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Antiseptic and disinfectants are used very frequently in all health institutions, including hospital and veterinary application areas, in the home environment and food production industry, to prevent infections and contaminations. At present, the quaternary ammonium compounds, benzalkonium chloride and chlorhexidine digluconate is one of the divalent cations most commonly used chemicals such as antiseptics and disinfectants. However, the widespread use of biocides has brought about the emergence of bacteria resistant to antiseptics/disinfectants. It is known that bacteria develop resistance mechanisms against antibiotics as well as disinfectants. Epidemiological data on antiseptic susceptibility and distribution of resistance genes are very important for nosocomial infections. Some species, including the species belong to genus Staphylococcus, cause foodborne poisoning and various clinical infections such as skin and soft tissue and surgical site infections, endocarditis, mastitis, pneumonia and bacteremia in humans and animals. Staphylococcus strains can contain plasmid-derived qacA/B and qacC genes that provide resistance to quaternary ammonium compounds (QAC). In this study, the presence of antiseptic resistance genes (qacA/B and qacC) in 90 Staphylococcus spp. strains isolated from chicken carcass, bovine tank milk, various cheeses and bovine clinical mastitis samples were determined by simplex polymerase chain reaction. QacA/B was found in %18.8 and qacC in %2.2 of the studied isolates. Of antiseptic resistance genes, qacA/B was detected in cheese and bovine clinical mastitis samples, and qacC in chicken carcass.

Objective The antimicrobial resistance of staphylococci rose worldwide. In total, 96 Staphylococcus isolates from food and clinical samples were collected from two provinces in Algeria. The antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed and resistance-associated genes were detected. Results Fifty-one strains were isolated from food samples and differentiated into 33 Staphylococcus aureus and 18 coagulase-negative staphylococci. Forty-five staphylococci were collected from hospital and community-acquired infection cases. All S. aureus isolated from food were resistant to penicillin and 45.5% were resistant to tetracycline. The resistance rates of 45 clinical Staphylococcus isolates were 86.7%, 48.9%, 37.8% and 20.0% to penicillin, tetracycline, erythromycin and kanamycin, respectively. Nine isolates were confirmed as MRSA from food and clinical isolates. One S. aureus originated from food was confirmed as vancomycin-resistant. Multidrug-resistance was observed among 25.5% and 53.3% of food and clinical staphylococci, respectively. The tetM/K, blaZ, aacA-aphD, ermC and mecA genes were detected in food and clinical isolates. ermA gene was not found. This study provided insight into the status of antimicrobial resistance of staphylococci isolated from food and clinical samples in Algeria. Further investigations and surveillance programmes are mandatory.

Multiresistant and especially Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) poses a serious public health problem that requires their immediate identification and antibiotic resistance characteristics. In order to determine antibiotic resistance S. aureus poultry and bovine origin, 8840 samples were collected from slaughterhouses in the northern region of Algeria between years 2009 and 2014. 8375 samples were from an avian origin (1875 from laying hens and 6500 from broiler chickens) and the rest was from bovine origin. Bacteriological isolation and identification were made by classical culture method and antibiotic resistance patterns were determined by disc diffusion test. The prevalence of S. aureus was 42% in laying hens, 12% in broilers, and 55% in bovine samples. The prevalence of MRSA was 57%, 50%, and 31% in laying hens, broiler chickens, and bovine, respectively. While MRSA strains isolated from poultry showed cross-resistance to aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones, macrolides, sulphonamides, and cyclins, those isolated from bovine also revealed similar multiresistance except for sulphonamide. This high percentage of methicillin resistance and multidrug resistance in S. aureus poultry and bovine origin may have importance for human health and curing of human infections.

Antibiotic resistance is being constantly developed worldwide. Coagulase Negative Staphylococci (CNS) and Staphylococcus aureus are common causes of bovine subclinical mastitis. Bioactive compound of medicinal plants shows anti-microbial, anti-mutagenic and anti-oxidant effects. The anti-bacterial and anti-oxidant activities of Liquidambar orientalis (L. orientalis) extracts on subclinical mastitis causing bacteria in cows have not been reported to date. The aim of the present study was to examine anti-bacterial and anti-oxidant effects of L. orientalis leaf extracts on S. aureus and CNS isolated from cows with subclinical mastitis symptoms. In this study, 3.2 mg/mL minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of ethanol extracts of L. orientalis has shown to be a most potent anti-bacterial and anti-oxidant for all isolated bacterial species from mastitis cows. In this study, it was investigated anti-bacterial and anti-oxidant potentials of acetone, methanol and ethanol extracts of the L. orientalis. The acetone extract showed maximum inhibition zone against S. aureus numbered 17 (12 mm). In addition to anti-bacterial properties, anti-oxidant activity of L. orientalis extract was examined by ABTS [2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid)] free radical assay. Trolox was used as a positive control anti-oxidant. Ethanol extract exhibited a strong anti-oxidant activity like Trolox anti-oxidant which was effective at 2.58 mM concentration. Bioactive compounds of sweet gum may be useful to screening mastitis causing bacteria for clinical applications.

The purpose of this study was the determination of antiseptic resistance genes (qacA/B and qacC) from staphylococcal mastitis in cattle in various regions of Turkey. In total, 283 isolates (Burdur: 36, Hatay: 47 and Van: 200) were studied, and the antiseptic resistance genes were detected using simplex PCR. The distribution of the qacA/B and qacC genes, mediating resistance against quaternary ammonium compounds, was found to vary among the different isolates. The qacA/B genes were found in three of the Burdur isolates, six of the Hatay isolates and seven of the Van isolates. The qacC gene was found in two of the Burdur isolates, none of the Hatay isolates and two of the Van isolates. The presence of these genes and transmission among Staphylococcus spp. strains may pose risks in the control of mastitis, as well as to public health.

