Search

Amerikan futbolu, ragbi, boks, kick boks (K1) ve bu sporlara benzer temas sporlarında, beyin sarsıntısı riski darbeler ve çarpışmalardan dolayı çok fazla görülmektedir. Oluşan beyin sarsıntıları, taşıdığı riskler ve tedavi yöntemleriyle ilgili bilgiler sınırlıdır. Araştırmanın amacı, beyin sarsıntısının nedenleri-sonuçları, bazı sporlardaki etkileri ve sakatlanma oranlarını inceleyip, yapılan araştırmalarla ilgili derleme sunabilmektir. Çalışmada, PubMed, Google Scholar, Ankara ve Kırıkkale Üniversitesi veri tabanları, Ebscohost veri tabanı kullanılarak; ‘’concussion’’ ya da ‘’concussion syndrome’’, ‘’American football’’ ya da ‘’American football and concussion’’, ‘’Ragbi’’ ya da ‘’Ragbi and concussion’’, ‘’ kick boks’’ ya da ‘’kick boks and concussion’’, ya da ‘’boks’’ ya da ‘’boks and concussion’’ birincil arama terimleri ile tarama yapılmıştır. Tanımlanan literatürün referans listeleri de incelenmiş; çalışmalar, dahil etme kriterlerini doğrulamak için eleştirel analiz ve ön yargı değerlendirilmesinden sonra ayrıntılı olarak gözden geçirilmiştir. Çalışmalar, saha performansı ve oyuna dönüş, fiziksel fonksiyon, bilişsel bozukluk, hafıza bozukluğu, reaksiyon zamanı, testler ve tedaviler başlıkları altında değerlendirilmiştir. Saha performansı ve oyuna dönüş çalışmalarında, sarsıntı geçiren oyuncuların çoğunun sarsıntıdan kurtulduğu ve farklı sürelerde de olsa oyuna geri dönüş yaptığı; fiziksel fonksiyon ile ilgili çalışmalarda sarsıntı ile fiziksel işlevsellik arasında anlamlı ilişkiler olduğu; bilişsel bozukluk çalışmalarında sarsıntı geçiren kişilerde bilişsel bozukluk ve depresyon olduğu görülmüştür. Hafıza bozukluğu ve reaksiyon zamanı ile sarsıntı arasında anlamlı ilişkiler bulunmuştur. Yapılan testler ve tedaviler sonrasında ise vestibuler sistemde düzelme, beyin kan akışı ve hacminde düzelme, bilişsel puanlar ve motor becerilerde artış ve semptomlarda azalma görülmüştür. Beyin sarsıntısı riskinin yer aldığı tüm spor branşlarında, sporcu ve antrenörlerin sarsıntıya bağlı riskleri göz önünde bulundurmaları gerekmektedir., In American football, rugby, boxing, kickboxing (K1) and contact sports similar to these sports, the risk of concussion is high due to blows and collisions. There is limited information about the concussions that occur, the risks and treatment methods. The aim of the study is to examine the causes and consequences of concussion, the effects in some sports and the rates of injury, and to present a review about the researches. In the study, using PubMed, Google Scholar, Ankara and Kırıkkale University databases, Ebscohost database; ''concussion'', or ''concussion syndrome'', ''American football'', or'' American football and concussion'', ''Rugby'', or ''Rugby and concussion'', ''kick boxing'', or ''kick boxing and concussion'', or ''boxing'', or ''boxing and concussion'' have been searched with primary search terms. Reference lists of the defined literature were also examined; the studies were thoroughly reviewed after critical analysis and bias assessment to validate the inclusion criteria. The studies were evaluated under the headings of field performance and return to play, physical function, cognitive impairment, memory impairment, reaction time, tests and treatments. During the field performance and return to the game, most of the players who had a shock survived and returned to the game at different times; that there are significant relationships between shaking and physical functionality in studies on physical function; in cognitive impairment studies, cognitive impairment and depression were found in people with concussion. Significant relationships were found between memory impairment, reaction time and shaking. After the tests and treatments performed, improvement in the vestibular system, improvement in cerebral blood flow and volume, increase in cognitive scores and motor skills and decrease in symptoms were observed. In all sports branches where there is a risk of concussion, athletes and trainers should consider the risks associated with concussion.

