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Objective: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) and insufficient vitamin D levels are globally increasing phenomena which are correlated with cognitive impairment. This study investigated the interactive effe...

Introduction Menopause seems to be among the factors related to the development of prediabetes and central obesity. Conversely, physical activity may have a major role in reducing metabolic syndrome in women of postmenopausal age. Material and methods Forty-eight postmenopausal active and sedentary women within the ages of 45-65 years were randomized to four groups: 1) high-intensity concurrent interval exercise (HCI; n = 15), 2) moderate-intensity continuous concurrent exercise (MCC; n = 14), 3) control daily active (CDA; n = 10), and 4) control sedentary (COS; n = 9). The subjects in the preceding training groups exercised three times per week for 50-65 min/session with high/moderate concurrent exercise for 10 weeks. The levels of serum irisin, insulin sensitivity, abdominal fat distribution (visceral and subcutaneous), and total abdominal fat were measured at baseline and post-test. Results This study showed that the HCI group had a significantly increased serum irisin (p< 0.001), stimulated favorable alterations in insulin sensitivity status (p = 0.003), and significantly decreased subcutaneous, visceral and, total abdominal fat (p< 0.001). Also, the insulin sensitivity status was significantly increased (p = 0.01) and subcutaneous abdominal fat significantly decreased in the MCC group (p = 0.018). However, this study’s results did not find a considerable correlation between insulin sensitivity, irisin level, weight loss and abdominal fat distribution. Conclusions High-intensity concurrent exercise has a greater influence on improving most metabolic-related parameters than moderate-intensity concurrent exercise.

Aims The prevalence of risk-taking behaviors is a severe health threat. According to rapid social changes, it has recently been considered by health organizations, law enforcement, and social policymakers. The present study aimed to predict risk-taking behaviors based on the role of perceived social support components, emotional expression, and brain-behavioral systems in substance-dependent patients. Methods & Materials This was a descriptive correlational study. The statistical population of the study included all substance-dependent patients referring to substance dependence treatment centers in Ardabil City, Iran, in 2018. In total, 113 substance-dependent patients were selected by convenience sampling method. The study instruments included Rajaee and shafieechr('39')s Risk-Taking Behaviors Questionnaire, Zimetchr('39')s Multiple Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS), King, and Emmonschr('39')s Emotional Expressiveness Questionnaire (EEQ), and Carver and Whitechr('39')s Brain-Behavioral Systems Questionnaire (BIS/BAS). The obtained data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient and simultaneous-entry multiple regression analysis in SPSS. Findings The achieved results suggested a significant negative correlation between perceived social support from family, friends, and others, with the risk-taking behaviors of substance-dependent patients (P

The incidence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in menopausal women is one of the main health care concerns. MetS clusters are related to an imbalance in pro- and anti-inflammatory adipokines such as secreted frizzled-related protein 5 (SFRP5) and wingless-type mammary tumor virus integration site family, member 5A (WNT5A). WNT5A induces an inflammatory state to induce insulin resistance and further pathologic consequences. Recent strategies to prevent progression of MetS to diabetes have focused on conservative treatments such as exercise and herbal medicine. The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanistic effects of cotreatment with cinnamon extract and 12-wk high-intensity endurance training on MetS components considering the non-canonical WNT5A signaling.Thirty-two female ovariectomized Wistar rats were divided into the following four groups (n = 8/group): exercise (Ova+Exe), cinnamon extract (Ova+Cin), exercise with cinnamon extract (Ova+Exe+Cin) and saline (Ova+Sal). One group of rats undergoing surgery without removal of the ovaries was considered as a sham. After 3 mo of experimental intervention, waist circumference, serum concentrations of glucose, insulin, lipid profile, tumor necrosis factor-α, WNT5A, and SFRP5 were measured.Data showed a significant reduction in serum glucose, low-density lipoprotein, homeostasis model assessment estimate of insulin resistance, and tumor necrosis factor-α, but an increase in SFRP5 level in Ova+Exe, Ova+Cin and Ova +Exe+Cin groups compared with Ova+Sal group (P0.05). Serum WNT5A significantly was reduced only in Ova+Exe+Cin group (P = 0.02).The present study indicated that high-endurance training combined with aqueous cinnamon extract supplementation for 12 wk more efficiently alleviated insulin resistance and metabolic dysfunctions via reduction in noncanonical WNT signaling in ovariectomized rats.

Introduction: Proper control of postoperative pain is one of the major challenges after surgery. Such pains result in physical complications, increased metabolism, exacerbations of underlying diseases, and increased blood pressure. The aim of the present study was to compare the effect of apotel and pregabalin on postoperative pain among patients undergoing lower limb surgery. Materials and Methods: This study is a double-blind randomized clinical trial. About 75 patients undergoing lower limb orthopedic surgeries in Valiasr Hospital in Arak, Iran, were enrolled in the study. Patients were divided into three groups as follow: The first group received a 150-mg pregabalin capsule 2 h before the surgery. The placebo group received capsule that was replaced by starch. Furthermore, other group received 1 g of apotel in 200 mL of normal saline, 20 min before surgery. Pain at 2, 4, 12, and 24 h after surgery was recorded based on visual analogue scale. The amount of opioid use was recorded in the first 24 h in milligrams. Patient sedation was recorded by Ramsey Sedation Scale at 2, 6, 12, and 24 h after surgery. Finally, the data were analyzed using SPSS-20. Results: Pain in the apotel group was found to be lower when comparing with other group in 2, 4, 12, and 24 h after surgery (P = 0.0001). Ramsey score was found to be more in the pregabalin group at 2.6, 12, and 24 h after surgery (P < 0.05). In addition, the lowest opioid use was in the apotel group (P = 0.0001). Conclusion: Our findings revealed that apotel had a better effect on pain management, whereas pregabalin exhibited better effect on the sedation of patients.

