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Background Missed appointments can have an adverse impact on health outcomes by delaying appropriate imaging, which can be critical in influencing treatment decisions. Objective To assess for socioeconomic and imaging exam factors associated with missed appointments among children scheduled for diagnostic imaging. Materials and methods We retrospectively analyzed children (21 days (OR=3.7; 95% CI=2.9–4.8). The use of radiation, intravenous contrast agent or sedation was not associated with increased likelihood of missed appointments. Conclusion Expanding our knowledge of how different socioeconomic and imaging-related factors influence missed appointments among children can serve as a foundational step to better understand existing and emerging disparities and inform strategies to advance health equity efforts in radiology.

Rationale and Objectives In 2019, Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services enforced regulation from the Affordable Care Act, requiring all U.S. hospitals to publish standard hospital charges annually. This study assesses top U.S academic hospitals’ chargemasters for selected advanced diagnostic imaging services and the usability of publicly available information to allow consumers to determine out-of-pocket costs. Materials and Methods Publicly available chargemasters and associated websites for the top 20 ranked hospitals in U.S. News and World Report were assessed for several features including: file format, inclusion of CPT codes, disclaimers on charges versus costs and professional fees, and tools allowing determination of actual out-of-pocket costs for selected advanced diagnostic imaging examinations. Results All hospitals had publicly available chargemasters, 90% of which were in Microsoft Excel format. Ten percent of chargemasters included CPT codes. All chargemaster websites had disclaimers regarding differences between charges versus patient costs; 20% had disclaimers regarding professional fees. 20% of hospitals provided out-of-pocket costs for uninsured patients or tools allowing out-of-pocket cost determination. Median (range) MR exam charges were: brain with and without contrast: $5375 ($834–$13,857), noncontrast knee: $3402 (4530–$6924); noncontrast lumbar spine: $ 3449 ($473–$7367). Median (range) CT exam charges were: noncontrast head: $1923 ($165–$4974), noncontrast chest: $1947 ($282–$2991); contrast abdomen/pelvis: $4307 ($486–$11,726). Conclusion While all top-ranked hospitals had publicly available chargemasters, they rarely provided transparent information to allow patients to determine out-of-pocket costs for advanced diagnostic imaging services.

Purpose To determine the variability in out-of-pocket costs of lung cancer screening (LCS) for uninsured patients and assess accessibility of this information by telephone or Internet. Methods LCS centers from the ACR’s LCS database were randomly selected. Centers were called between July and August 2019 to determine out-of-pocket cost. Telephone call variables, accessibility of cost information on screening centers’ websites, screening centers’ chargemasters, and publicly available facility and state insurance coverage variables were obtained. Cost information was summarized using descriptive analyses. Multiple variable linear regression analyses were conducted to evaluate effects of facility and state-level characteristics on out-of-pocket costs. Results Fifty-five ACR-accredited LCS centers were included with 78% (43 of 55) willing to provide out-of-pocket cost. Average out-of-pocket cost was $583 ± $607 (mean ± standard deviation), range $49 to $2,409. Average telephone call length 6 ± 3.8 min. Two of fifty-five screening centers’ websites provided out-of-pocket cost information, and one matched cost given over the telephone. A chargemaster was found for 30 of 55 screening centers. No statistically significant differences in out-of-pocket costs were found by geographic region, state percentages of uninsured residents, state percentages of residents with public insurance, or facility safety net hospital affiliation. Discussion Out-of-pocket LCS costs for uninsured patients and availability of this information is highly variable. Radiology practices should be aware of this variability that may influence participation rates among uninsured patients.

Purpose For health care organizations engaged in risk-shared insurance contracts, leakage of advanced diagnostic imaging to imaging sites not affiliated with the risk-sharing organization may undermine performance on financial and quality metrics. The goal of this study was to identify factors that are predictive of leakage of MRI examinations among patients attributed to an academic health care organization’s risk-shared commercial insurance contract. Methods Administrative claims data from 2015 through 2016 for patients attributed to a single risk-shared commercial insurance contract at a large academic medical center (AMC) were analyzed. Primary outcome was MRI leakage: an outpatient MRI study performed at a site not affiliated with the AMC’s integrated health care system. Ordering provider alignment with the AMC’s risk-shared insurance contract was categorized as strong, weak, or none. Multivariate regression analyses were conducted to evaluate the relationship between provider alignment and MRI leakage, while adjusting for selected covariates. Results Among 8,215 patients meeting inclusion criteria, there were 13,272 MRI encounters. The overall proportion of leaked MRI studies was 12.7%. MRI studies ordered by providers with weak AMC alignment (odds ratio, 3.16; 95% confidence interval, 2.49-4.02) or no AMC alignment (odds ratio, 3.68; 95% confidence interval, 3.12-4.33) were more likely to leak than MRI studies ordered by providers with strong AMC alignment. Conclusions An ordering provider with no alignment with an AMC’s commercial risk-shared insurance contract was the strongest predictor of MRI leakage. Population health management initiatives aimed at reducing leakage should consider the impact of provider networks and clinical referral patterns that drive imaging utilization.