Caffeine is widely consumed among elite athletes for its well-known ergogenic properties, and its ability to increase exercise performance. However, studies to date have predominantly focused on the anhydrous form of caffeine in male participants. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of caffeinated coffee ingestion on lower-upper body muscular endurance, cognitive performance, and heart rate variability (HRV) in female athletes. A total of 17 participants (mean &plusmn, standard deviation (SD): age = 23 &plusmn, 2 years, body mass = 64 &plusmn, 4 kg, height = 168 &plusmn, 3 cm) in a randomized cross-over design completed three testing sessions, following the ingestion of 3 mg/kg/bm of caffeine (3COF), 6 mg/kg/bm of caffeine (6COF) provided from coffee or decaffeinated coffee (PLA) in 600 mL of hot water. The testing results included: (1) repetition number for muscular endurance performance, (2): reaction time and response accuracy for cognitive performance, (3): HRV parameters, such as standard deviation of normal-to-normal (NN) intervals (SDNN), standard deviation of successive differences (SDSD), root mean square of successive differences (RMSSD), total power (TP), the ratio of low- and high-frequency powers (LF/HF), high-frequency power (HF), normalized HF (HFnu), low-frequency power (LF), and normalized LF (LFnu). A one-way repeated measures ANOVA revealed that 3COF (p = 0.024) and 6COF (p = 0.036) improved lower body muscular endurance in the first set as well as cognitive performance (p = 0.025, p = 0.035 in the post-test, respectively) compared to PLA. However, no differences were detected between trials for upper body muscular endurance (p = 0.07). Lastly, all HRV parameters did not change between trials (p &gt, 0.05). In conclusion, ingesting caffeinated coffee improved lower body muscular endurance and cognitive performance, while not adversely affecting cardiac autonomic function.

Background: Carbohydrate (CHO) and caffeine (CAF) mouth rinsing have been shown to enhance endurance and sprint performance. However, the effects of CHO and CAF mouth rinsing on muscular and cognitive performance in comparison between male and female athletes are less well-established. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of CHO and CAF rinsing on squat and bench press 1 repetition maximum (1-RM) strength, 3 sets of 40% of 1- RM muscular endurance and cognitive performance in both male and female athletes. Methods: Thirteen male and fourteen female resistance-trained participants completed four testing sessions following the rinsing of 25 ml of i) 6% of CHO (1.5 g); ii) 2% CAF (500 mg), iii) combined CHO and CAF (CHOCAF) solutions or iv) water (PLA) for 10 s. Heart rate (HR), felt arousal (FA), ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) and glucose (GLU) were recorded throughout the test protocol. Results: There were no significant differences in squat and bench press 1-RM, HR, RPE and GLU (p > 0.05) for males and females, respectively. FA was significantly increased with CAF (p = 0.04, p = 0.01) and CHOCAF (p = 0.03, p = 0.01) condition in both males and females, respectively. Squat endurance performance in the first set was significantly increased with CHOCAF condition compared to PLA in both males (p = 0.01) and females (p = 0.02). Bench press endurance was similar for all conditions in both genders (p > 0.05). Cognitive performance was significantly increased with CHOCAF compared to PLA in males (p = 0.03) and females (p = 0.02). Conclusion: Combined CHO and CAF mouth rinsing significantly improved lower body muscular endurance and cognitive performance in both males and females.

