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Ilio-caval arteriovenous fistula is a rare sequel of lumbar disc surgery or penetrating injury. We report a case of 40-year gentleman presenting with symptoms of congestive heart failure and continuous murmur heard over right iliac fossa. His past history was significant for lumbar disc surgery done twice 1 year back. Computed tomography angiogram confirmed a large fistulous communication between right common iliac artery and inferior vena cava. Open surgical repair was performed as the fistula was not well suited for endovascular repair. We successfully managed this case by open surgical ligation of right common iliac artery proximal and distal to fistula and continuity restored with interposition Dacron graft. He was relieved of symptoms and performing well on follow-up.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE : Rhino-orbital-cerebral mucormycosis has emerged as a major opportunistic infection in patients with COVID-19. High clinical suspicion and prompt imaging are crucial for early diagnosis and management. Our study evaluates imaging characteristics of patients with COVID-19 associated Rhino-orbital-cerebral Mucormycosis (CA-ROCM) in a tertiary care hospital in India. MATERIALS AND METHODS : A retrospective analysis of clinical and imaging data of patients with CA-ROCM who presented between December 2020 to June 2021 was performed. All patients had microbiologically or histologically proven sino-nasal mucormycosis along with documented SARS-CoV-2 positive RT-PCR test and/or classical lung imaging features of COVID-19 infection. The extent of sinus involvement, bony erosions, extra-sinus soft tissue extension, orbital-intracranial invasion, perineural spread, and vascular complications were assessed. RESULTS : Fifty patients were included for the final analysis. Diabetes was the most common associated comorbidity. Seven patients presented with stage I disease, 18 patients with stage II, and 25 patients with stage III disease. The stage of disease showed a positive statistical correlation with HbA1c levels using Pearson's correlation. The common imaging features were “Black turbinate sign” and non-enhancing sino-nasal mucosa (82%), orbital involvement (76%), and diffusion restriction in the optic nerve (24%). Intracranial involvement was seen as perineural extension into the brain (42%), cerebritis (30%), and internal carotid artery involvement (16%). CONCLUSIONS : CA-ROCM is an acute invasive fungal sinusitis with an aggressive clinical course. Black-turbinate sign and peri-antral soft tissue infiltration are early features, whereas extra-nasal tissue infarction, optic nerve diffusion restriction, and vascular invasion are seen with advanced disease.

Anomalies of origin of coronary arteries are an uncommon occurrence and found in approximately 1-2% of the general population. While a large proportion of these anomalies are clinically silent, a few might be hemodynamically significant and may even result in sudden cardiac death. Comprehensive knowledge of the normal as well as variant anatomies of the coronary artery origin and familiarity with imaging appearances and clinical significance of these anomalies is imperative for precise diagnosis and subsequent planning of treatment, whenever required. Multidetector computed tomography angiography, on account of its non-invasiveness, faster scan times and multiplanar reconstruction capabilities, is increasingly being utilized for characterization of coronary artery origin anomalies and their three-dimensional spatial relations. It shows a superior rate of detection of these anomalies compared to conventional angiography, providing more accurate delineation of the ostium as well as course. With the advent of newer generation CT scanners and use of advanced dose reduction techniques, images can be obtained rapidly having excellent spatial resolution and with minimal radiation dose. In this review article, we present the multidetector CT angiography imaging findings of the spectrum of anomalous coronary artery origin, using a third-generation dual-source CT scanner.

ObjectivesWe sought to clarify the variations in the anatomy of the superior cavoatrial junction and anomalously connected pulmonary veins in patients with superior sinus venosus defects using computed tomographic (CT) angiography.MethodsCT angiograms of 96 consecutive patients known to have superior sinus venosus defects were analysed.ResultsThe median age of the patients was 34.5 years. In seven (7%) patients, the defect showed significant caudal extension, having a supero-inferior dimension greater than 25 mm. All patients had anomalous connection of the right superior pulmonary vein. The right middle and right inferior pulmonary vein were also connected anomalously in 88 (92%) and 17 (18%) patients, respectively. Anomalous connection of the right inferior pulmonary vein was more common in those with significant caudal extension of the defect (57% vs 15%, p=0.005). Among anomalously connected pulmonary veins, the right superior, middle, and inferior pulmonary veins were committed to the left atrium in 6, 17, and 11 patients, respectively. The superior caval vein over-rode the interatrial septum in 67 (70%) patients, with greater than 50% over-ride in 3 patients.ConclusionAnomalous connection of the right-sided pulmonary veins is universal, but is not limited to the right upper lobe. Not all individuals have over-riding of superior caval vein. In a minority of patients, the defect has significant caudal extension, and anomalously connected pulmonary veins are committed to the left atrium. These findings have significant clinical and therapeutic implications.

