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Graphical abstract, Highlights • Diabetes is both clinically as well as genetically multifaceted group of disorders characterized by high blood glucose level. • Hyperglycemic condition arises due to shortage of insulin secretion or resistance developed by the cells of body against the insulin binding on its membrane receptors, or it may be the combination of both. • Present study was designed to explore therapeutic efficacy of exogenous supplementation of melatonin and insulin against the diabetes induced alterations in hematological variables. • Combined administration of melatonin and insulin significantly restored the altered hematological variables towards the normal range., The aim of the present was to ameliorate the protective effect of exogenous melatonin and insulin against the diabetes induced alterations in the different hematological variables. Albino rats were administrated streptozotocin at the dose of 15 mg/kg for 6 days. Total 54 rats were randomly selected for the experimental purpose and were divided into two major groups. Group-1 consisting twenty four (24) and were further sub-divided into four (4) different groups viz. group-I served as normal control, group-II served as melatonin treated, group-III served as insulin treated and group-IV served as glibenclamide treated. Group-2 consisting thirty (30) rats were given streptozotocin (STZ) injection (15 mg/kg) for 6 days. After confirmation of diabetes by measuring blood glucose level, animals having blood glucose level above 250 mg/dl) confirmed as diabetic. Thirty (30) Diabetic rats were further subdivided into following sub-groups and were given different therapeutic treatments, Viz group-I served as Diabetic control, group-II treated with melatonin, group-III treated with insulin, group-IV given treatment of melatonin and insulin and group-V were given treatment of glibenclamide respectively. Diabetic rats showed modulation in all the studied hematological variables. Diabetic rats displayed significant decline in RBCs count, HB level and its associated indices (HCT, RDW, MCV, MCH, MCHC), WBCs and its related indices (polymorphs and lymphocytes) and platelet distribution width (PDW %) whereas platelet count showed significant increase. Nonetheless alone as well as combined treatment of exogenous melatonin and insulin restored all altered hematological parameters. However, significant recovery was found in the group in which combined dose of melatonin and insulin was administrated. Therefore, it might be concluded that combined administration of melatonin and insulin will be better remedy to normalize the altered blood profile during the diabetic condition.

Fil: Hajam, Younis Ahmad. Universidad Central Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya. Departamento de Zoología; India Fil: Hajam, Younis Ahmad. Universidad Career Point. Departamento de Biociencias. División de Zoología; India Fil: Rai, Seema. Universidad Central Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya. Departamento de Zoología; India Fil: Pandi-Perumal Seithikurippu R. Somnogen Canada Inc.; Canadá Fil: Brown, Gregory M. Univeridad de Toronto. Centro para la Adicción y la Salud Mental. Ciencias Moleculares del Cerebro; Canadá Fil: Pandi Perumal, Seithikurippu R. Universidad Saveetha. Instituto Saveetha de Medicina y Ciencias Médicas. Hospital Universitario Saveetha; India Fil: Reiter, R. Universidad de Texas. Departamento de Sistemas Celulares y Anatomía; Estados Unidos Fil: Cardinali, Daniel Pedro. Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina. Facultad de Ciencias Médicas. Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas; Argentina Abstract: Introduction: The present study was designed to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of melatonin and insulin coadministration in diabetes-induced renal injury in rats. Research Design and Methods: Diabetes was achieved by giving streptozotocin (15 mg/kg) for 6 consecutive days. The diabetic condition was confirmed by assessing the blood glucose level; animals having blood glucose levels above 250 mg were considered as diabetic. Following the confirmation, animals were randomly divided into different experimental groups, viz group I served as the control (CON), group II diabetic (D), group III D+melatonin (MEL), group IV D+insulin (INS), group V D+MEL+INS, group VI D+glibenclamide (GB), group VII CON+MEL, group VIII CON+INS, and group IX CON+GB. Following the completion of the experimental period, animals were sacrificed, blood was collected via a retro-orbital puncture, and kidneys were harvested. Diabetic rats exhibited a significant increment in blood glucose and biochemical indexes of renal injury (tubular disruption, swollen glomeruli with loss of glomerular spaces, and distortion of the endothelial lining) including augmented levels of serum creatinine, urea, uric acid, Na+, and K+, and inhibition/suppression of the activity of glutathione (GSH) peroxidase, GSH reductase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and GSH-Stransferase in the renal cortex. Results: By examining thiobarbiturate reactive substances, reduced GSH, superoxide dismutase activity, and catalase activity in the renal cortex of control and diabetic rats, it was documented that treatment with melatonin or insulin alone or in combination showed a significant ad integrum recovery of GSH-dependent antioxidative enzymatic activities. Melatonin and insulin coadministration caused greater reductions in circulating tumor necrosis factor-α, tumor growth factor-β1, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6 levels in diabetic rats, whereas IL-10 levels increased, as compared to each treatment alone. Diabetic rats showed a significant increase in the expression of both MT1 and MT2 melatonin receptor genes. Melatonin or insulin treatment alone or in combination resulted in significant restoration of the relative expression of both melatonin receptors in the renal cortex. Conclusion: The coadministration of exogenous melatonin and insulin abolished many of the deleterious effects of type 1 diabetes on rat renal function.