Kafeinin, aerobik dayanıklılık performansı üzerine etkisi bilinmektedir fakat anaerobik güç üzerine etkisini inceleyen çok az çalışma mevcuttur ve sonuçlar birbiri ile farklılık göstermektedir. Ayrıca, son yıllarda kafeinli kahve ve toz kafeinin aerobik ve kassal kuvvet performansları üzerine etkilerinde farklılık olmadığını gösteren çalışmalar mevcuttur. Bu çalışmanın amacı, düşük doz kafeinli kahvenin fiziksel olarak aktif erkeklerde 30 saniyelik wingate anaerobik test (Want) performansına etkisinin incelenmesidir. Araştırmaya 11 erkek (yaş: 24,90 ± 3,61 yıl, boy: 177,36 ± 7,55 cm, vücut ağırlığı: 76,35 ± 14,70 kg, vücut yağ yüzdesi: 19,44 ± 4,20) gönüllü olarak katılmıştır. Vücut kompozisyonu ölçümü ve alışma test gününün ardından, randomize, çapraz geçişli, karşıt dengeli ve tek kör çalışma dizaynı ile katılımcılar test başlamadan 60 dakika önce 0,093 gr/kg kafeinli kahve (KAF) veya 0,093 gr/kg kafeinsiz kahve (PLA) alarak veya kahve almadan (KON) toplamda 3 Want testine katılmışlardır. Test öncesinde farklı zaman noktalarında dinlenim kalp atım hızı (KAH) ölçülmüş, Want performans parametreleri olarak zirve güç (ZG) ve ortalama güç (OG) saptanmış ve testten hemen sonra, 50 Watta 5 dakika aktif ve 5 dakika pasif toparlanma periyotlarından sonra KAH, algılanan zorluk derecesi (RPE), ve kas ağrısı (KA) ölçümleri alınmıştır. Verilerin analizinde ZG ve OG parametreleri için tekrarlayan ölçümlerde tek yönlü varyans analizi kullanılmış, RPE, KA ve KAH verilerinin denemeler arası farklarını incelemek için ise tekrarlayan ölçümlerde iki yönlü varyans analizi kullanılmıştır. Sonuç olarak denemeler arası OG ve ZG değerlerinde anlamlı bir fark bulunamamıştır (p>0,05). Ayrıca test protokolü boyunca farklı zaman noktalarında ölçülen RPE, KA ve KAH değerleri arasında da denemeler arası anlamlı bir fark bulunamamıştır (p>0,05). Kafeinli kahvenin fiziksel aktif erkeklerde anaerobik güce bir etkisi olmadığı düşünülmektedir, It is well known that effects of caffeine on aerobic endurance but there isn’t many research that investigating the effect on anaerobic power and the results vary. Furthermore, there are researches that demonstrating caffeinated coffee and anhydrous caffeine has same effects on aerobic and muscular strength performance. The purpose of this study was to investigating the effect of low dose caffeineated coffee on 30 seconds wingate anaerobic test (Want) performance in physically active males. 11 male (age: 24,90 ± 3,61, height; 177,36 ± 7,55 cm, weight: 76,35 ± 14,70 kg; body fat percentage:19,44 ± 4,20) volunteered to participate in this investigation. Following measurement of body composition and familirization, participants totally take part in 3 Want tests while 60 minutes before each Want test, participants ingested 0,093 gr/kg caffeinated coffee (KAF) or 0,093 gr/kg decaffeinated coffee (PLA) or no coffee (KON) with randomized, counter balanced and crossover reseach design. At different time points before test, Heart rate (KAH) was measured, as Want performance parameters peak power (ZG) and mean power (OG) was determined and, KAH, rate of perceived exertion (RPE) and muscle pain(KA) was measured immediately after test and after 5 minutes 50 Watt active and passive recovery periods. To analyse ZG and OG parameters, repeated measure one-way Anova was used, to anaylse RPE, KA and KAH datas, repeated meausure two-way Anova was used. In conclusion, there aren’t significant differences between trials for OG and ZG (p>0,05). Further, it wasn’t found any significant difference between trials for RPE, KA and KAH which was meausured at different time points throughout test protocol (p>0,05). It is believed that there is no effect of caffeinated coffee on anaerobic power in physically active males

