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Gorlin-Goltz syndrome is a rare multisystemic disease inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern. It is characterized by numerous basal cell carcinoma of the skin, jaw cysts, and skeletal anomalies such as frontal bossing, vertebral anomalies, palmoplantar pits, and falx cerebri calcification. There is a tendency to tumors including medullablastoma, fibroma, rabdomyoma, leiomyosarcoma etc.. The diagnosis is based on major and minor clinical and radiologic criteria. Early diagnosis and treatment are of utmost importance in reducing the severity of long-term sequelae of this syndrome. In this article, we present a 15-year-old boy who was admitted to our clinic with brown-black papules and plaques on his scalp and was thought to have Gorlin-Goltz syndrome. He had a history of medulloblastoma that was treated with surgical resection followed by cranial radiotherapy and unilateral retinoblastoma. We present this case, because association of Gorlin-Goltz syndrome and retinoblastoma has not been described previously in the literature and we aimed to draw attention to radiation-induced basal cell carcinomas.

Tendinous lesions are among the most frequent pathologies encountered in sportsmen. The objectives of new treatments are to improve the healing process and reduce the recovery time. Boron plays an important role in the wound repair process by increasing components of extracellular matrix and angiogenesis. This animal study aimed to investigate the effect of boric acid on healing of the Achilles tendon.The right Achilles tendons of 40 rats were completely sectioned, and the rats were randomly divided into five groups. Each group consisted of eight rats. Groups 1 and 2 were oral boric acid groups with the doses of 4 and 8 mg/kg/day boric acid, respectively. Group 3 was the local boric acid group (8 mg/kg boric acid intratendinous injection). Group 4 was administered both oral and local boric acid (8 mg/kg/day orally and 8 mg/kg boric acid intratendinous injection), and group 5 was the control group with no boric acid application. At the end of the fourth week, all the rats were killed and histopathological examination of the Achilles tendon repair site was made.Histopathological examination of the tissue sections revealed more properly oriented collagen fibres, more normal cellular distribution of tenocytes and more properly organized vascular bundles in group 1 and group 2, which were the groups administered oral boric acid. Pathological sum scores of groups 1 and 2 were less than those of the other groups, and the differences between the oral boric acid groups (group 1 and group 2) and the other three groups (groups 3, 4 and 5) were statistically significant (p = 0.001).As boric acid is safe and toxicity even after very high doses is unusual, oral boric acid may be used as an agent to improve the healing process of tendon injuries. However, biomechanical tests should also be performed to show the effect of boric acid on strength and endurance of the tendon before it can be used in clinical practice.

Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (GEPNETs) were divided into 4 groups based on tumor diameter and stage in World Health Organization (WHO) 2000/2004 classification as well-differentiated endocrine tumor benign (WDETB), well-differentiated endocrine tumor with uncertain behavior (WDETUB), well-differentiated endocrine carcinoma (WDEC), and poorly differentiated endocrine carcinoma (PDEC). World Health Organization 2000/2004 was not widely accepted because of stage-related classification and the category of "uncertain behavior." The European NET Society proposed a grading classification and site-specific staging system in 2010. Gastroenteropancreatic NETs were divided into 3 groups as NET grade 1 (G1), NET grade 2 (G2), and neuroendocrine carcinoma (NEC) grade 3 (G3) based on mitoses and the Ki-67 index. We evaluated 63 GEPNET cases according to both classifications. We compared two classifications and the tumor groups in terms of prognostic parameters (diameter, mitosis, Ki-67 index, angioinvasion, perineural invasion, necrosis, and metastasis) and pathologic stage. All 14 cases diagnosed as PDEC were included in the NEC G3 according to WHO 2010. Seventeen cases were diagnosed as WDETB, 9 as WDETUB, and 23 as WDEC. There was statistically significant difference between these groups in terms of all prognostic parameters except for necrosis, mitosis, Ki-67 index, and grade. All WDETB cases, 89% of WDETUBs, and 87% of WDECs were included in the NET G1. There were 45 cases evaluated as NET G1 and 4 cases as NET G2 according to WHO 2010. Metastasis and perineural invasion were more common in NET G2, no significant differences in other parameters. In conclusion, WHO 2010 is easier to use, whereas WHO 2000/2004 shows higher correlation with prognosis. However, it includes benign and uncertain behavior categories, although small tumors with low proliferative activity can also cause metastases. All GEPNETs should be considered potentially malignant.