Background To investigate the prevalence, spectrum, and predictors of alternative diagnoses explaining leg symptoms in patients negative for suspected acute deep venous thrombosis (DVT), which can be detected with whole-leg ultrasound. Methods We retrospectively analyzed a cohort of 789 patients (median age 70 years, 50.6% women) evaluated with a whole-leg ultrasound examination for suspected acute DVT within one year. All findings in the radiology report were analyzed and electronic chart review was performed to collect clinical information. Results Ultrasound was negative for acute DVT in 531 patients (67.3%). Among these, alternative diagnoses explaining leg symptoms were seen in 349 patients (65.7%). The most frequent alternative diagnoses were chronic venous insufficiency (147 patients, 27.7%), followed by lymphedema (48 patients, 9.0%) and chronic post-thrombotic changes (41 patients, 7.7%). Patients with alternative diagnoses were older (median 71 vs. 66 years, p = 0.0226), as well as more likely to present with leg swelling (39.5% vs. 23.1%, p = 0.0002), difference in leg circumference (25.5% vs. 14.8%, p = 0.0055) and redness (7.7% vs. 2.7%, p = 0.0213) than patients without alternative diagnosis. Independent predictors of finding alternative diagnoses on whole-leg ultrasound were older age (odds ratio 1.014 per year, p = 0.0119), leg swelling (OR 1.949, p = 0.0020) and history of previous DVT (OR 2.235, p = 0.0154). Conclusions Alternative diagnoses explaining leg symptoms can be detected on whole-leg ultrasound in two thirds of patients with no evidence of acute DVT. Our data supports performing a comprehensive ultrasound evaluation beyond the venous system, particularly, in older patients, who present with leg swelling and a past history of DVT.

The authors report the case of a 23-year-old man with hemoptysis who had an abnormal retrocardiac opacity in the medial aspect of the left lower lobe on a chest radiograph. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) revealed anomalous systemic arterial supply to the left lower lobe with absence of pulmonary arterial branches to the involved lung. The patient underwent successful transarterial embolization of the systemic supply without any complications. Follow-up imaging showed persistent complete thrombosis of the artery. He recovered with no symptoms at 6 months.

Neurotoxicity related to intra-arterial use of iodinated contrast agents is a relatively uncommon complication of angiography. The authors describe the case of a 42-year-old patient with type B aortic dissection, who developed contrast-related neurological symptoms.

Pancreatic pseudoaneurysm is a rare but life-threatening complication secondary to pancreatitis, surgery, trauma, or infection. Early treatment is advocated due to high risk of rupture and bleeding. Surgical treatment has traditionally been the first line but is associated with high morbidity. Transarterial embolization or exclusion is the treatment of choice; however, in cases with failure of endovascular treatment, percutaneous thrombin injection can be used successfully. We present a case of a large pancreatic pseudoaneurysm managed successfully with percutaneous ultrasound-guided thrombin injection after failure of transarterial management.

We present the computed tomography angiogram images of a 43-year-old lady with an isolated single coronary artery arising from the nonadjacent sinus of aortic root.

A 2-year-old child, who presented to the emergency room with breathing difficulty, dysphagia and failure to thrive, underwent a cardiac CT angiography (CTA) to look for presence of any vascular ring. Review of CTA images showed situs solitus, levocardia and a left-sided aortic arch. A Kommerell’s

Review of CT angiography (CTA) images from a 6-year-old male cyanotic child with an echocardiographic diagnosis of transposition of great arteries, atrioventricular septal defect (AVSD) and pulmonary stenosis, showed left sided aortic arch with complete isolation of right subclavian artery (RSCA).

An 85-year-old man suffered an intertrochanteric fracture of the right femur following a fall in bathroom. The patient underwent fixation of fracture with dynamic hip screw and barrel plate on the next day following trauma ([figure 1A,B][1]). The postoperative course was uneventful. ![Figure 1][2

A 56-year-old gentleman with previously diagnosed case of aortic stenosis, underwent a computed tomography angiography for evaluation of aortic root dimensions and coronaries. Review of computed to...

Summary Carotid-cavernous fistulas are abnormal communications between the carotid system and the cavernous sinus. Elevated venous pressure produces congestion in the orbit with resultant transudation of fluid and increased intraocular pressure, thereby leading to secondary glaucoma which may result in visual loss. Immediate treatment is hence, warranted in these cases. The planning of endovascular management is dependent on many parameters, the most important of which are the size and location of the fistula. Since these are high-flow fistulas, assessment requires certain manoeuvers. Heuber manoeuver is one of the manoeuvers used to demonstrate the size of the fistula.

Background: To evaluate and compare the ultrasound (US) features of transient small bowel intussusception (SBI) with those which required surgical management. Materials and Methods: US features of 26 children with 32 intussusceptions from January 2014 to August 2014 were recorded and compared with follow-up imaging or surgical findings. Results: Transient SBI when compared to surgically managed intussusception has shorter length of intussusception (mean 2.25 cm, range 1.8-4.5 cm vs. mean 5.6 cm, range, 2.3-7.8 cm), smaller transverse diameter (mean, 1.2 cm, range 0.8-2.3 cm vs. mean, 3.3 cm, range 2.9-5.4 cm) and thin wall (mean, 3.3 mm, 2.3-4.9 mm vs. mean, 6.8 mm, range, 4.3-11.2 mm). Four out of five surgically managed intussusceptions were associated with the lead point while none of the transient SBI had any lead point. Peristalsis was absent in all surgically managed intussusceptions. Conclusion: Transient SBI is associated with a shorter length of intussusception, smaller transverse diameter, thin walls, absence of the lead point and visible peristalsis. All these findings may help in distinguishing it from those requiring surgical management.