Aneurysms‐osteoarthritis syndrome (AOS) is characterized by arterial aneurysms and dissection in combination with early‐onset osteoarthritis, which can impact quality of life. We describe the subjective quality of life and investigate anxiety and depression in 28 AOS patients aged 15–73 years. Three questionnaires were used: 36‐Item Short Form Survey (SF‐36), hospital anxiety and depression scale (HADS) and Rotterdam disease specific questionnaire. Results of the SF‐36 and HADS were compared to a reference Dutch cohort and the SF‐36 questionnaire also to patients with Marfan syndrome. Compared to the general population, AOS patients scored significantly lower on the following SF‐36 domains: physical functioning, vitality, social functioning, bodily pain, and general health. Physical functioning was also lower than in Marfan patients. Patients with AOS scored higher on the HADS depression scale, while anxiety did not show a significant difference compared to the general population. No difference in SF‐36 and HADS domain scores were found between patient with and without orthopaedic symptoms and patients with or without previous aortic surgery. Additionally, we found that patients' worries for their future and heredity of their disease are important factors for anxiety, which should be addressed in clinical practice.

Aims Ischemia-reperfusion injury is one of the most common cardiac disorders leading to irreversible heart damage. Many underlying mechanisms seem to be involved, among which mitochondrial dysfunction. Since physical training has a beneficial effect on mitochondrial dynamics (fusion and fission), it may have a cardioprotective effect against IR injury also via mitochondrial pathways. This study investigates the protective role of aerobic training against cardiac IR injury and the mitochondrial dynamics as a possible mechanism. Main methods Thirty-two male Wistar rats (8-week old) were divided into a control, sham, control + IR, and training + IR groups (8 rats each). Training group was exercised aerobically on a treadmill for 8 weeks (5 days/week). After 8 weeks, anesthetized rats underwent a left thoracotomy (sham, control + IR, and training + IR groups) to access the left anterior descending coronary artery, which was occluded by a silk suture for 30 min and released for 90 min of reperfusion (IR groups). Triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining was used to determine the infarct size. The gene expression of mitofusin 1 (Mfn1), mitofusin 2 (Mfn2), and dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) was evaluated by RT-PCR. A one-way ANOVA was used for statistical analysis with the significance level set at P ≤ 0.05. Key findings Cardiac infarct size was smaller In training + IR group (20.24 ± 5.7%) than in control + IR (35.9 ± 2.3%; P ≤ 0.05). Training + IR showed higher expression of Mfn1 and Mfn2 (P ≤ 0.05). Conversely, Drp1 expression was lower after training (P ≤ 0.05). Significance Exercise-induced regulation of mitochondrial fusion and fission, leading to improvement of mitochondrial dynamics seems to be involved in the cardioprotection against IR injuries.

Background: Chronic pain is recognized as an important public health concern that leads to significant economic and social problems. Thus, identifying variables affecting the psychological adaptation of patients with chronic pain is necessary to prepare an effective intervention and treatment program. Objectives: This study investigated the mediating role of sexual self-esteem in the relationship between marital quality and psychological adaptation to disease in women with chronic pain. Methods: This descriptive-analytic study of correlation type was conducted on 200 women with chronic pain admitted to orthopedic centers in Ardabil City, Iran. The participants were selected using the available sampling method. The Psychological Adaptation questionnaire, the Sexual Self-Esteem scale, and the Marital Relationship Quality questionnaire were used to collect data. The standard mean, standard deviation, Pearson correlation, and multiple regressions were used for data analysis. Results: The findings revealed significant positive relationships between marital quality (r = 0.49) (P < 0.01) and sexual self-esteem (r = 0.60) (P < 0.01) with psychological adaptation. Moreover, significant positive relationships were found between marital quality and sexual self-esteem (r = 0.48) (P < 0.01). Sexual self-esteem also mediated the relationship between marital quality and psychological adaptation (β = 0.23) (P < 0.01). Conclusions: The study revealed that sexual self-esteem served a fully mediating role between marital quality and psychological adaptation in women with chronic pain. Therefore, it is of utmost importance to pay attention to sexual self-esteem’s role in therapeutic interventions related to these women.