This study was conducted to assess the relationship of vitamin D deficiency (VDD) with various demographic characteristics, laboratory parameters, and predictors of mortality. This prospective observational study was performed at pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) of a tertiary care hospital situated in north India. A total of 125 children admitted in PICU with age from 2 months to 14 years were analyzed. The subjects were classified as Vitamin D deficient (≤20 ng/mL) and nondeficient (>20 ng/mL). The relationship between VDD and predictors of mortality were analyzed using correlation and multivariate analysis. Respiratory system (40%) was most commonly involved. VDD was seen in 72% of the patients. There was statistically significant correlation of VDD with age (p = 0.019), season (p = 0.018), height (p = 0.005), and weight (p = 0.003). On multivariate analysis factors associated with VDD were age (odds ratio [OR] = 1.01, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.00–1.03, p = 0.006), season (OR = 3.98, 95% CI 1.09–14.50, p = 0.036). VDD was also correlated to bacteriuria (p = 0.033), cardiovascular sequential sepsis-related organ failure assessment score (CV-SOFA score) (p = 0.001), and mechanical ventilation (p = 0.043). On multivariate analysis, factors associated with VDD were bacteriuria (OR = 4.88, 95% CI 1.04–22.89, p = 0.04), mechanical ventilation requirement (OR = 2.95, 95% CI 1.12–7.85, p = 0.029), and CV-SOFA score (OR = 2.33, 95% CI 1.14–4.76, p = 0.021). Median (interquartile range) duration of PICU stay in VDD patients was (3–7) days while in nondeficient patients it was (2–6) days (p = 0.107). VDD was a significant risk factor for the need of mechanical ventilation, bacteriuria, and mortality among patients in our cohort.

Background: Diabetes is one of the most challenging health problems in 21st century. It is a group of endocrine-metabolic disorder characterized by high glucose level (hyperglycemia) due to insufficient insulin secretion/action or both. It causes multi-organ failure viz hepatorenal damage, adult-onset blindness, lower-limb amputations, heart diseases and stroke, high blood pressure and nerve damage. Moreover, diabetic patients are having higher risk of cardiovascular complications including atherosclerosis, hypertension, lipoprotein abnormalities and cerebrovascular disease.Study design: Considering the potencies of currently available drugs for the treatment of diabetes and associated complications, present study was focussed to explore the role of plant bioactive components as alternative and easily accessible therapeutic remedies.Hypothesis/Purpose: This study the pooled status of diabetes, available treatments, attitude and traditional herbal polyphenols regarding diabetes.Results: This study was aimed to summarize the natural polyphenols having anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic and anti-cancerous activities. Polyphenols can decrease other metabolic diseases such as insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemic, and obesity and Type-2 diabetes.Conclusion: Polyphenols are promising alternatives that can decrease the severity of diabetes and promote the other protective roles by decreasing the adverse effects of diabetes on other metabolic organs and their functions.