Objective: In this study our aim was to determine the association between the histopathological such as grade and stage and clinical parameters age, tumor size, the number of tumor and reTUR and prognosis in pTa and pT1 bladder carcinomas which diagnosed in Medical Faculty of Abant Izzet Baysal University AIBU . Method: In total 119 consecutive and newly diagnosed patients with pTa and pT1 bladder tumors were analyzed retrospectively between 2008 and 2013. The histopathological and clinical data were obtained from Pathology and Urology Department of AIBU. Results: There were 109 men and 10 women in this study. The average follow-up period was 30.14 months 2.86-80.74 . There was statistically significant difference between recurrence and tumor size, grade, stage, the number of tumors, re-TUR and smoking; as well as between progression and grade, tumor size, the number of tumors and smoking in univariate analyses. The independent predictive markers were tumor size OR: 5.26, %95CI: 1.42-19.55 and smoking OR: 4.65,%95CI: 1.23-17.53 in recurrence and only grade OR: 5.32,%95CI 1.37-20.59 in progression according to multivariate analyses. The estimated recurrence time was respectively 14,8 months 11.41-18.31 and 7,6 months 5.76-9.49 in the size of tumor, Amaç: Bu çalışmada Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi AİBÜ Tıp Fakültesi’nde ilk tanısı pTa ve pT1 transisyonel hücreli mesane karsinomlu hastalarda evre ve grade gibi histopatolojik parametrelerin yanısıra yaş, tümör boyutu, tümör sayısı ve reTUR gibi klinik verilerin rekürrens ve progresyonla ilişkisinin ortaya konması amaçlanmıştır. Yöntem: 2008-2013 yılları arasındaki Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi’nde ilk transüretral rezeksiyon TUR sonrası patolojik tanısı transizyonel hücreli mesane kanseri olarak rapor edilen pTa, pT1 ardışık 119 hasta retrospektif olarak değerlendirildi. Bu hastalara ait klinik veriler ve histopatolojik preparatlar AİBÜ Üroloji ve Patoloji A.D. arşivinden elde edildi. Bulgular: Çalışmamıza dahil edilen hastaların 109’u erkek, 10’u bayandı. Ortalama takip süresi 30.14ay 2.86-80.74 idi. Univariate analizinde rekürrens ile tümör boyutu, grade’i, evresi, sayısı, Re-TUR ve sigara kullanımı arasında istatistiki fark varken progresyon ile tümör grade’i, boyutu, sayısı ve sigara kullanımı arasında istatistiki fark vardı. Multivariate analizde rekürrensi belirlemede bağımsız prediktif faktörler tümör boyutu OR: 5.26,%95CI: 1.42-19.55 ve sigara kullanımı OR: 4.65,%95CI: 1.23- 17.53 iken progresyonu belirlemede sadece tümör grade’i saptandı OR: 5.32,%95CI 1.37-20.59 . Kaplan Meier analizinde tümör boyutu

WOS:000354418400009 PubMed: 26017881 There are many scoring methods evaluating the expression of p16 in the bladder immunohistochemically. In this study our aim was to determine an optimal p16 scoring method by discussing different staining methods related with p16 expression in bladder cancers and to establish the association of p16 and Ki-67 expressions, alone or in combination, with recurrence and progression. Ninety patients undergoing their first transurethral resection for bladder cancer and newly diagnosed papillary urothelial carcinoma (pTa and pT1) were included in the study. Four different scoring methods were used for p16 (p16a, p16b, p16c, p16d). The patients were divided into two groups based on recurrence and progression. There was a statistically significant difference between recurrence and abnormal p16d staining (p = 0.005). In other staining patterns of p16, there was no statistically significant difference in terms of recurrence or progression.In the multivariate logistic regression analysis, combined Ki-67 >= 10 and abnormal p16d staining was found to be the only independent predictive factor for recurrence (OR = 2.26, 95% CI: 0.13-46.41, p = 0.035) and no independent predictive factor for progression was found. Determining an adequate expression scoring by taking normal transitional epithelial staining pattern as a reference would be an objective approach in p16 evaluation. Moreover, it was found that evaluating p16d and Ki-67 in combination would be significant in predicting recurrence in pTa and pT1 urothelial carcinomas.

