion fractures of the PCL treated with this approach. Results Length of surgery ranged from 20 to 40 min (mean, 28 min). Patients were followed-up for 4 to 36 months (mean, 18 months). X-rays showed that satisfactory reduction and bony healing was achieved in all cases. Excellent and good outcomes were reported by 15 and 1 patient respectively with the Lysholm score system. Conclusions This minimally invasive postero-medial approach, with minimal but sufficient exposure and effective fixation, may be suitable for the treatment of isolated tibial avulsion fractures of the PCL. More detailed and longer follow up of these patients is needed before definitive conclusions on efficacy can be reached.

Background: There is no consensus on the treatment of developmental dysplasia of the hip in children less than 24 months of age. The aim of this study was to present the results of open reduction and concomitant primary soft-tissue intervention in patients with developmental dysplasia of the hip in children less than 24 months of age. Materials and Methods: Sixty hips of 50 patients (4 male, 46 female) with mean age of 14.62 ± 5.88 (range 5-24 months) months with a mean followup of 40.00 ± 6.22 (range 24-58 months) months were included. Twenty five right and 35 left hips (10 bilaterally involved) were operated. Open reduction was performed using the medial approach in patients aged < 20 months (with Tönnis type II-III and IV hip dysplasias) and for those aged 20-24 months with Tönnis type II and III hip dysplasias ( n = 47). However for 13 patients aged 20-24 months with Tönnis type IV hip dysplasias, anterior bikini incision was used. Results: Mean acetabular index was 41.03 ± 3.78° (range 34°-50°) in the preoperative period and 22.98 ± 3.01° (range 15°-32°) at the final visits. Mean center-edge angle at the final visits was 22.85 ± 3.35° (18°-32°). Based on Severin radiological classification, 29 (48.3%) were type I (very good), 25 (41.7%) were type II (good) and 6 (10%) were type III (fair) hips. According to the McKay clinical classification, postoperatively the hips were evaluated as excellent ( n = 42; 70%), good ( n = 14; 23.3%) and fair ( n = 4; 6.7%). Reduction of all hip dislocations was achieved. Additional pelvic osteotomies were performed in 14 (23.3%) hips for continued acetabular dysplasia and recurrent subluxation. (Salter [ n = 12]/Pemberton [ n = 2] osteotomy was performed). Avascular necrosis (AVN) developed in 7 (11.7%) hips. Conclusion: In DDH only soft-tissue procedures are not enough, because of the high rate of the secondary surgery and AVN for all cases aged less than 24 months. Bone procedures may be necessary in the walking age group with high acetabular index.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to compare the clinical outcomes between patients with a valgus or varus deformity undergoing minimally invasive total knee arthroplasty through the medial approach. Methods: The patients were classified into 2 groups according to the preoperative femorotibial angle measured on an anteroposterior long leg roentgenogram. The valgus group comprised of 26 knees in 21 patients with a femorotibial angle 190° (195.9 ± 5.5). The following background variables were compared between the groups: age at the time of the operation, sex, causative disease, preoperative femoral mechanical–anatomical angle, and postoperative knee range of motion, Knee Society score, femorotibial angle, and implant position. Results: There were significant differences between the valgus and varus groups in the age (68.0 ± 6.9 vs 75.8 ± 6.2 years), percentage of males (23.8% vs 0%), percentage with rheumatoid arthritis (61.9% vs 4.8%), and preoperative femoral mechanical–anatomical angle (6.2 ± 1.0° vs 7.4 ± 2.1°). Clinical outcome variables of postoperative femorotibial angle (173.1 ± 3.9° vs 175.2 ± 1.6°) and α angle (96.6 ± 3.1° vs 95.0 ± 1.9°) also differed. Conclusion: It was assumed that over-valgus resection of the femur is a contributory factor to residual valgus alignment. However, knee range of motion and Knee Society score did not differ between the groups. We suggest that minimally invasive total knee arthroplasty through the medial approach is one of the treatment options for patients with valgus deformity.

Introduction: Supracondylar fractures of humerus in children are usually treated with percutaneous pinning on emergency basis. When the operating time is delayed, percutaneous pinning is difficult due to massive swelling. Late presentation is common in developing countries. Aim: To assess the outcome of open reduction and internal fixation with K-wire of widely displaced supracondylar fracture when operated later than 2 days after the injury. Materials and Methods: A total of 52 children (aged 3-12 years) with widely displaced supracondylar fracture of humerus (Gartland type-III) who presented later than 2 days after injury were treated with open reduction through medial approach and fixation with cross K-wires. Results were assessed with Flynn’s criteria. Result: A total of 40 patients completed follow-up. Mean age of all (n=52) patients was 4.8 years (range 3-12 years). Mean delay of presentation was 7.5 days (range 2-14 days). Hundred percent patients had satisfactory results according to Flynn’s criteria. Two patients had pin infections. Conclusion: Open reduction through medial approach and fixation with two cross K-wires is a reliable method of treatment for supracondylar fractures of humerus in children when the operation is delayed.