Background : Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) is an under-recognized, under-diagnosed and under-studied disorder; its prevalence varies between 5-26%, 6-10% of reproductive age (NIH) criteria, and 15% (Rotterdam's criteria). Various allopathic drugs (metformin and clomiphene) that are used for the treatment of PCOS have various limitations and are unable to cure PCOS effectively. Therefore, for this reason, search for new therapeutic approaches that are capable of filling these limitations is necessary. Hypothesis/Purpose : Keeping this in view, polyphenols are hypothesized to be new alternative/options to control the PCOS and its complications (Figure 1). Study design : Therefore, the objective of this study was to review the natural polyphenols that have anti-androgenic, ovulatory, estrogenic, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptic, anti-cancerous activities, hormonal and menopausal regulating capability in animal models. Results : Different research papers have described the anti-androgenic, ovulatory, estrogenic and fertility, menstrual, hormonal and menopause regulating activities of polyphenols. Moreover, these polyphenols are capable of decreasing the incidence of other metabolic diseases such as infertility, insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, obesity and Type-2 diabetes caused by PCOS. Conclusion : These polyphenols can be promising alternatives for various pharmacological mechanisms which could not only decrease the incidence of PCOS, but also promote the other protective roles by decreasing the adverse effects of PCOS on other metabolic organs and their functions. However, further studies are required to determine the mechanism of action and safety evaluation of these polyphenols.

Background and objectives Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common heterogeneous endocrinological and metabolic disorder in women of reproductive age which leads to infertility/subfertility. The present study was commenced to elucidate the therapeutic efficacy of melatonin in the pathogenesis of letrozole induced polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) in Wistar rat. Materials and methods Letrozole was administered orally (1 mg kg-1) to induce PCOS condition in Wistar female rats for a period of 2-3 weeks followed by a dose of melatonin (200 µg/100 g b.wt.) to PCOS induced rats. On the completion of experimental period the level of cytokines and expression level of different receptors was assessed. Results The PCOs rats showed down regulation in melatonin (MT1 and MT2), estrogen (ER-α) and cytokine (IL-2R and IL-6R) receptors expression and high circulatory level of IL-6 and TNF-α during PCO condition. These anomalies in expression pattern and circulatory level of cytokines were restored following the treatment. Conclusion Finding of present study showed the role of melatonin supplementation at receptor level and also suggesting a crosstalk between MT1R / MT2R via cytokine IL-2R and IL-6R resulting in modulation of ER-α receptors.

Background and objective Hyperglycemia is a representative hallmark and risk factor for diabetes and is closely linked to diabetes associated complications. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the therapeutic potential of exogenous melatonin against the streptozotocin induced pancreatic damages in rats. Materials and methods Streptozotocin was injected for consecutive 6 days. Diabetes was confirmed by blood glucose measurement after 72 h and on 7th day after injection. Animals having blood glucose level above 250 mg dL-1 were considered as diabetic and were administered exogenous melatonin for 4 weeks. Animals were euthanized after last dose, pancreas were dissected out, weighed and fixed in Bouin's fixative for histology and further tissues were kept at -20°C for biochemistry. Results Diabetic rats displayed significant increase in lipid peroxidation, but pancreatic weight index, antioxidant system (GSH, SOD and CAT) showed decrease. Melatonin treatment to diabetic rats restored the alteration in physiological and biochemical markers. Results were supported by the histopathological observations, STZ treated pancreas showed damage in islets of langerhans, while as melatonin treated diabetic rats recovered the cellular architecture which inturn normalize the function of the pancreas. Conclusion Therefore, melatonin might be considered as a molecule to protect the pancreatic damages.

Introduction: Renal or ureteric colic is an acute and severe pain caused by obstruction in the ureter. It usually occurs in the narrower areas of the ureter. It can be associated with severe pain, nausea, vomiting, urinary infections, haematuria, hydronephrosis, etc. Case Summary: A case of 15-mm calculus, lodged at the right ureterovesicular junction, presented with severe cutting pain extending downwards from the right lumbar region to the right groin area. The patient had severe pain at the conclusion of urination. Another calculus of size 10 mm in the lower calyx of the left kidney and 3.4-mm concretion in the right kidney was also detected. The homoeopathic medicine Sarsaparilla was given on the basis of totality of symptoms for 3 days. The pain reduced in 3 days and subsequent to an acute colicky pain and some bleeding, on the 11th day, the stone was expelled. This case report shows the potential of Homoeopathy in cases of large urinary calculi.