Rinsing of carbohydrate in the oral cavity has been shown to improve performance especially in endurance type activities. The exact mechanism responsible for this ergogenic effect remains unestablished but it is speculated that related to carbohydrate receptors in oral cavity which increase neural drive. A randomised double-blind crossover counterbalanced study design was used to examine the effects of repeated carbohydrate mouth rinsing (%6.4 maltodextrine) on physically active female’s 30-s sprint power output on a cycle ergometer. Fifteen physically active female (age 20.87 ± 2 years) completed the following 10-second mouth rinse trials; a-) %6.4 carbohydrate solution (Cho) b-) water as a placebo (PLA). Repeated mouth rinsing was carried out with 8x25 ml doses of the flavour matched solutions at 30-s intervals during 5 minutes warm up. Immediately after the last rinsing, participants cycled 30-second maximal sprint on a cycle ergometer. Peak Power and Mean Power output were obtained via cycle ergometer software, blood glucose (BG), blood lactate (BL), heart rate (HR) and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) at rest, immediately after test and several time points in active and passive recovery period were assessed. Compared with the PLA trials, Cho didn’t significantly increase peak and mean power output (P>0,05). As for RPE, BG, BL and HR parameters, there wasn’t statistical significance between trials though.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to examine the multi-instrument assessment of physical activity in female office workers. Material and Methods: Fifty healthy women (age (mean ± standard deviation): 34.8±5.9 years, body height: 158±0.4 cm, body weight: 61.8±7.5 kg, body mass index: 24.6±2.7 kg/m2) workers from the same workplace volunteered to participate in the study. Physical activity was measured with the 7-day Physical Activity Assessment Questionnaire (7-d PAAQ), an objective multi-sensor armband tool, and also a waist-mounted pedometer, which were both worn for 7 days. Results: A significant correlation between step numbers measured by armband and pedometer was observed (r = 0.735), but the step numbers measured by these 2 methods were significantly different (10 941±2236 steps/ day and 9170±2377 steps/day, respectively; p < 0.001). There was a weak correlation between the value of 7-d PAAQ total energy expenditure and the value of armband total energy expenditure (r = 0.394, p = 0.005). However, total energy expenditure values measured by armband and 7-d PAAQ were not significantly different (2081±370 kcal/ day and 2084±197 kcal/day, respectively; p = 0.96). In addition, physical activity levels (average daily metabolic equivalents (MET)) measured by armband and 7-d PAAQ were not significantly different (1.45±0.12 MET/day and 1.47±0.24 MET/day, respectively; p = 0.44). Conclusions: The results of this study showed that the correlation between pedometer and armband measurements was higher than that between armband measurements and 7-d PAAQ selfreports. Our results suggest that none of the assessment methods examined here, 7-d PAAQ, pedometer, or armband, is sufficient when used as a single tool for physical activity level determination. Therefore, multi-instrument assessment methods are preferable. Int J Occup Med Environ Health 2016;29(6):937–945