Although the role of vitamin D in various types of disorders such as cancer and diabetes has been well recognized, its relation to cardiovascular diseases still remains equivocal. The present study aims to investigate the interactive effects of aerobic-resistance training (ART) and vitamin D3 (VD3) on both cardiac fibrosis and heart functions considering TGF-β1/Smad2, 3 (transforming growth factor-β1/mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 2/3) signaling in the myocardial infarction (MI) model of rats. Fifty-six male Wistar rats were divided into 2 groups of sham (n = 8), and MI (n = 48). Then, MI rats were divided into six groups of VD3, ART, VD3+ART, Veh, Veh+ART, and sedentary MI. The animals received the related treatments for 8 weeks, and then their functional exercise capacity (FEC) and strength gain (SG) were estimated through exercise tests. Ejection fraction (EF%) and fractional shortening (FS%) and serum level of VD3 were measured by echocardiography and ELISA, respectively. Cardiac expressions of TGF-β1, Smad2/3, and collagen I/III were assessed by western blotting and fibrosis by Masson’s trichrome staining. The highest EF, parallel with the lowest expression of cardiac TGF-β1, Smad2/3, collagen I, and collagen III were observed in MI + VD3 (P = 0.021), MI + ART (P = 0.001), and MI + VD3 + ART (P

Purpose: Ischemia-Reperfusion (IR) injury is one of the most common cardiac disorders leading to irreversible heart damage. Many underlying mechanisms seem to be involved, among which disruption of cellular autophagy balance. Since physical training has a beneficial effect on the improvement of autophagy balance, it may have a cardioprotective effect against IR injury. This study investigates the protective role of aerobic training from cardiac IR injury and the autophagy process as a possible mechanism. Methods: Thirty-two male Wistar rats (8 weeks old) were divided into control, sham, control plus IR, and training plus IR groups (8 rats each). The training group was exercised aerobically on a treadmill for 8 weeks (5 d/wk). After 8 weeks, the anesthetized rats underwent left thoracotomy (sham, control plus IR, and training plus IR groups) to access the left anterior descending coronary artery, which was occluded by a silk suture for 30 min and then released for 90 min of reperfusion (IR groups). Triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining was used to determine the infarct size. The gene expression of Beclin-1 was evaluated by real-time polymerase chain reaction. One-way ANOVA was used for statistical analysis with the significance level set at P≤0.05. Results: The cardiac infarct size was smaller in training plus IR (20.24±5.7%) group compared to that in the control plus IR (35.9±2.3%) group (P≤0.05). On the other hand, IR operation significantly increased the gene expression of Beclin-1, while exercise training prevented expression of the mentioned gene in training plus IR group (P≤0.05). Conclusion: Aerobic training can protect the heart against Ischemia-Reperfusion injury. It seems that improvement of autophagy balance during IR injury may be involved in exercise-induced cardioprotection against Ischemia-Reperfusion.

The effects of mental, physical, and combination of these two trainings were investigated on cognitive performance, serum level of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and irisin in women diagnosed with mild cognitive impairment (MCI).Forty-four participants were randomized into 4 groups: physical training (PH; 8 weeks' aerobic training, n = 11), mental training (ME; special computer gaming, n = 11), combined (PH + ME; n = 13), and control group (CO; n = 9).Analysis of variance with Tukey post hoc test revealed a significant increase in working memory ( P = .012) and BDNF ( P = 0.024) in the ME compared with the CO group. Also the ME group in comparison with the PH group demonstrated better working memory ( P = .014) and processing speed ( P = .024).Positive effect of mental training on the cognitive parameters, parallel with BDNF elevation, suggests that mental training is a more useful, safe, and persistent strategy to attenuate the progression of MCI probably via BDNF elevation, but the effect size is relatively small elevation.

Objectives Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) and vitamin D signaling pathways regulate a multitude of genes involved in different physiological functions. The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of vitamin D supplementation and aerobic training on metabolic syndrome and PPARγ expression. Methods Forty female ovariectomized rats were divided into five groups of aerobic training with high (OVX + Exe + HD), moderate (OVX + Exe + MD), and low dose of vitamin D (OVX + Exe + LD), aerobic training receving vehicle (sesame oil; OVX + Exe + oil), and sham-operated control (sham) groups. After 2 mo of treatment, serum insulin, vitamin D, glucose, lipid profile, visceral fat, and liver PPARγ gene expression were measured. Results The combination of exercise and high doses of vitamin D significantly reduced insulin ( P = 0.039), blood glucose ( P = 0.024), and homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance ( P = 0.011), and elevated PPARγ gene expression ( P = 0.032). Also, treatment with aerobic training and either high or moderate vitamin D, ameliorated overall metabolic syndrome Z scores ( P = 0.001). Conclusion Findings from the present study suggested that a sedentary lifestyle and vitamin D deficiency accelerated the occurrence of metabolic syndrome probably by decreasing the expression of nuclear receptor PPARγ. Additionally, adequate levels of plasma vitamin D are necessary to achieve the beneficial metabolic effects of physical activity.

Цель : В этом исследовании изучалась связь между двигательной активностью и соматическим типом, антропометрическим профилем, составом тела, физиологическим и физическим профилем молодых борцов. Материал : в исследовании принимали участие 16 молодых борцов в возрасте 16-19 лет. Спортсмены имели 4-летний опыт участия в национальных чемпионатах. После стандартных процедур в центре тестирования провинции Алборз были проведены тесты для определения аэробной мощности, мышечной выносливости, гибкости и скорости, ловкости, силы верхней и нижней части тела участников. Кроме того, измеряли рост, вес, обхват бедра, локтя, голени, руки и толщину кожного покрова. Результаты : рассчитывались тип телосложения, поведенческие установки, соотношение веса и роста в соответствии с рекомендациями. Процентное содержание жировой ткани составило 10.90 ± 1.64, 43.27 ± 0,87 и 0,94 ± 0,87 соответственно. Стандартное отклонение и среднее по типу телосложения относительно эндоморфных, мезоморфных и эктоморфных компонентов были в пределах 2,16 ± 0,46, 5,20 ± 0,77 и 2,88 ± 0,64 соответственно. Физиологически борцы имели VO2max (кг / мин) 49,31 ± 4,22 и их частота сердечных сокращений была в пределах 68,31 ± 6,64. Выводы : результаты показали, что тип телосложения, эндоморфные, мезоморфные и эктоморфные компоненты были одинаковыми. В результате, тренеры могут планировать учебные программы и иметь обзор соответствующих методик на основе антропометрических и физиологических данных, исходя из спортивных выступлений борцов. Кроме того, борцы могут быть хорошо информированы об их особенностях выполнения. Кроме того, вышеупомянутая информация может быть полезной для борцовских федераций и всех других организаций, вносящих вклад в спортивную борьбу при проведении программ отбора талантов и выявления перспективных молодых борцов.