Diabetes is very common all over the world, but still not curable and controlled; it causes alteration in all over body. It needs serious concern for the scientific community to find out some control measures. The current work was planned to explore the possible defensive effect of melatonin against the diabetes induced changes in whole blood profile. For this study albino rats were treated with streptozotocin [(STZ) (15 mg/kg for 6 days)] to induce diabetes. Induction was confirmed by blood glucose and serum sugar assessment. Total 36 rats were randomly selected for the experimental purpose and were divided into two major groups. Major group-1 consisting eighteen (18) and were further sub-divided into three (3) different groups viz. group-I served as normal control, group-II served as melatonin treated, group-III served as glibenclamide treated. Major group-2 consisting eighteen (18) rats were given streptozotocin (STZ) injection (15 mg/kg) for 6 days. After confirmation of diabetes by measuring blood glucose level, animals having blood glucose level above 250 mg/dl) confirmed as diabetic. Eighteen (18) Diabetic rats were three subdivided into following sub-groups and were given different therapeutic treatments, Viz group-IV served as Diabetic control, group-V treated with melatonin, group-VI treated with glibenclamide, respectively. Diabetic rats demonstrated inflection in all hematological variables. Diabetic animals revealed considerable reduction in RBCs count, HB content and its associated indices (HCT, RDW, MCV, MCH and MCHC). Decrease in WBCs and its related indices (polymorphs and lymphocytes). Platelet count showed significant increase, but platelet distribution width (PDW %) was found decreased. However administration of melatonin restored all the alterations in hematological parameters. Therefore, it can be concluded that melatonin will be better therapeutic molecule to revive hematological alterations during diabetes., Biocheminstry; Food science; Veterinary medicine; Health sciences; Diabetes, Melatonin, Hematology, Hepatorenal, Antioxidative status, Biochemistry, Streptozotocin, Blood glucose, Protection.

Mauriac syndrome is rarely noted complication of type-1 diabetic children, which is typically associated with growth failure and delayed pubertal maturation. We have presented a case report of 13 years male adolescent who had multiple hospital admissions for diabetic ketoacidosis.

Background: Malaria is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in developing countries like India. Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax are the commonest species implicated for an increased incidence of malaria in India. The pattern of disease, signs, and symptoms vary from place to place, region to region due to demographic variations. The current study was undertaken to study the differences in the clinical profile of malaria, particularly signs and symptoms, complications and response to treatment in malaria.Methods: A retrospective, single center, surveillance study was carried out at a tertiary health care center in Mangalore. All patients aged above 18 years diagnosed as malaria by peripheral smear method and rapid diagnostic tests were included in the study. The clinical features, complications, and response to treatment were noted.Results: Fifty eight patients diagnosed as malaria were included in the study. Compared to other studies and nationwide incidences, here P. vivax emerged as the leading cause of malaria. All patients presented with fever varying from 3-20 days. About 30 patients complained of headache and 21 patients presented with malaise. In about 6 patient’s complications were seen. Majority of patients received artemisinin derivatives followed by chloroquine for treatment of malariaConclusions: Previous thinking that complications are only seen with P. falciparum has to be changed. Now many complications, mild as well as severe type are seen in P. vivax malaria. Drug resistance is another global problem which needs to be tackled wisely by systematic usage of antimalarials.

Objective: To evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of exogenous melatonin (MEL) on hepato-renal tissue in a diabetic rat model. Methodology: Streptozotocin (STZ) was used to establish diabetic rat model. Diabetes was confirmed by monitoring the blood glucose level, animals having glucose level above 250 mg/dl were considered as diabetic and were divided into six different groups. Model control group, diabetic group, melatonin treatment to diabetic rats, melatonin per se group, glibenclamide (a standard hypoglycemic drug) treatment to diabetic rats and glibenclamide (standard control) alone respectively. The model control was given 0.5 ml (0.1 M) citrate buffer, experiment was conducted for one month. After the completion of experiment, rats were sacrificed. Blood was collected and centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 10 minutes to obtain the serum. Serum was kept at -800c for further analysis of liver and renal function tests and lipid profile. Liver and kidney tissues were weighed, fixed in Bouin’s fixative for histopathological studies. Further tissues were processed for Lipid peroxidation (LPO), reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT). Major findings: Administration of MEL to STZ induced diabetic rat showed a significant decrease of lipid peroxidation (TBARS) in kidney and liver tissue comparable to the control and GLIBEN group of rats. In addition MEL prevented the decrease in antioxidative enzyme parameters viz. superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), reduced glutathione (GSH) of hepato-renal tissues. Parameters of liver functions (alanine amino transaminase (ALT), aspartate amino transaminase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and renal function (urea, uric acid and creatinine) were noted restored following MEL treatment. MEL administration further maintained the normal levels of lipid profiles i.e., triglyceride, cholesterol, low and high density lipoprotein (LDL, HDL) to that of the control group of rats. Histological architecture of liver and kidney tissues were noted repaired and rescued as judged by cellularity of hepatocytes and renal cells. Conclusion: The present finding strongly indicates the protective effect of exogenous melatonin for hepato-renal tissues form the damages and impairment observed and noted in the experimentally induced STZ male rat model.