[Purpose] The main purpose of our study was the evaluation of the effects of long-term volleyball practice on knee joint proprioception and balance of young female athletes. [Subjects and Methods] An observational case-control study was performed. The study enrolled 19 female volleyball players in the experimental group and 19 sedentary counterparts as controls. A Biodex balance system and dynamometer were used for the evaluations. The paired t-test was used to determine the significance of differences between the performance of athletes and controls. [Results] The knee proprioception analysis showed a significant difference at 60° joint position in active and passive tests. A similar trend, but without significance, was found for the 20° joint position. In the postural stability tests both groups showed similar results with no significant differences between them. [Conclusion] In conclusion, the results indicate a significant influence on joint proprioception is elicited by long-term exposure to a team sport like volleyball. However, the postural stability indexes showed similar trends in both groups, highlighting the analogous ontogenesis of the subjects investigated and the low influence of volleyball practice on postural stability.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between anxiety, heart rate and efficiency of pistol shooting. In this study, 291 male volunteers working for the Turkish National Police within the age range of 20-23 years participated. The efficiency of pistol shooting was evaluated by the total points of the bullets which hit the target from 10 metres. The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) was used to assess anxiety. The “Polar Team2 Pro” device for heart rate was used. Significant differences were found between the sets of participants according to shot accuracy groups for state anxiety level, anxiety variability, average heart rate, maximal heart rate and heart rate changes. The correlation coefficient between the pistol shooting result and change in heart rate, anxiety variability, mean heart rate during shooting, state anxiety and maximal heart rate during shooting was significant. However, there was no significant correlation between shot accuracy and resting heart rate and trait anxiety. Based on the findings, it was concluded that as a result of the higher state anxiety levels, the tremor which is caused by increased heart rate negatively affects the shooting performance in police. Ozet Bu calismanin amaci tabanca atis basarisi, kaygi duzeyi ve kalp atim hizi arasindaki iliskileri arastirmaktir. Bu calismaya Turk Polis Teskilatinda gorev yapan 20-23 yas arasindaki 291 gonullu erkek katilmistir. Tabanca atis basarisi 10 metre mesafeden hedef uzerine isabet eden fiseklerin toplam puani uzerinden degerlendirilmistir. Kaygi duzeylerinin degerlendirilmesi icin Durumluk ve Surekli Kaygi Envanteri (STAI) kullanilmistir. Kalp atim hizi olcumu icin “Polar Team2 Pro” cihazi kullanilmistir. Atis basarisi gruplarina gore katilimcilarin durumluk kaygi duzeyi, kaygi duzeyi degisimi, atis ortalama kalp atim hizi, maksimal kalp atim hizi ve kalp atim hizi degisimi arasinda anlamli farklilik bulunmustur. Tabanca atis basarisi sonuclari ile kalp atim hizi degisimi, kaygi duzeyi degisimi, atis ortalama kalp atim hizi, durumluk kaygi duzeyi, maksimal kalp atim hizi arasindaki korelasyon katsayi anlamli bulunmustur. Ancak atis basarisi ile dinlenik kalp atim hizi ve surekli kaygi duzeyi arasinda herhangi korelasyon bulunmamistir. Arastirmanin bulgularina dayanarak, durumluk kaygi duzeyi yukseldikce artan kalp atim hizinin yarattigi sarsintinin polislerin atis yeteneklerini olumsuz etkiledigi sonucuna varilmistir.

This study aims to determine the body weight and hydration levels of wrestlers within the cadet super league and to investigate their affects upon performance. Measurements were recorded four times: on the first day of training, which is 17 days prior to competition, three days out from weigh ins, immediately prior to weigh-in and immediately before the competition. During these study periods, body weight and urine specific gravity (Usg) were measured. Body composition was measured in the first round of testing. Results of these measurements were compared to competition results. Body weight and hydration levels did not change significantly until the third day before weigh in (P> 0.05). A significant level of weight loss (% 3.9 ± 2, 7) and an increase in Usg levels (1.024-1.028 g/cm3) were discovered in the last three days before official weigh-ins. However, no significant change in Usg values (P> 0.05) were observed between weigh in and the competition, although a significant weight gain (P< 0.05)...

We investigated the cognitive effects of exercising in the heat on the field players of two football teams in a series of three matches. Different rehydration and cooling strategies were used for one of the teams during the last two games. Cognitive functions were measured before, during and immediately after each football match, as well as core temperature, body mass, plasma osmolality and glucose levels, allowing an estimate of their differential impacts on cognition. The pattern of results suggests that mild-moderate dehydration during exercise in the heat (up to 2.5%) has no clear effect on cognitive function. Instead, plasma glucose and core temperature changes appear to be the main determinants: higher glucose was related to faster and less accurate performance, whereas core temperature rises had the opposite effect. The 50% correlation between plasma glucose and core temperatures observed during exercise in the heat may help to stabilize cognitive performance via their opposing effects. The glucose-like effects of sports drinks appear to be mediated by increased plasma glucose levels, because drinks effects became non-significant when plasma glucose levels were added to the models. The cooling intervention had only a beneficial effect on complex visuo-motor speed.

