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We compared the effect of the long acting basal insulin analog detemir with neutral protamine Hagedorn (NPH) insulin, and normal saline on recovery from vascular injury (balloon catheter mediated) in an animal model of insulin resistance.Female Zucker fatty rats were administered NPH/detemir/saline for 7 days following which, they underwent balloon catheter mediated injury of left carotid artery, and were continued on the respective regimen for an additional 21 days when they were sacrificed. We evaluated the injured carotid artery for intimal hyperplasia (Intima/Media ratio) and also, aortic arch protein for markers of oxidative stress and inflammation, in addition to expression and phosphorylation of eNOS using well established methods.There was a significant difference in intimal hyperplasia (Intima/Media ratio) between control and detemir treated rats (1.3±0.09, 0.82±0.08; p0.001) whereas the IM ratio in NPH treated rats was not significantly different from saline (1.17±0.1). Expression of p-eNOS (ser-1177) in both NPH and insulin detemir (1.3±0.15, 1.11±0.12) was significantly higher than controls (0.56±0.13; p0.05). We did not find significant differences in the expression of MnSOD, eNOS and NFκB-p65.We conclude that in insulin resistant states, treatment with Insulin detemir but not NPH is associated with less intimal hyperplasia, although both insulins increased eNOS phosphorylation.

Peroxynitrite (PN) worsens pathological conditions associated with oxidative stress. However, beneficial effects have also been reported. PN has been shown to demonstrate vasodilator as well as vasoconstrictor properties that are dependent upon the experimental conditions and the vascular bed studied. PN-induced vascular smooth muscle relaxation may involve the formation of nitric oxide (NO) donors. The present results show that PN has significant vasodilator activity in the pulmonary and systemic vascular beds, and that responses to PN were not attenuated by L-penicillamine (L-PEN), a PN scavenger, whereas responses to sodium nitroprusside (SNP) were decreased. PN had a small inhibitory effect on decreases in arterial pressure in response to the NO donors diethylammonium (Z)-1-(N,N-diethylamino)diazen-1-ium-1,2-diolate (DEA/NO) and S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO). PN partially reversed hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction. PN responses were attenuated by the soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) inhibitor, 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ) and responses to PN and the PN precursor, 3-morpholinosydnonimine (SIN-1), were different. These data show that PN has potent pulmonary vasodilator activity in the rat, and provide evidence that a PN interaction with S-nitrosothiols is not the major mechanism mediating the response. These data suggest that responses to PN are mediated by the activation of sGC, and that PN has a small inhibitory effect on NO responses.

BAY 41-8543 is a nitric oxide (NO)-independent stimulator of soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC). Responses to intravenous injections of BAY 41-8543 were investigated under baseline and elevated tone conditions and when NO synthase (NOS) was inhibited with Nω-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME). Under baseline conditions, intravenous injections of BAY 41-8543 caused small decreases in pulmonary arterial pressure, larger decreases in systemic arterial pressure, and increases in cardiac output. When pulmonary arterial pressure was increased to ∼30 mmHg with an intravenous infusion of U-46619, intravenous injections of BAY 41-8543 produced larger dose-dependent decreases in pulmonary arterial pressure, and the relative decreases in pulmonary and systemic arterial pressure in response to the sGC stimulator were similar. Treatment with l-NAME markedly decreased responses to BAY 41-8543 when pulmonary arterial pressure was increased to similar values (∼30 mmHg) in U-46619-infused and in U-46619-infused plus l-NAME-treated animals. The intravenous injection of a small dose of sodium nitroprusside (SNP) when combined with BAY 41-8543 enhanced pulmonary and systemic vasodilator responses to the sGC stimulator in l-NAME-treated animals. The present results indicate that BAY 41-8543 has similar vasodilator activity in the systemic and pulmonary vascular beds when pulmonary vasoconstrictor tone is increased with U-46619. These results demonstrate that pulmonary and systemic vasodilator responses to BAY 41-8543 are significantly attenuated when NOS is inhibited by l-NAME and show that vasodilator responses to BAY 41-8543 are enhanced when combined with a small dose of SNP in l-NAME-treated animals. The present results are consistent with the concept that pulmonary and systemic vasodilator responses to the sGC stimulator are NO-independent; however, the vasodilator activity of the compound is greatly diminished when endogenous NO production is inhibited with l-NAME. These data show that BAY 41-8543 has similar vasodilator activity in the pulmonary and systemic vascular beds in the rat.

