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У статті надано аналіз світової епідеміологічної статистики з проблеми черепно-мозкової травми (ЧМТ). Згідно з літературними даними, показники поширеності ЧМТ в світі становлять від 83 до 580 на 100 тис. населення на рік; показники смертності населення від ЧМТ — від 6,3 до 40,8 на 100 тис. населення на рік, причому ці показники залежать від якості статистичної вибірки. Проведено аналіз епідеміологічних показників, що характеризують ЧМТ в Республіці Білорусь, і дана оцінка їх динаміці за останні 5 років. Поширеність ЧМТ знизилася з 247,3 в 2011 р. до 201,4 в 2013 р., потім підвищилася до 239,6 в 2015 р. Смертність населення мала стійку тенденцію до зниження з 20,2 в 2011 р. до 10,4 в 2015 р. При цьому відзначено зниження догоспитальної летальності з 69,5 % у 2011 р. до 37,7 % у 2015 р. Загальнодержавні й галузеві (охорона здоров’я) заходи щодо поліпшення якості надання медичної допомоги пацієнтам з ЧМТ забезпечили суттєве покращення результатів: зниження смертності населення від ЧМТ на 48,5 %, зниження летальності при ЧМТ серед постраждалих на 47,6 %. Було доведено, що включення в комплексну терапію препаратів цитиколін, гемодеріват і L-лізину есцинат значно покращує виживаність пацієнтів із тяжкою ЧМТ.

Relevance. The problem of effective prevention and treatment of traumatic brain injuries (TBI) of various etiologies has not been resolved in all countries of the world. Primary brain damage from trauma initiates secondary damage to the nervous tissue. As a result, the interaction of brain neural networks is disrupted and the control of somatic and visceral functions of the body is weakened. The article is based on our own clinical observations and comparison of results with literature data and provides a discussion of the prospects for the use of cell technologies in the prevention of fatal disorders of vital functions control in traumatic brain injuries. Objective. To evaluate the effectiveness of intranasal perineural implantation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in the complex therapy of patients with TBI. Materials and methods. The technique intranasal perineural administration of MSCs was used in complex therapy of 15 patients with severe TBI. The patients were 19÷69 years old, 13 men and two women. A cell suspension was isolated from the adipose tissue of the patient's abdominal wall and centrifuged for 10 min at 1500 rpm. The cell pellet was washed in phosphate buffered saline and DMEM. Cells were cultured in plastic culture flasks in a humidified atmosphere with 5% CO2 content. The cell mass was trypsinized according to standard technique and resuspended in physiological saline on the day of implantation. Dynamics of culture growth, pluripotency, phenotyping of MSCs were monitored. MSCs were injected under general anesthesia into the submucosa of the nasal cavity 3-4 times with an interval of 3-7 days, depending on the growth rate of MSCs, in a single dose from 12.0×106 to 35.0×106 cells. Results. The use of allogeneic and predominantly autologous MSCs of adipose tissue in the complex treatment of patients with severe TBI by intranasal perineural delivery to the area of traumatic brain injury does not cause complications and is a safe technique. 8 patients with severe TBI showed from 4 to 7 points according to the Glasgow Outcome Scale Extended, with an average of 5.4±1.1 points after 6 months. The main result is that complex therapy, including intranasal implantation of MSCs in acute and subacute periods of severe TBI, contributes to the survival of patients and restoration of neurological – including cognitive – functions control. Conclusions. The effectiveness of intranasal perineural implantation of MSCs in the complex therapy of patients with TBI has been demonstrated. The mechanisms of the beneficial effects of perineural implantation of MSCs in patients with TBI require further research.

Healthcare-associated meningitis and ventriculitis are a common problem of modern public health, which are characterized by diverse etiological spectrum of multidrug resistant microorganisms, presented by difficulties for early diagnosis and adequate treatment, and are often accompanied by a high risk of secondary complications and an unfavorable outcome. This article presents the clinical guidelines of the American Society of Infectious Diseases (IDSA) for the diagnosis and treatment of healthcare-associated meningitis and ventriculitis published in 2017 and may be useful for professionals working with this category of patients.

