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Purposeof Review: Etiological investigations for adults with intellectual disability (ID) pose a special challenge to many adult neurologists. The adaptability of pediatric guidelines for workup of ID to adult populations has not been clearly established. We review the current recommendations on etiological workup of ID in children and adults and provide initial guidance for adult neurologists who care for people with ID of unknown etiology.Recent Findings:Etiological workup, including genetic testing, is recommended in people with ID of unknown origin. Workup should be guided by a thoughtful history and physical exam, which can help identify certain causes of ID.Summary:Specific diagnoses may help guide management and surveillance of comorbid conditions in people with ID. Etiological investigations of adults with ID include genetic and metabolic testing, and brain imaging in the appropriate clinical setting.

Individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDDs) are among our most medically vulnerable neurologic patient population. As such, they are at particular risk of psychosocial and medical harm during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Here, we highlight strategies to decrease potential infectious exposures and ensure continued optimal neurologic care for individuals with IDD during the COVID-19 pandemic. Finally, in a climate of potential medical resource restriction, we offer some suggestions for advocacy on behalf of individuals with IDD.