It has been reported that mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH2) catalyzes the formation of glyceryl dinitrate and inorganic nitrite from glyceryl trinitrate (GTN), leading to an increase in cGMP and vasodilation in the coronary and systemic vascular beds. However, the role of nitric oxide (NO) formed from nitrite in mediating the response to GTN in the pulmonary vascular bed is uncertain. The purpose of the present study was to determine if nitrite plays a role in mediating vasodilator responses to GTN. In this study, intravenous injections of GTN and sodium nitrite decreased pulmonary and systemic arterial pressures and increased cardiac output. The decreases in pulmonary arterial pressure under baseline and elevated tone conditions and decreases in systemic arterial pressure in response to GTN and sodium nitrite were attenuated by cyanamide, an ALDH2 inhibitor, whereas responses to the NO donor, sodium nitroprusside (SNP), were not altered. The decreases in pulmonary and systemic arterial pressure in response to GTN and SNP were not altered by allopurinol, an inhibitor of xanthine oxidoreductase, whereas responses to sodium nitrite were attenuated. GTN was ∼1,000-fold more potent than sodium nitrite in decreasing pulmonary and systemic arterial pressures. These results suggest that ALDH2 plays an important role in the bioactivation of GTN and nitrite in the pulmonary and systemic vascular beds and that the reduction of nitrite to vasoactive NO does not play an important role in mediating vasodilator responses to GTN in the intact chest rat.

We studied the effect of a synthetic GLP-1 receptor agonist, exenatide, a drug approved for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, on the recovery from vascular injury in Zucker (non-diabetic) fatty rats. Exenatide 5.0 µg/kg per day or saline was administered for seven days before, and 21 days after balloon catheter mediated carotid injury. A pair feeding experiment helped differentiate between the drug itself and the known effects of the drug on decreased food intake. Body weight and glucose (weekly), carotid artery I/M ratio, aortic protein eNOS and NFκB-p65 were measured. Body weight gain in exenatide rats was significantly lower (53±5 vs. 89±8 g) than controls. Blood glucose did not change significantly. The I/M ratio in the exenatide group was 0.2±0.1 vs. 0.9±0.1 in controls ( p

The small GTP-binding protein Rho and its downstream effector, Rho-kinase, are important regulators of vasoconstrictor tone. Rho-kinase is upregulated in experimental models of pulmonary hypertension, and Rho-kinase inhibitors decrease pulmonary arterial pressure in rodents with monocrotaline and chronic hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension. However, less is known about responses to fasudil when pulmonary vascular resistance is elevated on an acute basis by vasoconstrictor agents and ventilatory hypoxia. In the present study, intravenous injections of fasudil reversed pulmonary hypertensive responses to intravenous infusion of the thromboxane receptor agonist, U-46619 and ventilation with a 10% O2 gas mixture and inhibited pulmonary vasoconstrictor responses to intravenous injections of angiotensin II, BAY K 8644, and U-46619 without prior exposure to agonists, which can upregulate Rho-kinase activity. The calcium channel blocker isradipine and fasudil had similar effects and in small doses had additive effects in blunting vasoconstrictor responses, suggesting parallel and series mechanisms in the lung. When pulmonary vascular resistance was increased with U-46619, fasudil produced similar decreases in pulmonary and systemic arterial pressure, whereas isradipine produced greater decreases in systemic arterial pressure. The hypoxic pressor response was enhanced by 5–10 mg/kg iv nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME), and fasudil or isradipine reversed the pulmonary hypertensive response to hypoxia in control and in l-NAME-treated animals, suggesting that the response is mediated by Rho-kinase and L-type Ca2+ channels. These results suggest that Rho-kinase is constitutively active in regulating baseline tone and vasoconstrictor responses in the lung under physiological conditions and that Rho-kinase inhibition attenuates pulmonary vasoconstrictor responses to agents that act by different mechanisms without prior exposure to the agonist.