Background: Prostitution and substance abuse are among the crucial social problems in women, which affect the quality of life. However, no study has yet investigated that prostitution and substance abuse affect which dimension(s) of quality of life. The current study aimed to compare different dimensions of quality of life among female sex workers with and without drug abuse. Methods: The research design was ex post facto study. The study sample comprised 120 women (60 female sex workers with substance abuse and 60 without substance abuse). They were selected through convenience sampling method in Tehran, in 2016. They completed WHO Quality of Life-BREF questionnaire. Data analysis was done using multivariate analysis of variance and covariance methods by SPSS V. 20. Results: According to the results, there was a significant difference between female sex workers with and without drug use (P < 0.05) with regard to physical, social relationship and environment health. The sex workers without drug abuse had higher quality of life in aforementioned aspects. However, no significant difference was observed among two groups with regard to psychological health (P > 0.05). Conclusion: The results indicated that quality of life in female sex workers with using drug is poorer than their counterparts who are not drug users. These findings emphasize that health care providers can consider quality of life as an essential factor in therapeutic intervention (primary and secondary) in prostitutes and addicted women. Female sex workers using drug have the psychological, social, and biological needs that require the immediate and considerable attention.

Background:Osteoporosis is a common rheumatologic disorder in postmenopausal women which could lead to morbidities later in life. However, this condition has not been properly studied in premonapausal women.During pregnancy, the fetus needs a total of 30 grams of calcium for its skeleton and during lactation, 200 mg of calcium is secreted in the breast milk per day which the mother acquires by doubling its intestinal absorption rate. If the calcium intake of the mother is not sufficient to satisfy the fetus’ needs, it will be provided by bone resorption, which will decrease the maternal calcium reserves [1].Pregnancy and Lactation Associated Osteoporosis (PLAO) is a rare condition associated with pregnancy that should be considered in premenopausal women. The most commonly affected sites are the vertebrae and, more rarely, the hips, pubic rami and ribs [2].An important complication of osteoporosis is fracture and a preemptive diagnosis and treatment thereof, can have drastic effects on the quality of life.Objectives:Our objective is to document the relevant risk factors, present signs and symptoms, course of illness, and response to treatment in three cases of PLAO. It is quite possible that osteoporosis in pregnancyand lactation is more frequent than recognized, simply because it is only recognized when an-unexpected fracture occurs[3]. Thus, in this article we are presenting three cases that showcase the need for more rigorous research on PLAO risk factors, the need for screening in high risk patients, and the advantages of early detection in patients’ outcome.Methods:The clinical cases of the patients whose PLAO diagnoses had been confirmed by both a radiologist and a rheumatologist in the past year was extracted. Information related to demographic indices, clinical manifestations, and the treatment methods was evaluated and compared.Results:In the past year, three patients with a chief complaint of low-back pain have visited our clinic. The first, a 22-year-old woman with a nursing history of 2 months, the next one, a 31-year-old woman with a nursing history of 3 months, and the last, a 22-year-old woman with a nursing history of 4 months. All three patients had low back pain and tenderness. Two out of three patients had deficient vitamin D levels and the other had a normal one. All three patients had low BMD in lumbar vertebra and MRI imagings indicative of osteoporotic fracture.Table 1.General and pregnancy-relatedcharacteristics of the case studiesVariablesCase 1Case 2Case 3Age223122Nursing duration2 months3months4monthsBMD(lumbar spine)-3.6-3.5-3.1Vitamin D level12.6(ng/ml)31.6(ng/ml)8(ng/ml)FractureT12,L1T4,5,6,7,10,L2L1,2,3,4,5Conclusion:Since the symptoms of PLAO are often confused with pain in other low-back pain conditions associated with pregnancy, PLAO is a mostly overlooked diagnosis[4]. It is only recognized when an unexpected fracture occurs [3]Therefore, high risk patients with less severe symptoms are usually not diagnosed and thusly, should undergo a proper screening test, so that they are recognized early and the morbid sequelae are averted.References:[1]Kovacs, C. S., and S. H. Ralston. “Presentation and Management of Osteoporosis Presenting in Association with Pregnancy or Lactation.”Osteoporosis International, vol. 26, no. 9, 2015, pp. 2223–2241., doi:10.1007/s00198-015-3149-3.[2]Gregorio, Silvana Di, et al. “Osteoporosis with Vertebral Fractures Associated with Pregnancy and Lactation.”Nutrition, vol. 16, no. 11-12, 2000, pp. 1052–1055., doi:10.1016/s0899-9007(00)00430-5.[3]Bartl, Reiner, and Christoph Bartl. “The Osteoporosis Manual.” 2019, doi:10.1007/978-3-030-00731-7.[4]Eroglu, Semra, et al. “Evaluation of Bone Mineral Density and Its Associated Factors in Postpartum Women.”Taiwanese Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, vol. 58, no. 6, 2019, pp. 801–804., doi:10.1016/j.tjog.2019.09.013.Disclosure of Interests:None declared