WOS:000346638300057 PubMed: 25435981 Primary tumors of the paratesticular region are rare, with paratesticular sarcomas constituting a major proportion of these tumors, particularly in the elderly. The paratesticular region consists of mesothelial, various epithelial and mesenchymal cells and may therefore give rise to a number of tumors with various behaviors. Defining the association between the paratesticular mass and the testicle, and differentiation between benign and malignant masses using radiology is challenging, therefore the mass is usually considered to be malignant and radical orchiectomy with high ligation is performed. The present study reports the cases of seven patients with tumors of the paratesticular region and presents the clinical and significant histological features of the tumors. In total, two patients suffered from dedifferentiated liposarcoma (DDLS), two exhibited leiomyosarcoma, two exhibited low-grade fibromyxoid sarcoma and one case of undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma was identified. Radical orchiectomy with high ligation was performed in five cases; simple orchiectomy was performed in one case and excisional biopsy was performed in the remaining case. A leiomyosarcomatous and epithelial membrane antigen (EMA) positive whorl pattern was observed during microscopy in the two DDLS cases. Additionally, one of the low-grade fibromyxoid sarcoma patients exhibited pleomorphism and mitosis in focal areas. To the best of our knowledge, the present study is the second time low-grade fibromyxoid sarcoma cases with paratesticular localization have been reported in the literature. Of the seven cases, four patients succumbed to the disease, one patient is living with the disorder and the two cases of DDLS are living without the disease. Paratesticular sarcomas are often aggressive and a multidisciplinary approach is required for the diagnosis and treatment of these tumors.

We evaluated the efficacy of N-acetylcysteine for testicular damage induced by undescended testes in rats.Flutamide was injected in the abdomen of pregnant rats daily from days 14 to 20 of gestation. Male offspring with cryptorchidism were randomly divided into 2 groups. Healthy male rats without undescended testes comprised the control group (group 1). Group 2 (undescended testes without N-acetylcysteine) received no treatment. Group 3 (undescended testes plus N-acetylcysteine) received intraperitoneal N-acetylcysteine daily. At 70 days after experiment initiation the testes were removed for histopathological and biochemical analysis.Mean malonyl dialdehyde values were lowest in group 1 and highest in group 2. In group 3 malonyl dialdehyde levels were significantly lower than in group 2 (p0.001). Conversely, mean glutathione peroxidase was highest in group 1 and lowest in group 2. Glutathione peroxidase levels in group 3 were significantly higher than in group 2 (p0.001). Histopathological differences between groups 1 and 3 in the modified Johnsen score were not significant (p = 0.041). However, the differences between these groups and group 2 were significant (p0.001). The median apoptotic cell count did not differ between groups 1 and 3 but it was significantly higher in group 2 than in the other groups (p = 0.03 and0.001, respectively).N-acetylcysteine may alleviate undescended testis induced damage to testes through its antioxidant effects. The underlying mechanism of these effects merits further investigation. Long-term studies are also needed as well as comparative animal and human studies.

Extraskeletal osteosarcomas are rarely observed tumors. Besides this, primary osteosarcomas of uterus are rarer, and only 21 cases have been reported in the literature. It is generally seen at the postmenopausal period, and it progresses quite aggressively. Particularly, malignant mixed mullerian tumors (MMMTs) are important for differential diagnosis. Histopathological and immunohistochemical examination of a mass that was detected in the uterus of a 61-year-old postmenopausal patient revealed the diagnosis of primary chondroblastic osteosarcoma, and this very rare case is presented here.