Background Parasellar invasion of pituitary adenomas (PAs) into the cavernous sinus (CS) is common. The management of the CS component of PA remains controversial. Objective The objective of this study was to analyze CS involvement in PA treated with endoscopic endonasal approaches, including incidence, surgical risks, surgical strategies, long-term outcomes, and our treatment algorithm. Methods We reviewed a series of 176 surgically treated PA with particular attention to CS involvement and whether the CS tumor was approached medial or lateral to the internal carotid artery. Results The median duration of follow-up was 36 months. Macroadenomas and nonfunctional adenomas represented 77 and 60% of cases, respectively. CS invasion was documented in 23% of cases. CS involvement was associated with a significantly diminished odds of gross total resection (47 vs. 86%, odds ratio [OR]: 5.2) and increased the need for subsequent intervention (4 vs. 40%, OR: 14.4). Hormonal remission was achieved in 15% of hormonally active tumors. Rates of surgical complication were similar regardless of CS involvement. Conclusion Our tailored strategy beginning with a medial approach and adding lateral exposure as needed resulted in good outcomes with low morbidity in nonfunctional adenomas. Functional adenomas involving the CS were associated with low rates of hormonal remission necessitating higher rates of additional treatment.

There is a debate between continents on the globe regarding the best surgical approach method for Peyronie’s disease (PD): how to elevate the neurovascular bundle (NVB) and how to properly access the tunica albuginea layers of the penile erectile body. Tom Lue of San Francisco, California, USA, advocates a medial approach. But from 1982, Edoardo Austoni of Milan, Italy, proposed spongious-cavernous disassembly through a lateral approach [1, 2]. For radical plaque surgery and subsequent relaxing plaque surgery after Paulo Egydio’s principle, Austoni’s proposal has given surgeons more inspiration during recent decades [3]. However, Lue’s technique is used with gratitude for mild and moderately severe PD and congenital ventral curvature treatments.

Laparoscopy is characterized by its ability to provide direct, magnified views of deep structures in narrow spaces and by the fact that laparoscopic observation and manipulation are carried out from foreground to background. It is logical, therefore, to perform laparoscopic surgery via a medial approach.

Purpose Traditionally, valgus knee deformity is predominately corrected by stabilisation with a plate inserted via the medial approach to the supracondylar region of the femur. However, this technique is unfavourable from both a biomechanical and a biological point of view. A revised retrograde dynamic locked nailing was developed to improve correction of this defect.

Summary An 8-year-old Polo pony mare was admitted for investigation of lameness related to swelling of the elbow. An intra-articular fragment from the proximo-medial radius was identified on radiographic examination. The fragment was removed arthroscopically under general anaesthesia via a caudo-medial approach to the elbow joint.

Summary Introduction Osteotomy of the anterior tibial tubercle (TT) is well known as the approach to difficult knees, in particular those with a low patella, but it has a poor reputation. Patients and methods This technique was used 21 times in 20 patients (10 males and 10 females) with a mean age of 71 years (range, 42–90 years) for 14 prosthesis revisions (three for septic loosening, 11 for aseptic loosening) and seven knees that had not anteriorly received prior implants (three osteotomies, one synovectomy). The surgical technique included a long (7 cm), thick (> 1 cm) fragment retaining its lateral muscle hinge with compression fixation using two screws. In cases with a low patella, the TT was proximally displaced, with amplitude limited by the tibial baseplate. Follow-up was clinical and radiological, lasting a mean 54 months (range, 8–195 months). The clinical results were assessed using the IKS score and the radiological results using the measurement of the patellar index according to the protocol described during the Lyon Knee Days. Results The mean preoperative IKS scores were: knee, 57.5 ± 22.4; function, 42.6 ± 21.5 (total, 100 ± 33.9); postoperative scores: knee, 84 ± 11.6; function 65 ± 28 (total, 149 ± 32.9). The joint range of motion increased from 73 ± 34.9 to 88 ± 21.1 for a mean gain of 15 ± 23.1. We found a traumatic nondisplaced tibia fracture around a tibial stem, treated conservatively, two stress fractures of the immediate proximal part overhanging the TT with no consequences, one case of stiffness (not related to the osteotomy), and one case of localized skin necrosis on a knee that had undergone several surgeries (secondary scarring). No cases of malunion or migration of the TT were noted. The mean deliberate proximal migration obtained was 13 mm ± 6 (range, 8–33 mm). The patellar index increased from 0.18 ± 0.20 (range, −0.39 to 0.57) to 0.33 ± 0.19 (range, −0.13 to 0.60). Discussion This series shows that the indications are rare but invaluable, facilitating the approach and most particularly making it possible to modify the position of the patella, thus contributing to increasing the joint range of motion. Fixation with two screws carries no risk of disassembly if the technique is rigorous. Patellar translation is limited by the tibial tray. Type of study level 4, retrospective study.