PURPOSE Limited information exists about medical malpractice claims against physicians-in-training. Data on residents' involvement in malpractice actions may inform perceptions about medicolegal liability and influence clinical decision-making at a formative stage. This study aimed to characterize rates and payment amounts of paid malpractice claims on behalf of resident physicians in the United States. METHOD Using data from the National Practitioner Data Bank, 1,248 paid malpractice claims against resident physicians (interns, residents, and fellows) from 2001 to 2015, representing 1,632,471 residents-years, were analyzed. Temporal trends in overall and specialty-specific paid claim rates, payment amounts, catastrophic (> $1 million) and small (< $100,000) payments, and other claim characteristics were assessed. Payment amounts were compared with attending physicians during the same time period. RESULTS The overall paid malpractice claim rate was 0.76 per 1,000 resident-years from 2001 to 2015. Among 1,194 unique residents with paid claims, 95.7% had exactly 1 claim, while 4.3% had 2-4 claims during training. Specialty-specific paid claim rates ranged from 0.12 per 1,000 resident-years (pathology) to 2.96 (obstetrics and gynecology). Overall paid claim rates decreased by 52% from 2001-2005 to 2011-2015 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.45, 0.59). Median inflation-adjusted payment amount was $199,024 (2015 dollars), not significantly different from payments made on behalf of attending physicians during the same period. Proportions of catastrophic (11.2%) and small (33.1%) claims did not significantly change over the study period. CONCLUSIONS From 2001 to 2015, paid malpractice claim rates on behalf of resident physicians decreased by 52%, while median payment amounts were stable. Resident paid claim rates were lower than attending physicians, while payment amounts were similar.

Oncologic imaging in the emergency department (ED) is frequently encountered, including non-acute scans known as "metastatic workups" or "staging" (referred to as "cancer staging computed tomography (CT) exams"). This study examines the impact of oncologic staging CT exams on ED imaging turnaround time (TAT), defined as the time from the end of the CT exam to a final signed radiologist report, as well as order to scan completion time.A retrospective review was conducted of all adult patients presenting to an urban, quaternary academic medical center ED from February 2016 to September 2017, who had CT imaging ordered, performed, and interpreted in the ED imaging department. CT exams containing institution-specific cancer descriptors were included. After excluding all acute exams, cancer staging CT exams were compared to a matched cohort of non-oncologic ED CT exams to evaluate median TAT and order to scan completion time using a log transformed multivariable linear regression.Adjusting for age and CT body part, cancer staging CT exams were associated with an independently statistically significant increased median log TAT compared to non-oncologic ED CT exams (114.5 min [IQR 112] versus 69 min [IQR 67], respectively, p .0001) and an independently statistically significant increased median log initial order to scan completion time (166 min [IQR: 89] vs 119 min [IQR: 93], p .0001).Oncology patients receiving non-acute metastatic workup scans in the ED have a significantly longer TAT compared to non-oncologic ED CT exams as well as longer order to scan completion times.

A Man with Ataxia A 69-year-old man with a family history of celiac disease was evaluated at this hospital for progressive ataxia of 9 years’ duration. He had impaired proprioception, vestibulopath...

A Returning Traveler with Headache A 26-year-old woman presented to the hospital because of headache that developed during a winter vacation in Europe. Analysis of cerebrospinal fluid revealed 1422...