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a rare disorder that without treatment is progressive and often fatal within 3 years. The treatment of PH involves the use of a diverse group of drugs and lung transplantation. Although nitrite was once thought to be an inactive metabolite of endothelial-derived nitric oxide (NO), there is increasing evidence that nitrite may be useful in the treatment of PH, but the mechanism by which nitrite exerts its beneficial effect remains uncertain. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of chronic sodium nitrite treatment in a PH model in the rat. Following induction of PH with a single injection of monocrotaline, 60 mg; daily ip injections of sodium nitrite (3 mg/kg) starting on day 14 and continuing for 21 days, resulted in a significantly lower pulmonary arterial pressure on day 35 when compared to values in untreated animals with monocrotaline-induced PH. In monocrotaline-treated rats, daily treatment with ip nitrite injections for 21 days decreased right ventricular mass and pathologic changes in small pulmonary arteries. Nitrite therapy did not change systemic arterial pressure or cardiac output when values were measured on day 35. The decreases in pulmonary arterial pressure in response to iv injections of sodium nitroprusside, sodium nitrite, and BAY 41-8543 were not different in rats with monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension and rats with chronic nitrite therapy when compared to responses in animals in which pulmonary arterial pressure was increased with U46619. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that the mechanisms that convert nitrite to vasoactive NO, activate soluble guanylyl cyclase and mediate the vasodilator response to NO or an NO derivative are not impaired. The present data are consistent with the results of a previous study in monocrotaline-induced PH in which systemic arterial pressure and cardiac output were not evaluated and are consistent with the hypothesis that nitrite is effective in the treatment of monocrotaline-induced PH in the rodent.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Imatinib mesylate (IM, Gleevec, Novartis, Basel, Switzerland) is a tyrosine kinase (TK) inhibitor, including Bcr-Abl related gene, stem-cell factor, and PDGF-receptors. IM competes with adenosine 5‘-phosphate (ATP) at TK active sites. However, TK inhibition on penile function is undetermined. We investigated the underlying mechanism of effect of IM on erectile function in the rat. METHODS: Both crura of Sprague–Dawley rats (250–350 g) were prepared to record intracavernosal pressure (ICP). Mean ICP and corresponding mean arterial pressure (MAP) were measured as an index of erectile function (ICP/MAP) after intracavernosal injection of IM. In organ bath studies IM activity was characterized using rat penile CC attached to a tension-recording device. After precontraction with phenylephrine (10 M), dose-response curves were performed for IM (0.01 M -100 M) in the presence of various inhibitors. RESULTS: Intracavernosal IM administration significantly increased ICP (from 17.42 1.72 to 67.21 5.30 mmHg, p 0.001). ICP/MAP value was 0.65 0.04 compared to 0.19 0.02 (basal value, p 0.0009). It evoked robust CC relaxation response (maximum response: 88%) relative to concentration. IM’s long-lasting relaxation response was not attenuated by (a) nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor L-NAME (100 M); (b) soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) inhibitor, ODQ, (10 M); (c) P2Y receptor agonist, ATP (100 M); (d) P2Y receptor antagonist–reactive blue-2 (100 M). CONCLUSIONS: IM in vivo induces increased penile tone and prolonged relaxation of CC in vitro. This does not occur via NO sGC signaling or involve the TK ATP binding site. Since several protein kinase signaling cascades are located downstream in the CC, IM may enhance erectile function by recruiting these alternative TK pathways.

4-({(4-Carboxybutyl)[2-(5-fluoro-2-{[4′-(trifluoromethyl)biphenyl-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)ethyl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid (BAY 60–2770) is a nitric oxide (NO)-independent activator of soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) that increases the catalytic activity of the heme-oxidized or heme-free form of the enzyme. In this study, responses to intravenous injections of the sGC activator BAY 60–2770 were investigated under baseline and elevated tone conditions induced by the thromboxane mimic U-46619 when NO synthesis was inhibited by Nω-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride (l-NAME), when sGC activity was inhibited by 1H-[1,2,4]-oxadizaolo[4,3]quinoxaline-1-one (ODQ), an agent that oxidizes sGC, and in animals with monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension. The intravenous injections of BAY 60–2770 under baseline conditions caused small decreases in pulmonary arterial pressure, larger decreases in systemic arterial pressure, and no change or small increases in cardiac output. Under elevated tone conditions during infusion of U-46619, intravenous injections of BAY 60–2770 caused larger decreases in pulmonary arterial pressure, smaller decreases in systemic arterial pressure, and increases in cardiac output. Pulmonary vasodilator responses to BAY 60–2770 were enhanced by l-NAME or by ODQ in a dose that attenuated responses to the NO donor sodium nitroprusside. ODQ had no significant effect on baseline pressures and attenuated pulmonary and systemic vasodilator responses to the sGC stimulator BAY 41–8543 2-{1-[2-(fluorophenyl)methyl]-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridin-3-yl}-5(4-morpholinyl)-4,6-pyrimidinediamine. BAY 60–2770 and sodium nitroprusside decreased pulmonary and systemic arterial pressures in monocrotaline-treated rats in a nonselective manner. The present data show that BAY 60–2770 has vasodilator activity in the pulmonary and systemic vascular beds that is enhanced by ODQ and NOS inhibition, suggesting that the heme-oxidized form of sGC can be activated in vivo in an NO-independent manner to promote vasodilation . These results show that BAY 60–2770 and sodium nitroprusside decreased pulmonary and systemic arterial pressures in monocrotaline-treated rats, suggesting that BAY 60–2770 does not have selective pulmonary vasodilator activity in animals with monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension.