This study is aimed to determine the prevalence of staphylococcus aureus (S.aureus) by biochemical tests in poultry carcasses. It is also intend to detect the distribution of genes for classical staphylococcal enterotoxins A, B, C, D and E (sea, seb, sec, sed and see) and for gene femA, specific for S.aureus species, using multiplex PCR. A total of 385 samples of neck skins from fresh poultry carcasses were collected during the period 2012-2013 from 16 different slaughterhouses located in the region of Algiers, Algeria. The overall prevalence of S.aureus in freshly slaughtered poultry carcasses was 41.56%, with an individual prevalence of 40.63% and 45.71% for chicken and turkey respectively. From the 95 strains of S.aureus identified by biochemical tests, 82 (86.32%) isolates were femA positive using multiplex PCR. The investigation has also revealed the presence of both enterotoxins B and D, with a predominance of seb (13.33%) followed by sed (1.67%), in the chicken carcasses while in turkey only sed was detected (4.55%) It has been found that strains of S.aureus of poultry origin can be enterotoxigenic with the predominance of genes encoding for enterotoxins seb in chicken and sed in turkey. As enterotoxins can be produced in adequate amounts to induce foodborne illnesses, these potential dangers must be considered in terms of a real risk to public health.

The objective of this study was to collect rectal swabs from the cattle in a slaughterhouse located in Hatay (Turkey) immediately after slaughter for the isolation and characterization of verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli O157 in each month during a 1-year period. The rectal swab samples were analyzed for the isolation of E. coli O157 through pre-enrichment, immunomagnetic separation and selective plating on CT-SMAC agar. E. coli O157 was isolated from 77 (13.6%) of the samples. The presence of E. coli O157 changed during a 1-year period, in that the occurrence of E. coli O157 was the highest in July and November and lowest in February. A total of 66 isolates out of 77 were serotype O157:H7 and 11 were serotype O157:NM. PCR analysis of E. coli O157 virulence genes revealed that all O157:H7/NM were positive for rbf(O157), 74 positive for EhlyA, 72 positive for eaeA, 62 positive for vtx2, and 3 positive for both vtx1 and vtx2. It was presented by cytotoxicity tests that many of E. coli O157 isolates showed high cytotoxicity on Vero cells. All of the isolates containing EhlyA showed enterohaemolysin production.

Staphylococcus aureus is considered as one of the most important and common pathogens of bovine mastitis. Polymerase Chain Reaction is frequently proposed in the diagnosis of S. aureus directly from milk samples instead of classical culture. However, false-negative results may occur in the polymerase chain reaction analysis performed directly from clinical material. For the purpose of disclosing the false negative results, the use of internal amplification controls can be beneficial. Therefore, in this study a new polymerase chain reaction technique with host specific internal amplification control was developed by optimizing S. aureus-specific primers in combination with bovine specific primers. The effectiveness of the developed technique in this study was attempted in milk samples from bovine subclinical mastitis. This technique has the potential to detect S. aureus from bovine milk samples or dairy products.

In this study, development of a multiplex-PCR (m-PCR) assay for identification of Salmonellosis and Psittacosis in caged birds was aimed. DNAs extracted from Salmonella spp. strains from the collection of our department and Salmonella spp. isolates from caged birds in addition to the extracted DNA samples belong to two different Chlamydophila psittaci clinical strains (strain 6BC and a strain isolated from a parakeet), constituted the material of the study. A m-PCR assay was developed which use iroBF and iroBR primers to specifically amplify 606 bp sequence of iroB gene of Salmonella spp. DNA in the same reaction mix and with the same conditions, CpsiA and CpsiB primers were used to amplify 300 bp sequence of pmp gene of C. psittaci. The specificity and the sensitivity of the assay were determined by using positive controls (Salmonella and Chlamydia DNA samples). We believe that the newly developed m-PCR assay is a fast, reliable and an economic assay, which has the potential for direct identification of Salmonella spp. and C. psittaci from the clinical samples, Bu çalışmada, Salmonellosis ve Psittacosis’in tanısında kullanılmak üzere bir multipleks-polimeraz zincir reaksiyonu (m-PZR) tekniği geliştirilmesi amaçlandı. Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Mikrobiyoloji Anabilim Dalı suş koleksiyonunda yer alan Salmonella suşları, kafes kuşu orijinli Salmonella izolatları ve bunlardan izole edilen DNA örnekleri dışında yurt dışından sağlanan ve iki farklı Chlamydophila psittaci klinik suşundan izole edilmiş DNA örnekleri çalışma materyalini oluşturdu. Çalışmada, Salmonella türlerinde iroB genini kodlayan sekansın 606 bp’lik porsiyonunu spesifik olarak amplifiye eden iroBF ve iroBR primer çifti ile Chlamydophila psittaci’nin pmp genlerinin 300 bp’lik sekansını amplifiye eden CpsiA ve CpsiB primer çiftinin aynı reaksiyon karışımı ve şartlarında çalışacağı bir m-PZR tekniği geliştirildi. Pozitif kontrol Chlamydophila psittaci DNA’larının dışında, kendi laboratuvar izolatları ve suşlarından izole edilen DNA örnekleri kullanılarak tekniğin spesifite ve sensitivitesi de belirlendi. Sonuç olarak, klinik materyallerden direkt tanı potansiyeli de bulunan tekniğin kafes kuşlarında Salmonella spp. ve C. psittaci’nin tanısında hızlı, güvenilir ve ekonomik bir teknik olduğu düşünülmektedir