To assess temporal trends and utilization patterns of diagnostic imaging performed for substance use disorder (SUD)-related indications in an academic radiology emergency department (ED).Retrospective analyses of ED imaging examinations acquired from 2005 to 2015 were performed. Imaging examinations performed for suspected SUD-related indications, based on the order history, were compared with those without a SUD-related indication. Unadjusted analyses comparing demographic and imaging characteristics between SUD-related versus non-SUD-related indications used Wilcoxon and Pearson's χAmong 938,245 examinations, 0.17% had an SUD-related indication. Patients with SUD-related indications were younger (mean 37.2 ± 11.1 versus 53.5 ± 22.4, P.001) and more commonly male (65% versus 52%, P.001). The proportions of MR (17%), spine (17%), and extremities (33%) studies performed for SUD-related indications were larger among SUD than non-SUD indications (6%, 8%, 26%, respectively, all P.001). Regression analysis demonstrated the odds of acquiring an ED imaging examination with an SUD-related indication significantly increased over time (P.001, adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.06), which was most pronounced among MR (P.001, aOR = 1.23). For all regression models, younger age, male gender, and body part being imaged were identified as independent predictors of an SUD-related indication for ED imaging.Imaging performed for an SUD-related indication represented a small but increasing subset of overall ED imaging. Utilization of MR for SUD-related indications significantly outpaced growth of MR without SUD-related indications.

A Man with Depressed Mood, Unsteady Gait, and Urinary Incontinence A 70-year-old man with bipolar disorder was evaluated because of depressed mood, suicidal ideation, and gait disturbance. One mont...

Imaging studies play a significant role in assessment of thoracic outlet syndrome. In this article, we discuss the etiology and definition of thoracic outlet syndrome and review the spectrum of imaging findings seen in patients with thoracic outlet syndrome. We then discuss an optimized technique for computed tomography and MRI of patients with thoracic outlet syndrome, based on the experience at our institution and present some representative examples. Based on our experience, a combination of computed tomography angiography and MRI (with postural maneuvers) effectively demonstrate thoracic outlet syndrome abnormalities.

The aim of this study was to assess the differences in timeliness to MRI appointments and missed MRI appointment rates before and after the implementation of a rideshare program.Retrospective analysis of a rideshare program was performed 9 months after implementation to compare the effects before and after implementation. Variables obtained included demographics, MRI appointment variables, and data related to rideshare use. Descriptive statistics and linear and logistic regression analyses were used to compare demographic characteristics among patients using the rideshare program with (1) those who did not use the rideshare program after implementation and (2) patients before rideshare implementation. Rates of missed appointments derived from patient-related, same-day appointment cancellations were analyzed using logistic regression analyses. Timeliness was analyzed using linear regression analyses. All analyses were adjusted for potential confounders.Of 7,707 patients scheduled for MRI appointments during the postintervention period, 151 patients used the rideshare service (1.95%). There were no statistically significant differences in missed appointment rates after rideshare implementation (adjusted odds ratio, 1.09; 95% confidence interval, 0.93-1.27; P = .275). Patients using the rideshare service were more likely to be on time (adjusted coefficient = 13.0; 95% confidence interval, 5.4-20.5; P = .001). Older patients (P = .001), unemployed patients (P.001), and patients without commercial insurance (P.001) were more likely to use the rideshare service.Implementation of a rideshare program did not significantly decrease missed appointment rates, but it significantly improved timeliness to MRI appointments while assisting at-risk patient populations reporting transportation barriers.

PURPOSE The aim of this study was to assess changing Medicare volumes of, and coverage for, secondary interpretations of diagnostic imaging examinations stratified by modality and body region service families. METHODS Medicare Physician/Supplier Procedure Summary Master Files for 2003 to 2016 were obtained. Aggregate Part B fee-for-service claims frequency and payment data were isolated for noninvasive diagnostic imaging and stratified by service family. Using published Medicare payment rules, secondary interpretations were identified as studies billed using both modifiers 26 and 77. Billed and denied services volumes were calculated and compared across modality and body region service families. RESULTS Seven service families showed a compound annual growth rate from 2003 to 2016 of >20% (an additional 12 service families, >10% growth). For select high-volume service families (chest radiography and fluoroscopy [R&F], brain MRI, and abdominal and pelvic CT), relative growth in billed secondary interpretation services exceeded that for primary interpretations. In 2016, body region and modality service families with the most billed secondary interpretations were chest R&F (674,124), abdominal and pelvic R&F (65,566), brain CT (45,642), extremity R&F (34,560), abdominal and pelvic CT (14,269), and chest CT (10,914). All service families had secondary interpretation denial rates