Cross-sectional study was conducted from December, 2008 to April, 2009 to determine the sero prevalence of foot and mouth disease (FMD) virus in West and South West Shoa zones of Oromia regional state, central Ethiopia. The samples were processed with the 3 ABC ELISA kits that can able to identify natural infected animal from vaccinated animals. From the total sera of 421 tested, the overall sero prevalence of FMD in cattle was 15.0% (63/421). The prevalence rate was higher (22%) in the South west shoa zone than West shoa zone (5.6%). The difference was statistically significant (ρ 0.05). The sero prevalence of FMD was found higher in mid highland (16.8%) than highland attitude (6.7%) which was statistically significant (ρ

Aims: This study was designed to assess knowledge, attitude and practices of adverse drug reaction reporting among healthcare professionals in Hiwot Fana Specialized University Hospital (HFSUH). Method: Hospital based descriptive cross sectional study was conducted on healthcare professionals of HFSUH. Based on purposive sampling technique, all eligible healthcare professionals (nurses, physicians and pharmacists) were involved in the study. A pretested self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data. Data were coded, entered and analyzed using SPSS version 16. The test of association of selected categorical variables were done using cross tabulation and Pearson Chi-square test. Result: Our study indicated that about 297 participants provided their response to the distributed questionnaires which makes the response rate 91.4%. Of the total healthcare professionals involved in the study, 99 (33.6%) of them were able to understand the difference between adverse drug reaction (ADR) and side effects, of which pharmacists were significantly reported (95.24%, P

Ixodid ticks are common and a major obstacle to development and utilization of animal resource in tropical countries like Ethiopia. Ethiopia shares long international frontiers with adjacent countries, tick dynamics and influx of ticks across the border are major obstacles of tick control and management. Thus, border-oriented epidemiological surveys are of paramount importance to identify a potential port of cross border diseases, particularly ticks and to formulate complimentary bilateral policies. The current study was therefore, designed with the objectives to assess prevalence, abundance and to identify genera and species of major ixodid tick of cattle circulating at Ethio-Kenyan border. A cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2016 to January 2017 in purposively selected four Pastoral Associations of Dillo district, Southern Ethiopia. A total of 7524 adult ticks were randomly collected from 384 cattle and examined with a stereomicroscope. Logistic regression was used to determine the association of risk factors with positivity for Ixodid ticks. The study revealed an overall prevalence of 98.2% of Ixodid ticks of cattle. Three genera of ticks, Rhipicephalus (including the subgenus Boophilus), Amblyomma and Hyalomma and seven species of ticks were identified and found to be abundant with overall mean burdens of 40 ticks/head. The association of age and body condition of animals to tick infestation were statistically significant but there was no significant association between sex and tick infestation (OR=3, P=0.007). Animals in poor body condition were twice more likely to be infested with tick than animals with good body condition (OR=2, P=0.031) and animals with medium body condition were also found more prone to tick infestation than animals in good body condition (OR=1.7, P=0.043). Ixodid ticks that were less abundant in most parts of the country were encountered as well adapted and widely distributed in this area. Uncontrolled animal movement across the border may play a great role in high density and diversification of tick in Dillo district. Therefore, collaborative nationwide studies was done to have the country-wide distribution figures and to identify a potential port of cross border diseases particularly ticks and to formulate complimentary bilateral policies for prevention and control of ticks. Key words: Ixodid, tick, cattle, Dillo, Borena, cross border disease.

Experiments were performed on 28 sexually mature Wistar rats divided into two equal groups. Rats were fixed in stereotactic apparatus and received 2.8×105 C6 glioma cells in 20 μl of F10 medium locally into frontal region of brain under ketamine-xylazine-acepromazine anesthesia. One group of rats (n=14) was implanted with 40×104 MSCs in 40 μl of low glucose DMEM medium into submucosa of nasal cavity. Further, only rats from this group received 40×104 mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) intranasally in the form of a spray on a weekly basis. All 14 rats from the second group died within two months. Rats with implanted MSCs started to die in two and a half months. Two rats lived up to 8.5 months. One of these rats was decapitated, brain slices stained with hematoxylin-eosin and Nissl – and no tumor cells were found. A connective tissue scar was found at the site of injection.