Background: In the last decade, male factor infertility has been recognized as a significant global problem, which is on an increase. Till date, very few options are available for ameliorating male factor infertility. Development of intracytoplasmic sperm injection has revolutionized the treatment of males with very low sperm counts or with poor quality sperm. However, patients with a diagnosis of azoospermia had no option but to resort to adoption or use of donor sperm. The clinical management of men with azoospermia seeking fertility has been a challenge for andrologists, urologists, and reproductive medicine specialists alike. The older approaches denied such couple the possibility of having own genetic children. Surgical sperm retrieval and intracytoplasmic sperm injection have successfully transformed the treatment of male infertility so that now most of the men can father their own children. The aim of this study is to present the outcome of IVF with surgically retrieved sperm from azoospermic men.Methods: This study was a retrospective analysis of 100 cycles using surgically retrieved sperm. Outcome measures were fertilization rate (FR) and implantation rate (IR) per transfer.Results: Sperm retrieval rate in our study was 76% when Per cutaneous epididymal sperm aspiration (PESA) and Testicular sperm extraction (TESE) are combined. Our data demonstrated similar outcome between the use of epididymal or testicular sperm in men with azoospermic. There was no statistical difference concerning fertilization rate, embryo quality and pregnancy rate between ICSI with surgically retrieved sperm and ejaculated sperms.Conclusions: Surgical sperm retrieval is a feasible and successful procedure. Spermatozoa can be retrieved from the testis in up to 76% of patients, even in cases with severe disorders of spermatogenesis and deranged hormonal profile. Comprehensive genetic counseling is important for infertile couples deciding for surgical sperm retrieval, since genetic disorders, as yet undetected, may be passed on to the following generation with multiplying variety.

Considerable improvements and advancements have been made in the treatment of infertility but poor ovarian reserve whether due to prematurely or a physiologically ageing ovary, continues to be one of the few unresolved problems of modern infertility care. Fertility researchers had been active for quite some time to find a way to help reverse the effects of ageing on the ovaries but none made an impact till the introduction of Dehydroepiandrosterone [DHEA]. DHEA a mild, and therapeutically well tolerated, male hormone has emerged as a real potential candidate to reverse the effects of ageing on ovaries. Apart from this, DHEA has also been postulated to improve egg and embryo quality, pregnancy rates and time to conception and reduces miscarriage rates. This review attempts to highlight the mechanism of action of this drug, its indications and its current status for treating women with decreased ovarian reserve.

Background: Trimetazidine, a cytoprotective agent, is better anti-ischemic drug than conventional agents without causing any change in heart rate and blood pressure. Aims and Objectives: To compare the efficacy of trimetazidine with diltiazem in chronic stable angina. Materials and Methods: Thirty diagnosed cases of chronic stable angina were subjected to TMT I with total effort duration and time to precipitate angina being the end point. Patients were given 60 mg of trimetazidine for 8 weeks, in addition to their conventional treatment and subjected to another TMT II with the same end points. After a washout period of 2 weeks, the same patients were put on diltiazem 60 mg TDS for 8 weeks again with another third TMT III to evaluate the results. Results: The mean age of all patients was 57.70 ± 8.44. The mean increase in effort duration between TMT II (7.50 ± 1.52) and I (6.21 ± 1.65 min) was 1.29 min which was statistically significant (P 0.05 not significant). The increase in time to ST-segment depression between TMT I and II was 1.35 min. (P 0.005). Conclusions: The patients with stable angina had a better clinical improvement after treatment with trimetazidine, without any adverse effects.