Introduction: Chronic rhinosinusitis with recurrent nasal polyps, asthma, and allergy to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (aspirin-induced asthma) is a condition that can severely affect patients' quality of life. This study was conducted to determine the effect of aspirin desensitization on nasal polyps recurrence and remission in patients with triple symptoms of asthma, aspirin sensitivity, and nasal polyps.Materials and methods: In this clinical trial, samples consisted of 50 patients with aspirin-induced asthma were selected by Morgan table and were randomly divided into two groups, one case group, and one control group. The control group received no treatment while the case group received aspirin desensitization protocol using an ascending dose of aspirin from 25 mg every three hours to 325mg under direct supervision. After 3 months, pulmonary examination and imaging test were performed again. The patient’s quality of life was investigated before and after treatment using the questionnaire of quality of life (QoL) of polyposis patients.Results: The quality of life in patients with rhinosinusitis (RDS) before and after aspirin desensitization was 48.38±5.21 and 46.06±4.85 respectively which was significantly improved (if this result is from another study, author and the year of the study should be written in the sentence, or if this result is from all sample, then it should also be stated in the sentence). In the case group, the quality of life was also improved, with an average score of before and after treatment was 47.32±6.61 and 42.6±3.42 respectively (pConclusion: Aspirin desensitization leads to improvement of life quality and reduction of rhinosinusitis symptoms in patients with aspirin-induced asthma.

Myocardial infarction (MI) is the most common type of heart disease. According to recent studies, mitochondrial dysfunction has been suggested as a central player in cardiac disease and evidences point out the association of mitochondrial morphology with development of heart diseases. Exercise training plays a protective role against cardiovascular disease. However, the role of exercise training on proteins involved in mitochondrial dynamics and mitophagy system are not well understood. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate these on cardiac mitochondrial dynamic and mitophagy proteins in rats with myocardial infarction. The present study was post-test design experiment with the control group. after MI with ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) and ensuring the creation of MI by echocardiography, male rats were subjected to high intensity interval training (HIIT), moderate (MIIT), low (LIIT), sedentary myocardial infarction (SED-MI) and healthy control groups. After six weeks exercise, the levels of MFN2, DRP1, Parkin, P62 and PGC-1α proteins were measured by ELISA method. Data analysis showed that proteins levels of MFN2, PGC-1α, Parkin and P62 decreased significantly in SED-MI group compared to healthy control while DRP1 protein levels increased significantly (P≤0.05). Also, MFN2 and PGC-1α proteins increased in MIIT group compared with SED-MI group and DRP1 protein levels were significantly decreased (P≤0.05). Moderate-intensity interval training (MIIT) resulted to improve mitochondrial fusion and fusion proteins in rats with myocardial infarction. While high and low intensity interval training (HIIT, LIIT), despite increasing MFN2 and PGC-1α and reducing DRP1, failed to improve fusion and mitochondrial fission

This experiment has been designed to evaluate the basal serum BDNF level and memory performance, and also the change in BDNF in response to acute aerobic and anaerobic training in athletes and sedentary groups. Nineteen middle aged elite athletes (45-65 years) who used to be competing at domestic championship for more than 10 years and 20 sedentary subjects participated in this study. Blood samples and cognitive function were assessed at rest and also after performing a single bout of acute aerobic and anaerobic exercise. Basal serum BDNF significantly was lower in the athletes group compared to the control one (475.18±45.32, 1089.30±94.92, P=0.001). Serum BDNF was inversely correlated with Vo2 max (r=-0.5, P=0.013), but positively with BMI (r=0.2, p=0.4). Pictures recall memory was better in the athlete group (9.25±1.61) compared with the control ones (8±1.15, p=0.04). Basal platelets did not show any significant differences between athletes and controls (p>0.05). Both acute aerobic and anaerobic activity elevated serum BDNF and platelets in athletes and sedentary groups compared with rest (P

Background and objective: There is an increased interest in exploring the association between fitness components with cognitive development in children in recent years. One of the scopes is to find the best exercise prescription to enhance health and cognition. Most of the studies so far have focused on cardiorespiratory fitness with little evidence on other fitness components. The present study aimed to explore the association between physical fitness (PF) and motor fitness (MF) with cognitive performance in children. Methods: Two hundred and six schoolboys (11.0 ± 0.8 y) underwent a battery of tests to measure information processing speed (i.e., simple and choice reaction time) and inhibitory control (i.e., Simon task). PF components (i.e., flexibility, muscular strength, and endurance) and MF components (speed and agility) were measured. Results: Multiple linear regression analysis adjusted for potential confounders (i.e., age, socioeconomic status, %fat and physical activity) revealed no relationship between flexibility, speed, muscular strength, and endurance with either information processing tasks or inhibitory control tasks. However, a positive association was observed between agility with both congruent reaction time and incongruent reaction time. Conclusions: No relationship was observed between the underlying fitness components with either information processing or inhibitory control. However, an association was observed between agility with inhibitory control.