Background: This paper describes the establishment of a rat intramedullary spinal cord tumor (IMSCT) model and histopathological characterization of the tumor model. Methods: Fourteen male Wistar rats were randomized into two groups. The rats in group 1 (control group, n = 7) received a 5 μl intramedullary injection of serum physiologic (SF). Those in group 2 (experimental group, n= 7) received a 5 μl intramedullary implantation of media containing 5 × 105 C6 glioma cells. The animals were sacrificed for histopathological examination at 21 days. Results: The control group showed normal functional and histopathological findings. The group 2 rats implanted with C6 glioblastoma cells developed hind-limb paraplegia. Pathological sections confirmed intramedullary C6 glioblastoma invading the spinal cord. Conclusions: A rat C6 IMSCT model was successfully established. This model may be useful in increasing understanding of intramedullary spinal cord gliomas in humans.

Transbronchial needle aspiration (TBNA) is an effective, safe and cost-effective technique that allows for sampling of the mediastinal lymph node and peribronchial lesions. It is used in bronchogenic carcinoma staging, peribronchial and submucosal lesions, diagnosis of sarcoidosis and tuberculosis, differentiating submucosal invasion, and in diagnosing mediastinal masses. From our experience at the University of Abant Izzet Baysal and from a review of the literature, we discuss the adequacy and the differential diagnosis of aspiration material obtained by TBNA and cytopathological-histopathological evaluation in intrathoracic lymphadenopathies to increase the success rate of the TBNA method.

Condyloma acuminatum is a common sexually transmitted diseases in adults, but its presence in children is rare and could be associated with sexual abuse. We are reporting this case because of the rarity of presence of warts on the penis and the scrotum of a child, which certainly could not have been used for sexual purposes. Surgical excision of warts was performed.

Objective We aimed to determine the effects of methylprednisolone and thymoquinone on nerve healing in a traumatic facial nerve paralysis animal model. Subjects and methods Twenty-four rabbits were randomly divided into 4 groups: group I: control group received no medication and no trauma; group II: sham group received no medication after facial nerve trauma group III: 5 mg/kg/day thymoquinone administered; group IV: 1 mg/kg/day methylprednisolone administered. An initial electrophysiological assessment was performed in all the animals. The buccal branch of the facial nerve was then clipped to form a traumatic facial paralysis model. The drugs were administered for two weeks once a day. At the end of the second month, the electrophysiological assessments were performed and the distal part of the traumatic facial nerve were dissected and examined under light microscopy. Results Best nerve regeneration was observed in the control and the thymoquinone groups, respectively, whereas the weakest regeneration was determined in the sham group. Thymoquinone and methylprednisolone significantly increased nerve recovery, as measured by histopathological scores and electrophysiological assessment. In the thymoquinone group, due to postoperative amplitude, axon diameter and thickness of myelin sheath values were significantly further increased nerve regeneration compared to that of the methylprednisolone group and these values were close to those of the values of the control group. Conclusion Thymoquinone was slightly better than methylprednisolone for functional nerve recovery. The neuroprotective effect of thymoquinone was attributed to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Thymoquinone can have a new treatment option to ameliorate the nerve injury.

Although varicocele is a relatively common entity encountered in the evaluation of infertile men, the exact pathophysiology still remains unclear. Recently, as previously widely investigated in various parts of human circulatory system, nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and its product, nitric oxide (NO) have been thought to play a role in the development of varicocele and thus male infertility. In this study, we determined the concentration of NO metabolite and the expression of NOS isoforms in the internal spermatic (ISV) and superficial branch of inferior epigastric veins of infertile men with varicocele. The study included 60 infertile men with clinically unilateral or bilateral varicocele. Expression of inducible and endothelial NOS (iNOS and eNOS) isoforms were investigated in tissue arrays of internal spermatic and superficial branch of inferior epigastric veins with immunohistochemistry. NO metabolite (nitrite) levels were measured using the calorimetric method. A significantly higher expression of eNOS was observed in the varicose veins (mean score: 2.25 and 1.55, respectively; p = 0.0001). However, statistically, there was no significant difference for expression of iNOS between varicose and control veins (p = 0.094). The nitrite concentration and NOS expression were not found to be correlated with clinical variables (varicocele grade, maximum varicose vein diameter, and sperm concentration, motility, and morphology) (p 0.05). As a result, the significantly higher expression of eNOS in ISV may be responsible for the development of varicocele, although this finding is not accompanied by an increase in NO concentration. Still, the pattern of the relationship between varicocele and increased eNOS expression warrants further investigation.