The extent to which racial and socioeconomic disparities exist in accessing clinically appropriate, advanced diagnostic imaging has not been well studied. This study assesses the relationship between demographic and socioeconomic factors and the incidence of imaging missed care opportunities (IMCOs).We performed a retrospective review of outpatient CT and MRI appointments at a quaternary academic medical center and affiliated outpatient facilities during a 12-month period. Missed appointments not rescheduled in advance were classified as IMCOs. Appropriateness criteria scores and demographics were also obtained. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to determine if demographic and socioeconomic factors were predictive of IMCOs.Overall, 57,847 patients met inclusion criteria, representing 89,943 scheduled unique imaging appointments of which 5,840 (6.1%) were IMCOs; 0.8% of IMCO appointments had low appropriateness scores compared with 1.2% of completed appointments (P.01). Appointments covered by commercial insurance (5.2%) had a significantly lower rate of IMCOs than other payers: Medicare = 6.3%, Medicaid = 14.5%, self-pay = 12.0% (P.05). The following factors were independent predictors of a patient having ≥ 1 IMCO: noncommercial insurance [odds ratio (OR) = 1.7-2.6], African American (OR = 1.8), Hispanic (OR = 1.2), other race (OR = 1.1), language other than English or Spanish (OR = 1.2), male gender (OR = 1.2), age ≥ 65 (OR = 0.71), and median household income of patient home zip code$50,000 (OR = 1.4).Race and socioeconomic status are independent predictors of IMCOs. In efforts to enhance patient engagement, radiologists should be aware of the impact of race and socioeconomic status on access to clinically appropriate advanced diagnostic imaging.

Purpose Traditional radiology productivity metrics do not account for noninterpretive tasks (NITs). This study aimed to systematically quantify NITs and their impact on report turn-around time (RTAT) during solo academic neuroradiology overnight coverage in the emergency department. Methods Retrospective analysis of 1 week of data, including phone call quantity and duration, clinician identification badge access to the reading room ("badge swipes"), suspected acute strokes, imaging examination volume, and emergency department patient volume, was performed. Univariate analyses were employed to quantify NITs. Multivariate linear regression was used to determine if NITs within an hour are predictive of RTAT of studies completed within that hour. Results Sixty-three hours of overnight neuroradiology coverage were analyzed. The mean number of phone calls per hour was 8.7 (SD: 5.7), and mean duration of phone calls per hour was 12 min (SD: 9.6 min, range 1-46). The mean number of badge swipes per hour was 2.1 (SD 1.6). The mean number of examinations (CT and MRI) performed per hour was 2.2 (SD: 1.7). Regression analyses found total duration of phone calls in an hour as the strongest independent predictor of RTAT (unstandardized β = 4.25, P P R 2 = 0.596; adjusted R 2 = 0.578). Conclusions For every 1-min increase in total duration of calls in an hour, mean RTAT increased by 4.25 min. Standardizing capture of NITs may aid development of strategies that address productivity, communication, and value in radiology.

Current guidelines do not address the disposition of patients with mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) and resultant intracranial hemorrhage (ICH). Emergency medicine clinicians working in hospitals without neurosurgery coverage typically transfer patients with both to a trauma center with neurosurgery capability. Evidence is accruing which demonstrates that the risk of neurologic decompensation depends on the type of ICH and as a result, not every patient may need to be transferred. The purpose of this study was to identify risk factors for admission among patients with mild TBI and ICH who were transferred from a community hospital to the emergency department (ED) of a Level 1 trauma center.Study subjects were patients ≥18years of age who were transferred from a community hospital to the ED of an urban, academic Level 1 trauma center between April 1, 2015 and March 31, 2016, and with an isolated traumatic ICH. Patients who had an epidural hematoma, were deemed to require a trauma center's level of service, were found to have non-traumatic ICHs, or had a Glasgow Coma Scale of13 were excluded. Using a multivariable logistic regression model, we sought to determine patient factors and Computed Tomography (CT) findings which were associated with admission (to the floor, intensive care unit, or operating room with neurosurgery) of the Level 1 trauma center.644 transferred patients were identified; 205 remained eligible after exclusion criteria. Presence of warfarin (odds ratio [OR] 4.09, 95% Confidence Interval [CI] 1.64, 10.25, p=0.0026) and a subdural hematoma (SDH) ≥1 cm (OR 6.28, 95% CI 1.24, 31.71, p=0.0263) were independently statistically significant factors predicting admission. Age, sex, GCS, presence of neurologic deficit, aspirin use, clopidogrel use, SDH1 cm, IPH, and SAH were each independently not significant predictive factors of an admission.After controlling for factors, transferred patients with mild TBI with a SDH ≥1 cm or on warfarin have a higher odds ratio of requiring inpatient admission to a Level 1 trauma center. While these patients may require admission, there may be opportunities to develop and study a low risk traumatic intracranial hemorrhage protocol, which keeps a subgroup of patients with a mild TBI and resultant ICH at community hospitals with access to a nearby Level 1 trauma center.

