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Pelvic venous disorders are a group of interrelated conditions characterized by venous incompetence. These conditions often manifest with nonspecific symptoms that overlap with many gynecological, gastrointestinal, and urologic diseases. Clinical diagnosis can be difficult, and imaging can play a vital role in differentiating etiology. Sonographic evaluation is often the first step in evaluating these symptoms. Special attention to possible underlying pelvic venous disorders can reveal characteristic findings, support diagnosis, and guide treatment. Here we review pelvic congestion syndrome, nutcracker syndrome, May-Thurner syndrome, and other venous disorders, with a specific focus on sonographic findings and considerations.

Gastrointestinal manifestations of post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (GI-PTLD) encompasses a spectrum of mucosal inflammation and ulceration that can present as severe acute gastrointestinal bleed. This case report describes a case of GI-PTLD in a 19-year-old female status postcardiac transplant. This patient presented with extensive gastrointestinal hemorrhage secondary to PTLD involving the duodenum. The patient was treated with extensive embolization of the gastroduodenal artery and the pancreaticoduodenal arcades. Embolization was used to mitigate gastrointestinal bleeding, thus preventing the need for surgical resection and extensive reconstruction. This case report demonstrates the utility of embolization as potential therapeutic option in the setting of GI-PTLD in addition to medical and endoscopic therapy. Keywords: Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder, Embolization

Visceral artery pseudoaneurysms are a relatively uncommon complication of chronic pancreatitis. They arise secondary to compromise of the adjacent vasculature by enzymatic autodigestion. It is important to treat these lesions in a timely fashion, given the risk of rupture. Historically, these pseudoaneurysms were primarily treated with surgery, but most are now treated with endovascular embolization as there is less associated morbidity and mortality. However, pseudoaneurysms are not always amenable to endovascular treatment because of a variety of factors. A percutaneous transvisceral route offers an alternate approach to embolization. This case report describes the successful percutaneous treatment of a pancreatic pseudoaneurysm via a transhepatic approach. Important technical considerations, risks, and postprocedural care associated with a percutaneous transvisceral approach are discussed.

Objectives: Pelvic congestion syndrome (PCS) is a challenging diagnosis to make secondary to nonspecific presenting symptoms and imaging findings. This retrospective review aims to discern predictive factors which can guide the decision to perform catheter-based venography and prognosticate outcomes. Material and Methods: A retrospective analysis of patients who underwent catheter venography for PCS between January 2014 and December 2019 was performed. Multiple factors, including patient demographics, clinical history, pre-procedural imaging, venographic findings, and treatment outcomes 180 days post-procedure, were included in the analysis. Venographic findings were used to separate patients into two groups (positive or negative), with these factors compared across groups. Regression analysis controlled for the confounding effects of age and body mass index (BMI). Treated subjects were separated based on outcome (partial, no response, complete response, or technical failure), and comparisons were performed. Results: Eighty patients were included in the initial analysis. Two patients were excluded due to prior embolization or portal hypertension. Seventy-eight patients were included in the final analysis. Sixty-two patients had positive findings, and 16 had no venographic findings to suggest PCS. A history of prior pregnancy was a significant predictor of positive venographic results (odds ratio = 5.99, P = 0.007). BMI was significantly lower in those with positive venographic results (P = 0.047). Presence of concomitant diagnoses did not affect venographic findings or treatment outcomes. No factors predicted treatment outcomes. Five of the treated patients had subsequent successful pregnancies. Conclusion: A lower BMI supports the decision to perform venography for suspected PCS. In addition, patients who carried concomitant potentially confounding diagnoses for chronic pelvic pain were found to have similar rates of venographic findings suggesting PCS, as well as similar treatment outcomes.