OBJECTIVE: In this study, we aimed that to find the differences in prognostic parameters as diameter, mitosis, necrosis, angiolymphatic invasion, perinoral invasion and lymph node metastasis of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumor GEPNET cases which were classified by WHO.METHODS: Between 2001-2009 in Istanbul Educational And Research Hospital Hospital Pathology Department 41 GEPNET cases were searched according to age, gender, localization, diameter, mitosis, necrosis, angiolymphatic invasion, perinoral invasion and lymph node metastasis.RESULTS: Tumor diameter was 0,76±0,78 cm in benign group and 2,82±2,86 cm in malign group p=0.006 . There was not significant differences between well differentiated neuroendocrine tumor and well differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas for number of mitosis p>0,05 , but poorly differantiated neuroendocrine carcinomas was significantly higher number of mitosis than the others p, AMAÇ: Bu çalışmada, WHO’ya göre klasifiye edilen Gastroenteropankreatik nöroendokrin tümörler GEPNET olgularında; çap, mitoz, nekroz, anjiyolenfatik invazyon, perinöral invazyon ve lenf nodu metastazı gibi prognostik parametreler açısından tümör grupları arasındaki farklılıkların ortaya konulması amaçlanmıştır.YÖNTEMLER: 2001-2009 yılları arasında İstanbul Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi Patoloji Bölümünde tanı alan 41 adet gastroenteropankreatik nöroendokrin tümör olgusu yaş, cinsiyet, lokalizasyon, çap, mitoz, nekroz, anjiyolenfatik invazyon, perinöral invazyon ve lenf nodu metastazı durumu açısından incelendi.BULGULAR: Tümör çapı benign grupta 0,76±0,78 cm olup malign grupta 2,82±2,86 cm olarak saptandı p=0.006 . İyi diferansiye tümör grubu ile iyi diferansiye karsinom grubu arasında mitoz sayısı açısından istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir farklılık bulunmazken p>0,05 , az diferansiye karsinom grubunda bu parametre diğer gruplardan anlamlı olarak yüksek bulunmuştur p

Congenital bladder diverticula (CBD) are an outpouching of the mucosa through the muscular wall of the bladder. Large CBD may be presented with a serious urological problem in childhood. A 6-year-old boy was admitted with the complaint of recurrent urinary tract infection and urinary retention. Voiding cystourethrogram revealed a bilateral large CBD. Cystoscopy was performed before surgery to rule out bladder neck pathology, for direct visualization of diverticula, and to see the opening of the ureters. Transvesical diverticulectomy is a reliable technique for surgical treatment, if necessary, and can effectively be combined with the management of associated other pathology.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the histopathological impact, effectiveness, and safety of two hemostatic agents, Ankaferd Blood Stopper (ABS) and microporous polysaccharide hemospheres (MPH), in an experimental rabbit epistaxis model. Rabbits were randomly assigned, using a computerized random number generator, to the following three groups of six animals: group 1 (control, irrigated with saline); group 2 (ABS-treated); and group 3 (MPH-treated). In all groups, a standardized rabbit epistaxis model was used. Hemostasis time and extent of nasal bleeding were measured to compare the hemostatic effect of ABS and MPH among groups. Septums were removed for histopathological analysis, 7 days after the procedure. ABS reduced hemostasis time to 104.2 s and amount of bleeding to 20.5 mg. MPH reduced hemostasis time to 71.7 s and amount of bleeding to 11.5 mg. Mean bleeding time in wounds administered ABS and MPH was significantly shorter compared with wounds administered isotonic saline solution (p = 0.004). ABS and MPH application decreased bleeding significantly compared with the control group (p = 0.004). Bleeding time and amount in the MPH group was significantly reduced compared with the ABS group (p = 0.013 and p = 0.004, respectively). There was no significant difference in the histopathological evaluation results between the ABS, MPH, and control groups. Our data indicate that both ABS and MPH represent safe, effective, and fast-acting hemostatic agents in the management of epistaxis. MPH was more effective than ABS in terms of hemostasis time and amount of bleeding.