Introduction Emergency Department Observation Units (EDOUs) are a valuable alternative to inpatient admissions for Emergency Department (ED) patients needing extended care. However, while the use of advanced imaging is becoming more common in the ED, there are no studies characterizing the use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examinations in the EDOU. Methods This Institutional Review Board-approved, retrospective study was performed at a 999-bed quaternary care academic Level 1 adult and pediatric trauma center, with approximately 114,000 ED visits annually and a 32-bed adult EDOU. The EDOU patient database was retrospectively reviewed for all MRI examinations done from October 1st, 2013 to September 30th, 2015. We sought to describe the most frequent uses for MRI during EDOU admissions and reviewed EDOU length of stay (LOS) to determine whether the use of MRI was associated with any change in LOS. Results 22,840 EDOU admissions were recorded during the two-year study period, and 4,437 (19%) of these patients had a least one MRI examination during their stay. 2,730 (62%) of these studies were of the brain, head, or neck and an additional 1,392 (31%) were of the spine. There was no significant difference between the median LOS of admissions in which an MRI study was performed (17.5 hours) and the median LOS (17.7 hours) of admissions in which an MRI study was not performed [p=0.33]. Conclusion Neuroimaging makes up the clear majority of MRI examinations from our EDOU, and the use of MRI does not appear to prolong EDOU LOS. Future work should focus on the appropriateness of these MRI examinations to determine potential resource and cost savings.

Purpose To characterize the management, outcomes, and emergency department (ED) length of stay (LOS) following iodinated contrast media extravasation events in the ED. Methods All ED patients who developed iodinated contrast media extravasation following contrast-enhanced CT (CECT) from October 2007–December 2016 were retrospectively identified. Medical records were reviewed and management, complications, frequency of surgical consultation, and ED LOS were quantified using descriptive statistics. The Wilcoxon rank sum test was used to compare ED LOS in patients who did and did not receive surgical consultation. Results A total of 199 contrast extravasation episodes occurred in ED patients during the 9-year study period. Of these, 42 patients underwent surgical consultation to evaluate the contrast extravasation event. No patient developed progressive symptoms, compartment syndrome, or tissue necrosis, and none received treatment beyond supportive care (warm/cold packs, elevation, compression). Median ED LOS for patients who did and did not receive surgical consultation was 11.3 h versus 9.0 h, respectively (p Conclusion Close observation and supportive care are sufficient for contrast extravasation events in the ED without concerning symptoms (progressive pain/swelling, altered tissue perfusion, sensory changes, or blistering/ulceration). Routine surgical consultation is likely unnecessary in the absence of these symptoms – concordant with the current American College of Radiology guidelines – and may be associated with longer ED LOS without impacting management.

Millions of women undergo mammography screening each year, presenting an opportunity for radiologists to identify women eligible for lung cancer screening (LCS) with low-dose chest CT and smoking cessation counseling. The purpose of our study was to estimate the proportion of women eligible for LCS and tobacco cessation counseling among women reporting mammography screening within the previous 2 years using nationally representative cross-sectional survey data.Women between the ages of 55 and 74 years in the 2015 National Health Interview Survey without history of lung or breast cancer who reported mammography use in the previous 2 years were included. The primary outcome was the weighted proportion of women eligible for LCS. Secondary outcomes included self-reported receipt of LCS and current smoking. Bivariate and multiple variable logistic regression analyses were performed to evaluate the association between primary and secondary outcomes and sociodemographics, accounting for complex survey design elements.Among 3,806 women meeting inclusion criteria, 7.1% were eligible for LCS and 9.8% were current smokers. Multivariable analyses demonstrated that LCS-eligible women were more likely to be white, younger, and non-college-educated and have lower household incomes (all P.001). Among all LCS-eligible women, 58% reported undergoing mammography screening within the previous 2 years. Among LCS-eligible women who underwent screening mammography, 7.9% reported undergoing LCS.The majority of LCS-eligible women received mammography screening but did not receive LCS. Mammography encounters may represent prime opportunities to increase LCS participation among patients already receiving imaging-based screening services.