To examine the response of the endocrine system, strength development and muscle circumference to moderate-resistance training in younger and middle-aged men.Two groups of men of similar activity background, but differing in age (Y: 21.2±2.2years and M: 49.7±2.1years) participated in an 8-week moderate-resistance training program. Blood sampling was obtained at rest before and after training for analysis of serum testosterone, growth hormone, cortisol and ACTH concentrations. One repetition maximum for the bench press (1RM(BP)) and squat (1RM(S)); thigh (TC) and arm circumference (AC) were also measured. Both groups underwent a 1-h standardized moderate-resistance training session (three series of 8 to 15RM; nine exercises with 1-3min rest between sets) three times a week for 8weeks.Both the Y and M groups gained significant improvements in 1RM(BP), 1RM(S), TC and AC (P0.05). Growth hormone and testosterone concentration increased for both groups, while Y men increased greater than M men in resting posttraining testosterone concentration. With training the Y and M men demonstrated significant decreases in ACTH and cortisol concentrations.These data indicate moderate-resistance training would lead to gains in maximal strength, muscle circumference and increases anabolic hormone secretion for M men and consequently promoting of health, improve daily life and delay negative effects with aging.

To examine the responses of the endocrine system to moderate-resistance training in younger (YO) verses middle-aged (MI) men, two groups of men (21 and 49 years-old) participated in 8-week moderate-resistance training program three times per week. Blood was obtained before, immediately after, and 30 min after exercise at before and after training period for analysis of total testosterone, cortisol, GH, lactate and ACTH. Squat and bench press strength, and circumference of thigh and arm increased for both groups. After training, resting testosterone and GH increased in YO; testosterone concentrations were also increased for YO and MI from pre-training values. However, GH values decreased in MI after training period. Cortisol and ACTH values were lower compared to similar times in pre-training. These data indicate that middle-aged men do respond with an enhanced hormonal profile in the early phase of a resistance training program, but the response is different from that of younger men.

Objective. To assess the influence of different physical training status on exercise-induced oxidative stress and changes in cellular redox state.Methods. Thirty male subjects participated in this study and were assigned as well-trained (WT), moderately trained (MT), and untrained (UT) groups. The levels of cortisol, creatine kinase, plasma reduced glutathione to oxidized glutathione (GSH/GSSG), cysteine/cystine (Cys/CySS), and GSH/GSSG ratio in red blood cells (RBCs) were measured immediately and 10 and 30 min after exercise.Results. Following the exercise, plasma GSH/GSSG (p=0.001) and Cys/CySS (p=0.005) were significantly reduced in all groups. Reduction in plasma GSH/GSSG ratio in all groups induced a transient shift in redox balance towards a more oxidizing environment without difference between groups (p=0.860), while RBCs GSH/GSSG showed significant reduction (p=0.003) and elevation (p=0.007) in UT and MT groups, respectively. The highest level of RBCs GSH/GSSG ratio was recorded in MT group, and the lowest one was recorded in the WT group.Conclusion. Long term regular exercise training with moderate intensity shifts redox balance towards more reducing environment, versus intensive exercise training leads to more oxidizing environment and consequently development of related diseases.

Context: Studies have shown that physical activity or exercise training may decrease the metabolic syndrome. Aim: The aim of the present study is to clarify the effect of combination exercise training on metabolic syndrome parameters in postmenopausal women with breast cancer. Setting and Design: Twenty nine postmenopausal women (58.27 ΁ 6.31 years) with breast cancer were divided into two groups randomly as experimental group (n=14) and control group (n=15). Materials and Methods: Subjects of experimental group were performed 15 weeks combination exercise training including walking (2 sessions per week) and resistance training (2 sessions per week that was different from walking days). Before and after 15 weeks, fasting insulin and glucose, insulin resistance, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and triglyceride (TG) were calculated. Also, Vo2peak, rest heart rate (RHR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), body weight (BW), body mass index (BMI) and waist to hip ratio (WHR) were measured in two groups. Statistical Analysis Used: Mean values of two groups in pre and post test were compared by independent and paired t-test for all measurements (P≤ 0.05). Results: Significant differences were observed for VO2peak, RHR, BW, BMI, WHR, SBP, fasting insulin and glucose, HDL-C and TG between experimental and control groups after 15 weeks (P< 0.05). Conclusions: Combination exercise training can improve metabolic syndrome parameters in postmenopausal women with breast cancer.

Background. Excess visceral adipose tissue accumulation after menopause is closely associated with decreased insulin sensitivity and adiponectin levels. Objective. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of ovariectomy and estrogen replacement on visceral fat and serum adiponectin levels in ovariectomized (OVX) rats. Method. Forty 11-week-old female Wistar rats were divided into the four following groups ( n = 10 rats per group): sham-operated control (SHAM); sedentary OVX (OVX-SED); OVX with estrogen replacement (OVX-ER); and OVX with sesame oil treatment (OVX-C). Rats in OVX-ER and OVX-C groups received 17β-estradiol valerate (30 μg/kg, subcutaneously) and sesame oil as vehicle, five days a week, respectively. All animals were sacrificed after eight weeks of intervention. Results Ovariectomy after eight weeks increased body weight and visceral fat ( P < 0.05) in OVX-SED and OVX-C groups compared with SHAM rats with no change in plasma adiponectin levels. Estrogen replacement in OVX animals decreased body weight (13.4%, P < 0.05) and visceral fat (10.4%). Although they were not statistically significant, adiponectin, insulin sensitivity and lipid profile of OVX rats were ameliorated with estrogen treatment. Conclusion. We conclude that ovarian hormone withdrawal leads to higher body weight and visceral adipose tissue in rats, but surprisingly does not change adiponectin levels. Although a substantial decrease in body weight was achieved by estrogen replacement therapy in OVX animals, the beneficial metabolic effects of weight loss seems to be only mechanical, having a tendency to improve insulin sensitivity without elevating adiponectin production.