Dehydration and hyperthermia both, if sufficiently severe, will impair exercise performance. Dehydration can also impair performance of tasks requiring cognition and skill. Body temperature may exceed 40 °C in competitive games played in hot weather, but limited data are available. Football played in the heat, therefore, poses a challenge, and effects on some aspects of performance become apparent as environmental temperature increases above about 12-15 °C. Prior acclimatization will reduce the impact of high environmental temperatures but provides limited protection when humidity is also high. Ingestion of fluids is effective in limiting the detrimental effects on performance: drinks with added carbohydrate and electrolytes are generally more effective than plain water and drinks may be more effective if taken cold than if taken at ambient temperature. Pre-exercise lowering of body temperature may aid some aspects of performance, but the efficacy has not been demonstrated in football.

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between selected physical-physiological parameters and efficiency of pistol shooting. Design/methodology/approach – In all, 237 male volunteers, studying at a Turkish Police Academy within the age range of 19-20 years old were investigated. The physical fitness levels were evaluated by valid and reliable test batteries. The efficiency of pistol shooting was evaluated by the total points of the bullets which hit the target from 10 m. Findings – Significant differences were found between the sets of students according to shot accuracy groups for wrist circumference, biceps circumference, femur diameter, hand grip strength, flexibility, aerobic capacity, reaction time, balance, coordination, state anxiety level, anxiety variability, average heart rate, maximal heart rate and heart rate changes. The correlation coefficient between the pistol shooting result and change in heart rate, anxiety variability, mean heart rate during shooting, coo...

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the relationship between body composition, anaerobic performance and sprint performance of amputee soccer players. Fifteen amputee soccer players participated in this study voluntarily. Subjects’ height, body weight, body mass index, body fat percentage (Jackson and Pollock formula) and somatotype characteristics (Heath-Carter system) were determined. The sprint performance at 10m, 20m and 30m was evaluated, whereas the counter movement jump (CMJ), relative CMJ (RCMJ), squat jump (SJ) and relative SJ (RSJ) tests were used for the determination of anaerobic performance. The results of the Pearson Product Moment correlation analysis indicated that body composition was significantly correlated with CMJ and SJ (p < 0.01), on the other hand, no measure of body composition was significantly related to the other component (p > 0.05). A significant correlation was found between CMJ, RCMJ, SJ, 10 m, 20 m and 30 m sprint performance (p < 0.05); whereas, in contrast, no measure of body composition was significantly related to the 10 m, 20 m and 30 m sprint performance (p > 0.05). In conclusion, the findings of the present study indicated that sprint performance was described as an essential factor in anaerobic performance whereas body composition and somatotype play a determinant role in anaerobic and sprint performance in amputee soccer players.