Porokeratosis are disorders of keratinization, characterized histologically by a parakeratotic column, the cornoid lamellae, and clinically by a distinct peripheral ridge. Porokeratosis usually occurs on the trunk or extremities, and facial lesions are rare. Follicular involvement, identified by follicular localization of cornoid lamellae, is uncommon and described only in association with disseminated superficial actinic porokeratosis (DSAP) and porokeratosis Mibelli (PM). A 34-Year- old woman is presented with asymptomatic 1 cm plaque lesion with hyperkeratotic ridge and depressed center on her nose since three years. Histopathological examination of a biopsy revealed cornoid lamellae confined exclusively to the follicle.

Basal cell carcinoma is the most commonly seen nonmelanoma skin cancer which is rarely encountered in the childhood period. An 11-year old child was admitted to our clinic due to an erythematous and a slightly pigmented lesion with a3×4 cm diameter on his posterior scalp. Macroscopically, the lesion was excised with a 10 mm safety margin. Pathologic examination revealed a basal cell carcinoma. No symptoms or signs of a syndrome were observed both in the patient and his family.

To evaluate intraperitoneal administration of Nigella sativa (NS) to prevent postoperative intraperitoneal adhesion (PPA) after surgical manipulation of rat uterine horn.Two forms of NS were used in the study (Volatile oil (NSVO) and the ethanolic extract (NSEE)). A total of 50 rats were randomly assigned to the sham group (n = 10), control group (n = 10), NSVO group (n = 10), NSEE group (n = 10), and the Seprafilm group(n = 10). After 14 days, rats were sacrificed. Adhesions were examined macroscopically, and degree of adhesions was scored. A part of horn was excised, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase activities as well as malondialdehyde levels were evaluated, and histological score was calculated.Total microscopic score of the NSEE group was significantly lower than the control group (p = .001) and was marginally significantly lower than the seprafilm group (p = .005). Collagen formation score was higher in the seprafilm group compared to the sham and NSEE groups (p0.001, p = .003, respectively). Apoptotic cells were lower in the NSEE group compared to the control group (p = .003) and also lower in the NSEE and NSVO groups compared to the seprafilm group (p = .001, p.001, respectively). Only SOD activity was higher in the NSVO and seprafilm groups compared to the control group (p.001).NSEE form seems to have a possible effect in the prevention of PPAs. This may occur by its effect in decreasing collagen formation and by decreasing apoptosis in the injured tissues. NSVO form seems to induce SOD. Therefore, combined use of NSVO with seprafilm may increase the adhesion preventive effect of seprafilm.

WOS:000351058400054 PubMed: 25556476 Background: The aim of this study was to determine diagnostic and prognostic roles of the neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) in breast cancer patients. To date, data are limited on associations of primary breast carcinoma (PBC) and benign proliferative breast disease (BPBD) with preoperative NLR values. Materials and Methods: Our study covered of 120 female patients with PBC and 50 with BPBD. Diagnostic values of NLR were estimated using sensitivity, specificity and areas under receiver operating characteristic curves (AUC). Results: NLR values were significantly higher in the PBC patients than in those with BPBD, with an AUC of 0.668 in the PBC case. The optimal cut-off for NLR was 2.96 and this was validated in the testing set, giving a sensitivity and a specificity of 79.7% and 76.2%, respectively, in PBC patients. Conclusions: Preoperative high NLR is a significant diagnostic predictor of distinction of breast cancer from BPBD and elevated NLR is also an important prognostic marker for primary invasive breast cancer.