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the association between the presence of chronic medical disease and mammography screening adherence. Materials and Methods: We performed a...

Purpose One in five US women report that they have been victims of intimate partner violence (IPV) during their lifetime. With millions of women presenting for mammography every year, breast imaging centers may represent ideal venues to identify women at risk for IPV and refer them to appropriate support services. Our purpose was to evaluate implementation of a novel IPV screening and referral system for women presenting for mammography. Methods A question was added to intake questionnaire (“Do you feel safe in your home?”) for adult women presenting for screening or diagnostic mammography from 2016 to 2017 at our hospital outpatient breast imaging sites. The proportion of women presenting for screening or diagnostic mammogram who felt unsafe was calculated. Bivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to compare baseline characteristics of women who stated that they felt unsafe at home versus women who did not state that they felt unsafe at home. Results In all, 99,029 examinations were performed (68,158 unique patients). Of these patients, 71 stated that they felt unsafe at home (71 of 68,158, 0.1%). Women presenting for their first mammogram were more likely to report feeling unsafe at home (odds ratio 3.03, 95% confidence interval 1.31-7.06, P = .01). No differences were found in age (P = .148), ethnicity (P = .271), gravida (P = .676), parity (P = .752), age at menarche (P = .775), and history of breast cancer (P = .726). Conclusions Our results demonstrate the feasibility of a screening and referral system for IPV in radiology departments.

Regular contact with a primary care physician (PCP) is associated with increased participation in screening mammography. Older studies suggested that PCP interaction may have a smaller effect on screening mammography uptake among racial and ethnic minorities compared with whites, but there is limited contemporary evidence about the effect of PCP interaction on screening mammography uptake across different racial and ethnic groups. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association between PCP contact and longitudinal adherence with screening mammography guidelines over a 10-year period across different racial/ethnic groups.This HIPAA-compliant and institutional review board-approved retrospective single-institution study included women between the ages of 50 and 64 years who underwent screening mammography in the calendar year of 2005. The primary outcome of interest was adherence to recommended screening mammography guidelines (yes or no) at each 2-year interval from their index screening mammographic examination in 2005 until 2015. Patients were defined as having a high level of PCP interaction if their PCPs were listed in the electronic medical record within the top three providers with whom the patients had the most visits during the study period. Generalized estimating equation models were used to estimate the effect of high PCP interaction on screening mammography adherence while adjusting for correlated observations and patient characteristics.Patients in the high PCP interaction group had increased longitudinal adherence to recommended screening mammography (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 1.51; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.42-1.73; P.001). This was observed in stratified analyses for all self-reported racial groups, including white (adjusted OR, 1.51; 95% CI, 1.36-1.68; P.001), black (adjusted OR, 1.93; 95% CI, 1.31-2.86; P = .001), Hispanic (adjusted OR, 1.92; 95% CI, 1.27-2.87; P = .002), Asian (adjusted OR, 1.55; 95% CI, 1.01-2.39; P = .045), and other (adjusted OR, 2.18; 95% CI, 1.32-3.56; P = .002), with no evidence of effect modification by race/ethnicity (P = .342). Medicaid (adjusted OR, 0.41; 95% CI, 0.31-0.53) and self-pay or other (adjusted OR, 0.39; 95% CI, 0.27-0.56) insurance categories were associated with decreased longitudinal adherence to recommended screening mammography (P.001 for both).High levels of PCP interaction result in similar improvements in longitudinal screening mammography adherence for all racial/ethnic minority groups. Future efforts will require targeted outreach to assist Medicaid and uninsured patient populations overcome barriers to screening mammography adherence.

Purpose To conduct a meta-analysis of studies investigating discrepancy rates and clinical impact of imaging secondary interpretations and to identify factors influencing these rates. Methods EMBASE and PubMed databases were searched for original research investigations reporting discrepancy rates for secondary interpretations performed by radiologists for imaging examinations initially interpreted at other institutions. Two reviewers extracted study information and assessed study quality. Meta-analysis was performed. Results Twenty-nine studies representing a total of 12,676 imaging secondary interpretations met inclusion criteria; 19 of these studies provided data specifically for oncologic imaging examinations. Primary risks of bias included availability of initial interpretations, other clinical information, and reference standard before the secondary interpretation. The overall discrepancy rate of secondary interpretations compared with primary interpretations was 32.2%, including a 20.4% discrepancy rate for major findings. Secondary interpretations were management changing in 18.6% of cases. Among discrepant interpretations with an available reference standard, the secondary interpretation accuracy rate was 90.5%. The overall discrepancy rates by examination types were 28.3% for CT, 31.2% for MRI, 32.7% for oncologic imaging, 43.8% for body imaging, 39.9% for breast imaging, 34.0% for musculoskeletal imaging, 23.8% for neuroradiologic imaging, 35.5% for pediatric imaging, and 19.7% for trauma imaging. Conclusion Most widely studied in the context of oncology, imaging secondary interpretations commonly result in discrepant interpretations that are management changing and more accurate than initial interpretations. Policymakers should consider these findings as they consider the value of, and payment for, secondary imaging interpretations.