Physiological responses and time-motion characteristics of 4-A-side small-sided game in young soccer players: The influence of different team formation methods. J Strength Cond Res 26(11): 3118-3123, 2012-The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of different team formation methods on the physiological responses to and time-motion characteristics of 4-A-side small-sided games (SSG4) in young soccer players. Thirty-Two young soccer players (age 16.2 6 0.7 years; height 172.9 6 6.1 cm; body mass 64.1 6 7.7 kg) voluntarily participated in this study. Anthropometric measurements, technical tests, and maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max) tests were carried out on the players. The SSG4 teams were then created using 4 different methods: according to the coaches' subjective evaluation (CE), technical scores (TS), VO2max (AP), and VO2max multiplied by TSs (CG). The teams thus created played 4 bouts of SSG4 at 2-day intervals. During the SSG4, heart rate (HR) responses, distance covered, and time spent in HRmax zones were recorded. In addition, rating of perceived exertion (RPE) and blood lactate level (La2) were determined at the end of the last bout of each SSG4. Percent of HRmax (%HRmax), La2, and RPE responses during SSG4 were significantly higher for teams chosen according to AP and CG compared with that according to CE and TS (p , 0.05). In addition, teams chosen by AP and CG spent significantly more time in zone 4 (.90% HRmax ) and covered a greater distance in the high-intensity running zone (.18 km°h21) than did teams formed according to TS. Moreover, AP teams covered significantly greater total distance than TS teams did (p , 0.05). In conclusion, to spend more time in both the high-intensity HR zone and the high-intensity running zone, the teams in SSG4 should be formed according to the players' VO2max values or the values calculated using both the VO2max and technique scores. © 2012 National Strength and Conditioning Association.

Bu çalışmada elit genç kürekçilerin laktat ve oksiken tüketimi profillerini analiz ederek ortaya koymak amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmaya 10 elit genç kürekçi gönüllü olarak katılmıştır (yaş 18.8±2.1 yıl). Denekler boy ve vücut ağırlığı ölçümlerinin yanısıra, Avustralya Spor Enstitüsü’nün önerdiği yedi aşamalı kürek ergometresi testini tamamlamışlardır. Protokol giderek artan hızlarda, aralarında birer dakika dinlenme bulunan yedi aşama içermektedir. Dinlenmelerde laktik asit alımı yapılmış ve tüm test süresince oksijen tüketimini ergospirometre ile ölçülmüştür. Oksijen tüketimi, 4 mmol laktat konsantrasyonuna karşılık gelen oksijen tüketimi, kalp atım hızı, iş yükü, güç, maksimal oksijen tüketimi yüzdesi gibi değerler saptanmıştır. Maksimal oksijen tüketimi değerleri 58,88 ± 3,8 ml/kg/dk olarak ölçülmüş, 4 mmol laktat seviyesindeki oksijen tüketiminin maksimal oksijen tüketimine yüzdesi 80,98±4,5% olarak hesaplanmıştır. 4 mmol laktat seviyesindeki oksijen tüketimi ve kalp atım hızı sırasıyla 43,47 ± 4,13 ml/kg/dk, 179,7±12,17 atım/dk olarak bulunmuştur. Sonuç olarak, uluslararası kürekçilerle karşılaştırıldığında elit genç Türk kürekçilerin VO2max değerleri benzer bulunmasına karşın anaerobik eşikteki güç ve oksijen tüketimi değerleri daha düşüktür, Purpose of this study was to analyze and demonstrate lactate and oxygen consumption profiles of elite junior rowers. Ten rowers participated in this study voluntarily (age 18,2 ±2,9years). Besides the measurements of height and weight, subjects performed incremental seven step rowing ergometer test which is recommended by Australian sports institute. The protocol consisted of 7 progressive stages with 1 min rest intervals. Blood samples for lactate analysis (LA) were collected at rest. Oxygen uptake kinetics also measured via ergospirometer during test. VO2, percent VO2, power, workload and heart rate at 4 mmol lactate level were determined.. VO2max values of subjects were determined as 58,88 ± 3,8 ml/kg/min. Percent VO2Max values at 4 mmol were found 80,98±4,5%. VO2and heart rate at 4mmol lactate was 43,47 ± 4,13 ml/kg/min, 179,7±12,17 beats per minute, respectively. As a result, although VO2Maxvalues of Turkish elite junior rowers were found to be similar to international class rowers, peak power output and VO2 values at 4 mmol lactate levels found lower

We identified the local treatment effect of epidermal growth factor on corneal wound healing of alloxan diabetic mice. The corneal wounds were induced by 0.5 M NaOH solution on the corneal surfaces of the diabetic and non-diabetic groups. The local epidermal growth factor solution (100 ng ml-1) was dropped in 5-microliters aliquots into the eye twice a day. The corneal wounds were measured daily for 15 days and examined histologically at the end of 15th day of experimental period. The results indicated that topical epidermal growth factor treatment of diabetic and non-diabetic mice greatly improved the incidence of healing of wounded corneas.