We aimed to compare the efficacy of topical daptomycin (DAP) with that of vancomycin (VA) in the treatment of keratitis caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).One hundred colony-forming unit MRSA bacteria were injected intrastromally into both corneas of 28 rabbits. Sixteen hours after injection, the rabbits' eyes were treated with 1 drop of topical DAP (10 or 50 mg/mL), VA (50 mg/mL), or isotonic saline for 19 doses. Their eyes were examined for clinical severity before and after treatment.The minimum inhibitory concentration values of VA and DAP against the bacterial strain were found to be 2 and 0.5 μg/mL, respectively. The mean pre- and post-treatment clinical scores of the eyes did not differ significantly among the groups. However, the mean difference between the post- and pretreatment clinical scores was significantly lower in the 50 mg/mL DAP group than in the other groups (P=0.042). A marked decrease in bacterial load was detected in all treatment groups compared to the control group (P=0.002). Although there were no significant differences in bacterial load among the treatment groups, the 50 mg/mL DAP group showed the greatest decrease. The mean % epithelial erosion rate tended to be higher in the 50 mg/mL VA group than in the other groups (P=0.31).Topical DAP significantly reduced the bacterial load and showed activity against MRSA comparable to that of fortified VA in this experimental model.

Purpose To compare the efficacy of topical linezolid (LZD) 1 mg/mL or 2 mg/mL to vancomycin (VA) 50 mg/mL for the treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) keratitis in rabbits. Methods One hundred colony-forming unit (CFU) MRSA bacteria were injected intrastromally into rabbit corneas. Sixteen hours after the injection, 24 rabbits were randomly divided into 4 groups. Rabbit eyes were treated with 1 drop of topical LZD 1 mg/mL, LZD 2 mg/mL, VA 50 mg/mL, or isotonic saline every 15 minutes for 5 doses and then every 30 minutes for 14 doses. Eyes were examined before and after the treatment using slit-lamp biomicroscopy by 2 observers blinded to the study for the determination of clinical severity. Then, corneas were harvested for the quantification of bacteria and histopathology. Results There were no differences in clinical severity among the groups before and after the treatment in each eye. The mean CFU × 10(6) of MRSA recovered from the LZD 1 mg/mL, LZD 2 mg/mL, and VA 50 mg/mL groups were significantly lower than that recovered from corneas treated with isotonic saline. There was no statistically significant difference among the treatment groups in terms of CFU × 10(6). Epithelial erosion in the VA 50 mg/mL group was significantly worse than that in the other groups. LZD 2 mg/mL group had the lowest mean epithelial erosion values. Conclusions Topical LZD showed activity against MRSA that was comparable to fortified VA in this experimental keratitis model.

Objectives: Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality in both men and women worldwide. Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) represents 15-20 % of all lung cancers. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical features of small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cases that were diagnosed in our clinic. Methods: The patients who were diagnosed as SCLC in our clinic were comprised the study group. The files and records of the study group were retrospectively reviewed to identify patients. The study group included 64 patients (59male, 5 female). Results: The mean age was 57.5 ±8.1 years. All patients were current smokers ( 50,3 pack-year). The most frequent symptoms on admission were chest pain, cough and weight loss. The most common radiologic finding was a hilar solid mass and hilar lymphadenopathies. The diagnosis was established by histopathologic examination of biopsy specimens obtained by various means, in which bronchoscopy was the sole means of diagnosis in 92,2 % of the patients. The stages of SCLC were limited disease in 26(29,7 %) and extensive disease in 38 (59,3%) patients. Metastasis was most frequently to the liver followed by bone and brain. Five (7,8%) patient had complete response (CR). forty nine (76,5%) patients had partial response. The median survival was 309 days, 210 days and 270 days for LS, ES and overall patients, respectively. Conclusions: In conclusion, demographic and clinical features of the patients were similar with the literature. Due to the high rates of extensive disease, the median survival rates and responses were lower than the previous series.