Objective The aim of this experimental study was to investigate the effects of exercise training on visceral fat and adiponectin levels in ovariectomized (OVX) rats. Method Female Wistar rats were divided into OVX (n ¼20) and sham-operated control (SHAM; n ¼8) groups. OVX rats were subdivided into a sedentary (OVX-SED; n ¼10) and an exercise (OVX-EX; n ¼10) group. The exercise consisted of 8 weeks of aerobic exercise (26 m/min, 5 days/week, 60 min/day, 10% slope). Results In OVX rats, body weight was 21% greater (255.2+9.31 vs. 211.63+3.23; p50.01) and visceral fat was 29% greater (10.87+0.66 vs. 8.43+0.45; p50.05) than in SHAM rats. After training, visceral fat was 20% lower in OVX-EX rats than in OVX-SED rats (8.72+0.46 vs. 10.87+0.66; p50.05). After 8 weeks of running on the treadmill, levels of serum glucose, insulin and serum adiponectin, and the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance were not changed significantly in the OVX-EX group. Conclusion These results suggest that 8-week exercise training induces a decrease in visceral fat, and this reduction without weight loss does not change serum adiponectin levels and insulin sensitivity in ovariectomized rats.

Effect of caffeine on metabolic and cardiovascular responses to submaximal exercise in lean and obese men Study aim: To compare the effects of caffeine on metabolic and cardiovascular responses to exercise in lean and obese subjects. Material and methods: In a double blind random design, 6 lean (BMI28) sedentary young men performed treadmill running for 30 min at similar exercise intensities (60% VO2max) one hour after caffeine (5 mg/kg body mass) or placebo ingestion. Gas exchange was measured by indirect calorimetry/open-circuit spirometry. Heart rate (HR) was measured throughout the exercise. Blood pressure (BP) measurements were taken at baseline, 1 h after caffeine/placebo ingestion and immediately after exercise. Repeated measures ANOVA was used in data analysis. Results: Caffeine significantly (p Conclusions: Caffeine activates metabolism without inducing major changes in fat/carbohydrate oxidation. The differences in body fat content seem not to affect the caffeine-induced effects in a submaximal exercise.

PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to determine the interaction effects of aerobic exercise training and vitamin D supplementation on indices of obesity and plasma lipid profiles in ovariectomized (OVX) rats. METHODS Forty female Wistar rats were divided into 5 groups: aerobic training (3 days/week for 8 weeks; AT; n = 8), aerobic training and vitamin D supplementation (OVX + AT + Vit D; n = 8), vitamin D supplementation (OVX + Vit D; n = 8), ovariectomized control (OVX + C, n = 8) and SHAM (n = 8). After blood sampling, visceral fat was taken from the abdominal cavity and weighed immediately. Data was statistically analyzed by One-way ANOVA and Repeated measure ANOVA tests with a 0.05 significance level. RESULTS Body weight, visceral fat, BMI and food intake decreased significantly in OVX + AT + Vit D (P < 0.001); whereas these variables increased significantly in OVX + C (P < 0.001) and SHAM (P < 0.023) groups. At the end of two-months of follow-up, we observed significant differences in TC, TG, HDL-C, LDL-C, glucose, insulin, and HOMA-IR in all groups. CONCLUSION It seems that aerobic training with vitamin D, due to the involvement of muscle mass and exposure to dynamic pressure on the bones and muscles, increased energy expenditure, stimulated insulin exudation and glucose homeostasis, decreased insulin resistance and improved the lipid profile in ovariectomized rats.

To study the influence of aerobic exercise training on brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), insulin resistance, and lipid profile in middle-aged men diagnosed with metabolic syndrome (MetS).This is an experimental repeated measure study.Subjects participated in aerobic training programs (18 sessions of 25-40 minutes per session) in Guilan University gymnasium and court.A total of 21 middle-aged men (50-65 years old) diagnosed with MetS participated.We randomly divided 21 middle-aged men with MetS into exercise and control groups. The exercise group followed an aerobic training program (18 sessions, 3/wk) at 50% to 60% of V[Combining Dot Above]O2 peak (25-40 minutes per session) and 6 weeks of detraining. Blood samples were collected at baseline, end of the training, and detraining.High BDNF level in patients with MetS and its reduction after chronic aerobic exercise.Aerobic training significantly decreased all the metabolic risk factors, including overall MetS z score, insulin resistance, and lipid profile (P0.05). After the detraining period, plasma triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein, and also overall MetS z score remained unchanged (P0.05); however, serum BDNF, which was decreased by aerobic training (P = 0.013), restored to the baseline at the end of the detraining (P = 0.018).Improved metabolic risk factors along with decreased serum BDNF in response to aerobic training and the opposite direction during the detraining emphasize the importance of physical activity in the treatment of MetS and prevention of related diseases.