Author(s): Glover, McKinley; Gottumukkala, Ravi; Sanchez, Yadiel; Yun, Brian J.; Benzer, Theodore I.; White, Benjamin A.; Prabhakar, Anand M.; Raja, Ali S. | Abstract: Introduction: Emergency departments (ED) and hospitals face increasing challenges related to capacity, throughput, and stewardship of limited resources while maintaining high quality. Appropriate utilization of extremity magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examinations within the emergency setting is not well known. Therefore, this study aimed to determine indications for and appropriateness of MRI of the extremities for musculoskeletal conditions in the ED observation unit (EDOU).Methods: We conducted this institutional review board-approved, retrospective study in a large, quaternary care academic center and Level I trauma center. An institutional database was queried retrospectively to identify all adult patients undergoing an extremity MRI while in the EDOU during the two-year study period from October 2013 through September 2015. We compared clinical history with the American College of Radiology (ACR) Appropriateness Criteria® for musculoskeletal indications. The primary outcome was appropriateness of musculoskeletal MRI exams of the extremities; examinations with an ACR Criteria score of seven or higher were deemed appropriate. Secondary measures included MRI utilization and imaging findings. Results: During the study period, 22,713 patients were evaluated in the EDOU. Of those patients, 4,409 had at least one MRI performed, and 88 MRIs met inclusion criteria as musculoskeletal extremity examinations (2% of all patients undergoing an MRI exam in the EDOU during the study period). The most common exams were foot (27, 31%); knee (26, 30%); leg/femur (10, 11%); and shoulder (10, 11%). The most common indications were suspected infection (42, 48%) and acute trauma (23, 26%). Fifty-six percent of exams were performed with intravenous contrast; and 83% (73) of all MRIs were deemed appropriate based on ACR Criteria. The most common reason for inappropriate imaging was lack of performance of radiographs prior to MRI. Conclusion: The majority of musculoskeletal extremity MRI examinations performed in the EDOU were appropriate based on ACR Appropriateness Criteria. However, the optimal timing and most-appropriate site for performance of many clinically appropriate musculoskeletal extremity MRIs performed in the EDOU remains unclear. Potential deferral to the outpatient setting may be a preferred population health management strategy.

Fibroma of the tendon sheath, a rare benign soft tissue tumor that most often occurs in the distal upper extremities (hands and wrist), is exceedingly rare to present as an intraarticular mass. Presented here is the first case in the English literature, to our knowledge, of a fibroma of the tendon sheath arising in the acromioclavicular joint. The patient presented with recurrent shoulder pain with activity without antecedent trauma. Radiographs were essentially normal. MR images demonstrated a lobulated, heterogeneous mass with contrast enhancement arising from the acromioclavicular joint. Following surgical resection, histopathology revealed hypocellular collagen matrix with spindle-shaped fibroblasts, confirming the diagnosis of fibroma of tendon sheath. The imaging features of the fibroma of the tendon sheath and a brief review of the literature are presented.