OBJECTIVE Salsalate is a dimeric form of salicylic acid that has been shown to have anti-inflammatory activity and to reduce glucose levels, insulin resistance, and cytokine expression. However, the effect of salsalate on vascular injury has not been determined. The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of salsalate on vascular injury and repair in a rat model of carotid artery balloon catheter injury. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Salsalate treatment was started in female Zucker fatty rats (insulin resistant) 1 week before carotid artery balloon catheter injury and continued for 21 days, at which time the animals were killed and studied. RESULTS Treatment with salsalate significantly decreased the intima-to-media ratio and upregulated the expression of aortic endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), phosphorylated eNOS (p-eNOS) (ser 1177), and manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) and reduced serum interleukin (IL)-6 with concomitant downregulation of nuclear factor (NF) κB subunit p65 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression in the balloon-injured carotid artery of female Zucker fatty rats. CONCLUSIONS The present study shows that salsalate treatment decreases vascular damage caused by balloon catheter injury in female Zucker fatty rats. The beneficial effect of salsalate on vascular injury was associated with upregulation of eNOS, p-eNOS, and MnSOD, which reduce oxidative stress and have anti-inflammatory properties, as evidenced by reduction in serum IL-6 and the downregulation of VEGF and NFκB, which promote inflammation without changing glucose levels. These results suggest that salsalate may be useful in reducing vascular injury and restenosis following interventional revascularization procedures.

It has been reported that sodium nitrite (NaNO2) can act as a storage form of nitric oxide (NO) that can have beneficial pharmacologic actions. The present study was undertaken to investigate the effects of NaNO2 on erectile function in the rat. The intracavernosal (i.c.) injection of NaNO2 produced dose-related increases in i.c. pressure and decreases in systemic arterial pressure. NaNO2 was 1000-fold less potent than sodium nitroprusside in increasing i.c. pressure. Increases in i.c. pressure in response to NaNO2 were attenuated by the nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor N-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME). The increases in i.c. pressure in response to NaNO2 were not altered by the xanthine oxidoreductase inhibitor allopurinol. The decreases in systemic arterial pressure in response to i.c. injections of NaNO2 were attenuated by allopurinol and were either unchanged or increased by l-NAME. These data suggest that NaNO2 is converted to vasoactive NO in the corpora cavernosum and systemic vascular bed of the rat by different mechanisms. The present data suggest that the conversion of NaNO2 to vasoactive NO is mediated by NOS in the corpora cavernosum and by xanthine oxidoreductase in the systemic vascular bed of the rat. These data show NaNO2 can serve as a NO donor that increases erectile activity in the rat.

The small GTP-binding protein and its downstream effector Rho kinase play an important role in the regulation of vasoconstrictor tone. Rho kinase activation maintains increased pulmonary vascular tone and mediates the vasoconstrictor response to nitric oxide (NO) synthesis inhibition in chronically hypoxic rats and in the ovine fetal lung. However, the role of Rho kinase in mediating pulmonary vasoconstriction after NO synthesis inhibition has not been examined in the intact rat. To address this question, cardiovascular responses to the Rho kinase inhibitor fasudil were studied at baseline and after administration of an NO synthesis inhibitor. In the intact rat, intravenous injections of fasudil cause dose-dependent decreases in systemic arterial pressure, small decreases in pulmonary arterial pressure, and increases in cardiac output. l-NAME caused a significant increase in pulmonary and systemic arterial pressures and a decrease in cardiac output. The intravenous injections of fasudil after l-NAME caused dose-dependent decreases in pulmonary and systemic arterial pressure and increases in cardiac output, and the percent decreases in pulmonary arterial pressure in response to the lower doses of fasudil were greater than decreases in systemic arterial pressure. The Ca++ entry blocker isradipine also decreased pulmonary and systemic arterial pressure in l-NAME-treated rats. Infusion of sodium nitroprusside restored pulmonary arterial pressure to baseline values after administration of l-NAME. These data provide evidence in support of the hypothesis that increases in pulmonary and systemic vascular resistance following l-NAME treatment are mediated by Rho kinase and Ca++ entry through L-type channels, and that responses to l-NAME can be reversed by an NO donor.