A Relationship Between Myocardial Perfusion Scintigraphy Findings and Neutrophil Lymphocyte Ratio. Ayse Nurdan Korkmaz, Billur Caliskan, Fatma Erdem, Betul Kizildag, Gulzade Ozyalvacli, Serkan Ozturk. Department of Nuclear Medicine, Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey; Department of Cardiology, Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey; Department of Radiology, Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey; Department of Pathology, Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey. B S T R A C T S Objective: The neutrophil lymphocyte ratio (NLR) is a new predictor for cardiovascular risk and mortality. We investigate association between myocardial perfusion imaging findings that has been validated as a powerful prognostic tool for predicting adverse cardiovascular outcomes and neutrophil lymphocyte ratio. Methods: Total 558 patients were included in our study. Patients were divided into groups according to the MPI findings and coronary angiography (CAG) results. Their hematologic and biochemical data were obtained. Neutrophil lymphocyte ratio was calculated. Relationship between patients groups and NLR were statistically analyzed. Results: NLR were statistically higher in ischemia group were detected in MPI, than patients had normal MPI value (2.52 1.62; 2.13 1.07, respectively). Therefore, NLR was similar in between patients had both CAG positive and ischemic MPI. Also, NLR was similar for both patients had normal MPI and CAG negative. NLR was detected as an independent predictor for coronary artery disease by logistic regression analysis (p1⁄40.005, OR1⁄4 1.29, 95%CI 1.082-1.539). At a value of 1.90, NLR has a sensitivity of 67% and a specificity of 52% for a diagnosis of CAD (p1⁄40.001, AUROC: 0.611, 95%CI 0.542-0.680) (Fig. 1). Conclusions: As mentioned previous articles, NLR is an independent predictor for coronary artery disease. This novel index is a beneficial identifier to interpret MPI in terms of increasing diagnostic accuracy.

Aim: We aimed to analysis immunostaining of p53 regarding to grade, stage, recurrence and progression in non muscle urotelial cancers (pTa and pT1 papillary tumors). Methods: A total of 60 patients undergoing their first transurethral resection for bladder cancer and newly diagnosed papillary urothelial carcinoma (pTa and pT1) were included in retrospective study. Immunohistochemically, all tissue sections were stained with p53. The patients were divided into two groups based on recurrence and progression. Results: Using Spearman’s correlation test, p53 was significantly positively correlated with tumor stage and tumor grade (r = 0.372 and 0.443, respectively; p < 0.001). Based on a multivariate analysis, p53 staining was found to be the only independent predictive factor for recurrence (OR = 12.01, 95% CI = 1 16.6) and no independent predictive factor for progression was found. Conclusion: p53 may prove useful in predicting recurrence of pTa and pT1 urothelial cancers.

Summary Giant cell tumor, excluding its prototype in bone, is usually a benign but local aggressive neoplasm originating from tendon sheath or soft tissue. Malignant behavior is uncommon. Visceral organ involvement including urinary bladder is rare. Giant cell tumors in visceral organs usually accompany epithelial tumors and the clinical behavior of giant cell tumor in urinary bladder is similar to its bone counterpart. Here, we report two cases of giant cell tumor located in urinary bladder in comparison with nine reported cases in the English literature. Concurrent noninvasive urothelial carcinoma was also described in all these previous reports and only one patient with follow-up died of disease. One of the two cases we present had no concurrent urothelial tumor at the time of diagnosis but had a history of a low grade noninvasive urothelial carcinoma with three recurrences. The histology of these two cases was similar to the giant cell tumor of bone and composed of oval to spindle mononuclear cells with evenly spaced osteoclast-like giant cells. Immunohistochemically, the giant cells showed staining with osteoclastic markers including CD68, TRAP, and LCA. Immunohistochemical expression of vimentin, CD68, LCA, and smooth muscle actin in mononuclear cells supported a mesenchymal origin with histiocytic lineage. The histologic and immunohistochemical properties in our cases as well as their clinical courses were consistent with a giant cell tumor. Consequently, tumors in urinary bladder showing features of giant cell tumor of bone may also be considered and termed "giant cell tumor".