GH excess is a serious complication of McCune-Albright syndrome (MAS) and has been associated with craniofacial morbidity.The aim of the study was to determine whether early diagnosis and treatment of MAS-associated GH excess prevents optic neuropathy and hearing impairment, the major morbidities associated with GH excess.A retrospective cross-sectional analysis was conducted at a clinical research center.Twenty-two subjects with MAS-associated GH excess and 21 control MAS subjects without GH excess were included in the study.Biochemical testing included random GH, nadir GH after glucose load, nadir GH on frequent sampling, and IGF-I Z-score. Subjects underwent imaging, ophthalmological, audiological, and otolaryngological assessment. Treatment included octreotide, pegvisomant, transphenoidal surgery, and/or radiotherapy as indicated.Association of optic neuropathy and hearing impairment to age at GH excess diagnosis/treatment was measured.Of 129 MAS subjects, 26 (20%) were diagnosed with GH excess based on elevation of two measures of GH function. Of these, 22 subjects were candidates for pharmacological intervention. Optic neuropathy was significantly correlated with intervention status, with no cases in the early intervention group (diagnosed/treated before age 18) or the control group, and four of seven (57%) in the late intervention group (diagnosed/treated after age 18) (Fisher's exact test; odds ratio, 0.027; P = 0.0058). Early diagnosis/intervention was not associated with reduction in hearing deficits (odds ratio, 1.25; P = 1.00). Mean head circumference SD score was significantly higher in the late (6.08; range, 2.70 to 22.56) than the early intervention (2.67; range, -0.65 to 6.72) or control groups (2.13; range, -2.06 to 7.79) (P = 0.003).Early diagnosis/treatment of GH excess in MAS is important to prevent optic neuropathy and craniofacial expansion. The relationship between hearing deficits and GH excess remains less clear and requires further study.

This study compares family and childbearing leave policies for resident physicians among American Board of Medical Specialty (ABMS) member organizations that set training duration requirements for US residency programs.

Background: Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the United States. Despite mandated insurance coverage for eligible patients, lung cancer screening rates remain low. Digital platforms, including social media, provide a potentially valuable tool to enhance health promotion and patient engagement related to lung cancer screening (LCS). Objective: The aim was to assess the effectiveness of LCS digital awareness campaigns on utilization of low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) and visits to institutional online educational content. Methods: A pay-per-click campaign utilizing Google and Facebook targeted adults aged 55 years and older and caregivers aged 18 years and older (eg, spouses, adult children) with LCS content during a 20-week intervention period from May to September 2016. A concurrent pay-per-click campaign using LinkedIn and Twitter targeted health care providers with LCS content. Geographic target radius was within 60 miles of an academic medical center. Social media data included aggregate demographics and click-through rates (CTRs). Primary outcome measures were visits to institutional Web pages and scheduled LDCT exams. Study period was 20 weeks before, during, and after the digital awareness campaigns. Results: Weekly visits to the institutional LCS Web pages were significantly higher during the digital awareness campaigns compared to the 20-week period prior to implementation (mean 823.9, SD 905.8 vs mean 51, SD 22.3, P=.001). The patient digital awareness campaign surpassed industry standard CTRs on Google (5.85%, 1108/18,955 vs 1.8%) and Facebook (2.59%, 47,750/1,846,070 vs 0.8%). The provider digital awareness campaign surpassed industry standard CTR on LinkedIn (1.1%, 630/57,079 vs 0.3%) but not Twitter (0.19%, 1139/587,133 vs 0.25%). Mean scheduled LDCT exam volumes per week before, during, and after the digital awareness campaigns were 17.4 (SD 7.5), 20.4 (SD 5.4), and 26.2 (SD 6.4), respectively, with the difference between the mean number of scheduled exams after the digital awareness campaigns and the number of exams scheduled before and after the digital awareness campaigns being statistically significant (P

This study assesses the prevalence of use of the most commonly used social media sites among private radiology groups (PRGs) and academic radiology departments (ARDs).The 50 largest PRGs and the 50 ARDs with the highest level of funding from the National Institutes of Health were assessed for presence of a radiology-specific social media account on Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, Pinterest, YouTube, and LinkedIn. Measures of organizational activity and end-user activity were collected, including the number of posts and followers, as appropriate; between-group comparisons were performed.PRGs adopted Facebook 12 months earlier (P = .02) and Twitter 18 months earlier (P = .02) than did ARDs. A total of 76% of PRGs maintained ≥1 account on the social media sites included in the study, compared with 28% of ARDs (P.0001). The prevalence of having an account on the social media sites for PRGs was: Facebook, 66%; LinkedIn, 56%; Twitter, 42%; YouTube, 20%; Pinterest, 4%; and Instagram, 2%. The prevalence of radiology-specific social media accounts for ARDs was: Facebook, 18%; LinkedIn, 0%; Twitter, 24%; YouTube, 6%; Pinterest, 0%; and Instagram, 0%. There was no significant difference between ARDs and PRGs in measures of end-user or organizational activity on Facebook or Twitter.Use of social media in health care is emerging as mainstream, with PRGs being early adopters of Facebook and Twitter in comparison with ARDs. Competitive environments and institutional policies may be strong factors that influence how social media is used by radiologists at the group and department levels.