Hypothesis on reality of perineural migration of stem cells (SCs) along vagus nerve fibers to injured heart and brain stem regions was experimentally verified on ten Wistar rats.

Multiple studies of hepatitis B virus (HBV) genetic variability and its relationship with the disease pathogenesis are currently ongoing, stemming from growing evidence of the clinical significance of HBV mutations. It is becoming increasingly evident that patients with hematologic malignancies may be particularly prone to a higher frequency of such mutations. The present report is the first extensive study of the prevalence of escape mutations in S-HBsAg, performed using isolates from 59 patients from hospital hematology departments with diagnoses of leukemia (n = 32), lymphoma (n = 20), multiple myeloma (n = 3), and non-tumor blood diseases (n = 4). The isolates were serologically examined for the presence of HBV markers and sequenced using either next-generation sequencing (NGS) or Sanger sequencing. Occult hepatitis B was found in 5.1% of cases. Genetic analysis of the region corresponding to S-HBsAg demonstrated an exceptionally high mutation frequency in patients with leukemias (93.4%) and lymphomas (85.0%), along with the prominent mutation heterogeneity. Additionally, more than 15 mutations in one sample were found in patients with leukemias (6.3% of cases) and lymphomas (5.0% of cases). Most of the mutations were clinically significant. The study analyzes the mutation profile of HBV in different oncohematological diseases and the frequency of individual mutations. The data strongly suggest that the NGS method, capable of detecting minor populations of HBV mutations, provides a diagnostic advantage, lays the foundation for the development of screening methods, and allows for the study of the virological and pathogenetic aspects of hepatitis B.

Etiopathogenesis of Heterotopic ossification or paraosteoarthropathy is unknown, all speculations remain open. Epilepsy and anti-epileptic drugs have never been mentioned as a risk factor...

Objective. To characterize diabetic nephropathy and cognitive function in patients with arterial hypertension (AH) and diabetes mellitus (DM) type 1, complicated by orthostatic hypotension (OH), and to assess the benefits of venoprotector therapy for the correction of dyscirculatory encephalopathy (DE) and diabetic nephropathy (DN). Design and methods. Sixty patients with AH, DM type 1 and OH were included in the study. Schellongs' orthostatic probe, microalbuminuria (MAU) screening with «Micral-Test-11», Mini Mental State examination (MMSE) test, 10 words memo probe, Spielberg test, Beck questionnaire were used. Antihypertensive therapy included «Enalapril» («Hemofarm», Serbia), venoprotective therapy - with «Detralex» («Servier», France). Results. Adequate antihypertensive therapy in patients with DM type 1 in combination with AH and OH leads to aggravation of postural hypertension symptoms. Blood pressure decrease in orthostatic probe and cognitive disorders are associated (r = 0,56, p = 0,009). Use of active orthostatic probe (AOP) leads to the increase of MAU. Venotonic therapy attenuates the symptoms of postural hypotension, leads to the decrease of MAU in AOP and improves cognitive function.