Damirchi A, Rahmani-Nia F, Mehrabani J. Lipocalin-2: Response to a short-term treadmill protocol in obese and normal-weight men. J. Hum. Sport Exerc. Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 59-67, 2011. Background: Lipocalin-2 (Lcn2) a newer adipocyte-secreted acute phase protein was recently reported to be correlated with potential effects in obesity and inflammation. The reactions of this protein in progressive exercise have not yet been evaluated. Purpose: This study was designed to compare of plasma Lcn2 and high-sensitivity Creactive protein (hs-CRP) levels after participating in a short-term treadmill protocol (STP) in obese and normal-weight men. Materials and methodology: In a STP, 9 obese (aged: 43.13±4.6 yrs and BMI: 31.36±1.6 kg/m 2 ) and 9 normal-weight (aged: 42.88±4.4 yrs and BMI: 23.03±1.7 kg/m 2 ; mean ± SD) sedentary men that have been selected randomly through volunteers, performed a stepwise maximal aerobic endurance with a treadmill Bruce protocol. Results: In prior to STP, Lcn2 level was higher in obese than normal-weight individuals (p

Oral peroxidase, one of the most important salivary antioxidant enzymes, is subjected to alternation due to various body conditions. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of exercise intensity on salivary peroxidase activity. Using a randomized design, ten healthy male university students (mean age, 23.22; s (x) = 2.34 years) completed treadmill runs with initial velocity 6.73 km/h at the rate of 1.58 km/h increase every 3 min until exhaustion. Unstimulated whole saliva collected over a 5-min period in pre-weighed tubes before, immediately after exercise, and 1 h after exercise was analyzed for total protein and saliva peroxidase activity. The saliva flow rate ranged from 0.08 to 1.40 ml min(-1) at rest and was not significantly affected by the exercise. Peroxidase activity in each sample was measured using 4-amino antipyrine as substrate. In the incremental exhaustion run and also at 75% VO(2max), the secretion rates of peroxidase increased. No significant changes in saliva flow rate were observed in any treadmill run. Treadmill runs at 75% VO(2max) and to exhaustion increased the activity of peroxidase immediately after exercise which decreased after 1 h. It was concluded that short-duration, high-intensity exercise increases the activity rate of peroxidase despite no change in the saliva flow rate. These effects appear to be associated with changes in sympathetic activity and not the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis.

Treatments for breast cancer such as adjuvant chemotherapy or hormone therapy can increase bone loss. Direct toxic effects of chemotherapy agents on bone formation cells as well as breast cancer itself may cause reductions of bone mineral density (BMD) in this population. Some studies reported that aerobic and resistance exercise improves bone health in pre- and postmenopausal women. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of exercise training on BMD in postmenopausal women with breast cancer. Thirty postmenopausal women with breast cancer (58.27 ± 6.31 years) who received surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy and were in current hormone therapy divided into two groups: intervention and control. Subjects of intervention group performed 15 weeks exercise training including walking (2 sessions per week) and resistance training (2 sessions per week different from walking days). Subjects of control group did not participate in any physical activity or exercise training. Body weight, body mass index (BMI), VO 2 peak and lumbar spine and femur bone density was measured in two groups before and after of 15 weeks. Data analysed by using t test and covariance analysis. Results of this study indicated that after 15 weeks, there was significant difference between weight, BMI and VO 2 peak in intervention and control groups (p 2 peak increased in intervention group. There was no significant different between two groups in lumbar spine (F= 2.98, p= 0.096) and femur (F= 1.95, p= 0.174) BMD after 15 weeks. Body weight and BMI have protective effects on the BMD and the lower body weight and BMI, the lower BMD. Exercise training reduced body weight and BMI in subjects of this study, thus exercise training had no positive effect on BMD. Subjects in this study were in hormone therapy, and hormone therapy reduces BMD in breast cancer patients. It seems that hormone therapy has side effect on BMD in breast cancer survivor, and exercise training can not inhibit this effect. It can be concluded that the 15 weeks exercise training does no positive effect on BMD in postmenopausal women with breast cancer.

Purpose L-glutamine is the most abundant amino acid found in human muscle and plays an important role in protein synthesis and can reduce the levels of inflammation biomarkers and creatine kinase (CK) after training sessions. Delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) develops after intense exercise and is associated with an inflammatory response. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of glutamine supplementation on surface electromyography activity of the vastus medialis muscle (VMM) and rectus femoris muscle (RFM) and levels of creatine kinase after an eccentric contraction. Methods Seventeen healthy men (age: 22.35±2.27yr; body mass: 69.91± 9.78kg; height: 177.08±4.32cm) were randomly assigned to experimental (n=9) and control groups (n=8) in a double-blind manner. In both groups, subjects were given L-glutamine supplementation (0.1g.kg-1) or placebo three times a week for 4 weeks. Median frequency (MDF) and mean power frequency (MPF) for VMM and RFM muscles and also CK measurements were performed before, 24h and 48 h after a resistance training session. The resistance training included 6 sets of eccentric leg extensions to exhaustion with 75% of 1RM. Results There was no significant difference between groups for MDF or MPF in VMM and RFM. The difference of CK level between the groups was also not significant. Conclusion The results of this study indicate that glutamine supplementation has no positive effect on muscle injury markers after a resistance training session.