The absence of cortical responses to external stimuli is a dubious clinical sign during the first 1-2 days of brain injury. We previously showed that the amplitude of the somatic evoked potential (SEP) in the swine is diminished at the infarct site and perihematomal surround within the first 6 h of collagenase-induced intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). We now report that this depressed SEP persists during the subchronic (48 h) period of ICH in the swine not only within the injured primary somatosensory (SI) cortex, but also in the contralateral homotopic SI cortex. This impairment of sensory responsiveness was accompanied by increases in various matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in different brain regions. By 24 h, a marked rise in MMP-9, an inflammatory marker, was detected in the white matter of the ipsilesional SI and secondary somatosensory cortex (SII), and in the contralesional SI gray matter, as compared to saline-injected controls. A subsequent increase in MMP-9 level was found in the ipsilesional SI and SII gray matter, and in the contralesional SI white matter by 48 h (P

Fibroids of the uterus, the most common benign pelvic tumors in women, as a sole cause of infertility has been debatable, as the incidence of fibroids as the cause of infertility in the absence of other obvious causes has been reported to be just 2-3%. Thus the management of myomas in the setting of infertility has also been controversial. However myomectomy has been considered ideal in a woman with sub fertility because the surgical removal of fibroid has definitely demonstrated improvement in pregnancy rate especially after assisted reproduction. Assisted Reproductive Technologies have resulted in an increase in the incidence of higher order multiple pregnancies which in turn is complicated by increased perinatal morbidity and mortality. Thus embryo reduction is offered to decrease the complication of prematurity and preterm birth due to multiple gestation. The technique of multifetal pregnancy reduction is not without risks especially in the presence of other pathology like multiple myomas. Herein we present a case of long duration infertility in the presence of multiple fibroids uterus which gets complicated by triplet gestation after IVF. Embryo reduction in the presence of these myomas is is a challenge both to the clinician in terms of the procedure and the patient because of the risks but subsequently has a successful pregnancy outcome.

Ovulation is dependent on the presence of a functioning hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian (HPO) axis. Estimates of chronic anovulation rates range from 6-15% of women during the reproductive years.Potential causes of anovulation are PCOS, hyperprolactinemia,thyroid dysfunction, stress etc. Idiopathic hypogonadotropichypogonadism (IHH) is rare cause of anovulation. Idiopathic hypogonadotropichypogonadism (IHH) is a collection of genetic mutations that result in delay of puberty, infertility, and low gonadotropins.Women with IHH have hypoestrogenism, amenorrhea, and low gonadotropin levels. Ovulation induction is the method for treating anovulatory infertility. For patients with hypogonadotrophichypogonadism, the treatment involves administration of both FSH and LH, while HCG is injected for follicle rupture. Such patients need high dosage and longer duration of stimulation than other patients.

The tumor suppressor gene WT-1 encodes a nuclear deoxyribonucleic acid binding protein that is a transcriptional regulator. This gene is commonly deleted or defective in Wilms tumors and the Denys-Drash syndrome. Recently WT-1 was demonstrated to be essential for the development of the urogenital tract. We determined whether we could induce WT-1 expression in mature kidneys induced to grow by performing contralateral nephrectomy in mature rats.Northern analysis with a 32phosphorus-labeled antisense riboprobe synthesized by in vitro transcription of a 731 bp complementary deoxyribonucleic acid insert spanning exons 1 to 7 of the rat WT-1 in a pT7 Blue vector was used to demonstrate the expression of WT-1 in the developing and adult Sprague-Dawley rat kidney.Transcript levels of WT-1 in the rat kidney decreased from day 0 (day of birth) to day 16, after which WT-1 transcripts were undetectable in the normal rat kidney. Unilateral nephrectomy in the adult male Sprague-Dawley rat (250 to 300 gm.) induced the expression of WT-1 ribonucleic acid in the contralateral kidney to detectable levels by Northern analysis 0.25 hours after nephrectomy. Subsequently levels of WT-1 ribonucleic acid decreased progressively to undetectable by 3 hours after nephrectomy. Expression of this gene was not detected in the normal kidneys of adult rats or sham operated adult rats.These data suggest that the WT-1 gene product is involved in normal renal growth in the adult and developing rat kidney.

In this study, 563 T2DM patients (313 male, 250 female) and 413 nondiabetic controls (189 male and 224 female) were recruited from North India. A standardized questionnaire was used to collect information about age, onset of diabetes, sex, smoking, alcohol, diet, physical activity, migration history, household information and family history of diabetes. Standard anthropometric measurements including height, weight and waist and hip circumferences were performed. All individuals were clinically diagnosed using standard procedures and information on medication use and associated diabetic complications was compiled.