A cross-sectional study on the prevalence of ovine fasciolosis was conducted in Jima Rare District from January 2013 to June 2014. A total of 384 faecal samples were randomly collected directly from the rectum of individual animals. Parasitological investigation was performed using sedimentation technique. From a total of 384 coprologically examined sheep 214 animals were found positive for fasciolosis with an overall prevalence of 55.7%. Gemeda, Shumbo, kalo Guracha, Burka Hobo and Bekela Erer Peasant Associations (PAs) accounted for 47.36%, 50.6%, 64.47%, 58.97% and 57.14% respectively. The difference in the prevalence in the five PAs was not statistically significant (p>0.05). The prevalence of ovine fasciolosis was computed for the different age, sex and body condition categories. The prevalence rate of fasciolosis in young sheep 50.8% was less than in adults sheep 59.8% and the difference were not statistically significant (P>0.05). The prevalence of fasciolosis in two sex groups in the present study was 55.89%, 55.5% in female and male respectively. The difference in the prevalence was not significantly significant (p>0.05) .On the other hand in present study area the prevalence of fasciolosis was found to be higher in sheep with poor body condition than those with medium and good body condition ones with an overall prevalence of 67.8%, 51.8% and 43.68% respectively. There is no statically deference (p>0.05) between three types of BCS. It was concluded that ovine fasciolosis was prevalent, thus causing major economic loss in the study area. Hence, control strategies targeted on the parasite and the intermediate hosts as well as implementation of appropriate grazing management in the study area are warranted.

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) makes up as many as 30% of all primary brain tumors. Despite the employment of multimodal antitumor treatment, the overall survival is less than one year. Between 06/01/1998 and 06/01/2000 17 patients (Group A) with GBM (11 males, 6 females; median age 54.3 years) were administered local chemotherapy with cisplatin incorporated into biodegradable 6-carboxylcellulose polymer (cisplatin-depot (CDDP-D)). After the subtotal removal of GBM, twenty 1.5 x 1.5 cm polymer plates with a total area of 45 cm2 (the density of cisplatin immobilization on 6-carboxylcellulose being 1 mg/cm2, a total cisplatin dose of 45 mg) were implanted into the tumor bed. Group B (21 patients with GBM; 11 males, 10 females; median age 53.2 years) was control: the subtotal tumor ablation without CDDP-D implantation. Two to three weeks after the surgery all the patients of Groups A and B started a course of radiation therapy. A total dose of cranial irradiation was 20 Gy (1 fraction/day, 5 days/week; a daily dose of 2 Gy) followed by a boost tumor bed irradiation (1 fraction/day, 5 days/week; a daily dose of 2 Gy) up to the conventional dose of 60 Gy. Survival data for the patients were processed using the Kaplan-Meier method and analyzed by logrank test. All the patients of Group A tolerated surgical ablation of the brain tumor without side effects (brain edema, seizures, etc.). No patient of Group A had a reduction in blood cell counts during six weeks that would indicate systemic exposure to cisplatin. Blood chemistry and urinalysis did not show evidence of renal injury. No side effects of radiotherapy were registered in Group B either, regarding both the psychoneurological status of the patients and the basic values of homeostasis. Karnofsky performance scale (KPS) score of Group A and Group B patients demonstrated no significant differences before and after the surgery. The median overall survivals for patients of Group A and Group B were 427.5 and 211.0 days respectively (p = 0.00001; overall logrank test). Conclusion. Local chemotherapy of GBM with CDDP-D followed by irradiation is well tolerated and effective.

Zoonoses are diseases and infections that are naturally transmitted between vertebrate animals and humans. The organisms causing zoonoses include viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa and other parasites, with both domestic and wild animals acting as reservoirs for the pathogens. Zoonoses comprise interaction between at least three species: one pathogen and two host species (animals and humans). They can be transmitted directly by contact with infected animals (e.g. rabies, through bite), via contaminated environment (e.g., anthrax) and via food (e.g., campylobacteriosis) or indirectly via vectors, such as mosquitoes or ticks (e.g., West Nile fever and Lyme disease, respectively).There are many factors influencing the zoonoses diseases. The convergence model organizes the potential factors into a series of broad domains that include: socioeconomic and biological factors; ecological and environmental factors; and the interface of domestic animals, wildlife, and human factors. Zoonoses have affected human health throughout times, and wildlife and domestic animals have always played a role for the transmission of the disease which is public health threats worldwide. So success in the preventing and controlling of major zoonoses depend on the capability to mobilize resources in different sectors and on coordination and intersectoral approaches, especially, between national (or international) veterinary and public health services.