BACKGROUND AND AIM Normal growth in children is regulated to a great extent through the actions of the GH/IGF-I axis, a system consisting of GH and its mediators (ternary complex) that modulate growth in many tissues. The ternary complex (IGF-I/IGFBP-3/ALS) provides an acute regulatory mechanism in which IGF-I may be mobilized from the circulating reservoir of 150 kDa complexes to the tissues. Acute exercise is known to be a stimulus for GH secretion. The beneficial effects of scheduled exercise on body composition are also well established. However, the impact of strenuous exercise on the pubertal development of child athletes is still not well understood. The first goal of this study was to assess the acute effects of high intensity exercise training on GH-dependent ternary complex components in female rhythmic gymnasts compared to age-matched healthy female controls with normal physical activity. The second goal was to explore the influence of these exercise-induced changes on skeletal and pubertal growth in the same group prospectively over a period of 4 years. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Seventeen female rhythmic gymnasts, aged 11.4 +/- 0.9 years, who had 10 h per week intense exercise for at least 4 months volunteered to participate in this study. Anthropometric measurement of height (Height SDS for chronological age [HtSDS(CA)], parentally adjusted height, predicted adult height), bone age and weight (BMI) were made using standard techniques in gymnasts and controls (aged 12.5 +/- 3.0 years, n = 12). Gymnasts were followed up to 4 years to observe growth velocity and pubertal progression. In order to determine the acute impact of exercise on levels of GH and GH-dependent ternary complex component (IGF-I, IGFBP-3, ALS, IGF-I/IGFBP-3 molar ratio), blood samples were obtained from gymnasts after a routine 2-h high-intensity training program and then after a 2-day rest period. These results were compared with age-matched controls with no scheduled sports activity. RESULTS Despite the significant increment in serum GH and GH-dependent components immediately following the exercise, serum GH/IGF-I levels showed a significant decrement (p < 0.01) after a 2-day rest in gymnasts, to a nadir as low as those of the control subjects' baseline levels (p < 0.01). There was no difference in anthropometric characteristics of gymnasts and controls except BMI; gymnasts were leaner than controls. During a 4-year follow up, there were no differences between the gymnasts and controls in regard to skeletal growth and reaching their predicted height. However, in gymnasts there was a delay in pubertal tempo but not in growth. CONCLUSION Intense exercise induces an acute rise in GH levels, but this acute elevation rapidly normalizes after a 2-day rest in female rhythmic gymnasts. These fluctuations in serum GH and GH-dependent ternary complex components had no reflection on the skeletal growth patterns in gymnasts over the 4-year follow up but there was a delay in their pubertal progression.

The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of acute exercise on portal blood flow in liver transplant recipients compared to healthy subjects since it is known that transplantation produces a denervated liver and intrahepatic vascular tube. Twelve liver transplantation recipients and 12 age-gender-matched subjects were included in the study. All patients were at least 6 months posttransplant and in stable condition with normal liver biochemistry values. Measurements of portal vein blood flow were performed before starting exercise and immediately after its completion. The exercise program consisted of 40 minutes of treadmill running or walking with at least 20 minutes at 75% of maximal heart rate. The portal vein flow in the controls decreased by 74% after 40 minutes of exercise (absolute flow, 730 +/- 160 to 190 +/- 35 mL x min). Among the liver transplant group, following exercise the portal vein cross-sectional area also decreased to a lesser degree. However, statistical significance was only reached for blood flow. In this group the absolute flow was 940 +/- 165 mL x min at rest and 460 +/- 135 mL x min at 40 minutes (P