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Introduction: Mucositis is one of the side effects induced by chemotherapy. It results in pain, discomfort, difficulties in talking, swallowing, eating, drinking, poor nutrition, systemic weakness and life-threatening infections. Probiotics contain nonpathogenic live microorganisms that give benefit to our health and help in preventing inflammation in the oral cavity. Several studies have reported the use of probiotics for oral health purposes. Objectives: The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of probiotic to oral mucositis in children with hematology cancer that underwent the chemotherapy process before gargling, 7 days after gargling, and 14 days after gargling with probiotic. Materials and Methods: The study was held in National Cancer Hospital. Eleven patients were meet the criteria. One day after the chemotherapy started, the researcher checked the patient’s oral health condition using Oral Assessment Guide (OAG). Then the patient started to gargle the probiotic twice a day for 7 days and the researcher rechecked the score of oral mucositis after 7 days and 14 days. Results: There was a significance decreasing OAG score between before gargling with 7 days and 14 days after gargling probiotics. Conclusions: Probiotics gave effects in children with leukemia during chemotherapy and could be an alternative therapy for oral mucositis.

Objective: To evaluate the oral hygiene status of children with Down syndrome using the busy book Ayo Sikat Gigi as an educational toy. Material and Methods: We ran an experimental study involving 25 educable and trainable children with Down syndrome, comprising 17 males and 8 females aged 7–12 years, who were free from other disabilities and did not use orthodontic or prosthodontic appliances. Parents were instructed to educate their children using the busy book Ayo Sikat Gigi and also to guide their children in brushing their teeth effectively at home. We evaluated the OHI-S score over two visits, one before and the other after education using the busy book Ayo Sikat Gigi over a 7 day period. The Wilcoxon test with the p-value set at 0.05 was used. Results: It was noted a statistically significant decrease in the OHI-S scores of children with Down syndrome (p

Objective: To determine the frequency distribution of gingivitis and oral hygiene in individuals with Down syndrome. Material and Methods: This study used a cross-sectional descriptive method and the subjects were 174 individuals with Down syndrome aged ≥14 years attending type C (intellectual disability) special needs schools in Jakarta. Gingivitis was measured using the gingival index, and oral hygiene was measured using the Simplified Oral Hygiene Index (OHI-S). The measurement of the two components of plaque and calculus was completed on six teeth on different surfaces, including the facial side of three maxillary teeth, the lingual side of the two posterior mandibular teeth, and the labial side of one anterior mandibular tooth. Descriptive statistics were used to calculate the absolute and relative frequencies. Results: 3.4% had no gingivitis, 47.2% had mild gingivitis, 40.8% had moderate gingivitis, and 8.6% had severe gingivitis. Regarding oral hygiene , 28.2% had good hygiene , 49.4% had fair, and 22.4% had poor hygiene . Conclusion: Individuals with Down syndrome had a frequency distribution of gingivitis mainly in the mild and moderate categories, and a majority of subjects had fair OHI-S.

Cleidocranial dysplasia (CCD) is a rare autosomal dominant disorder characterized by skeletal and dental abnormalities primarily, short stature, aplasia or hypoplasia of clavicles, open fontanelles and supernumerary teeth. Heterozygous mutations of the runt related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2) gene have been found in approximately 60-70% of cases leaving a large number of cases with no defined genetic cause which led us to delve into molecular mechanisms underlying CCD and thus to detect potential target genes to be explored in these patients. In this review we also highlight very broadly the phenotypic characteristics of previously reported patients with CCD. How to cite this article: Avendano A, Cammarata-Scalisi F, Rizal MF, Budiardjo SB, Suharsini M, Fauziah E, Grande NM, Fortunato L, Plotino G, Yavuz I, Callea M. Cleidocranial dysplasia. A molecular and clinical review. Int Dent Res 2018;8(1):35-38. Linguistic Revision: The English in this manuscript has been checked by at least two professional editors, both native speakers of English.

Background: Providing dental treatment for children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) represents a challenge for dentists. In the dental care of such children, the treatment plans implemented are usually determined by several factors, including: the type of autism spectrum disorder, the degree of patient cooperation, dentist/patient communication, the required treatment, self-care skills and parental/dentist support. Purpose: The purpose of this case report was to report the dental care delivered in the cases of two pediatric patients with ASD. Case 1: A 10.7 year-old boy with a nonverbal form of ASD who was experiencing recurrent pain in his lower left posterior tooth and also presented a blackened tooth. Case 2: A 9.6 year-old boy with a nonverbal form of ASD suffering from numerous painful cavities. Case management 1: On the day of the first visit, the boy was the subject of several behavioral observations. During the day of the second visit, he underwent a brief intraoral examination at a dental unit in order to arrive at a temporary diagnosis before appropriate was decided upon treatment in consultation with his parents. The implemented treatment plans comprised dental extraction and preventive restoration under general anesthesia. Case management 2: On the first visit, the boy underwent behavioral observations followed by early intraoral examination involving physical restraint approach. During the second visit, several treatment plans such as: general anesthesia, tooth extraction, restoration, and pulp-capping treatment were formulated. Conclusion: It can be concluded that general anesthesia was considered an appropriate dental treatment plan since the two patients in question were extremely co-operative during the necessary procedures. In other words, pediatric dental care treatment plans in cases of ASD should be determined by clearly-defined criteria, specifically the benefits and risks of the treatment plans for the safety of both patient and dental care team.

Muscular hypotonia is one of the clinical signs in patients with Down syndrome. As a characteristic of patients with Down syndrome, hypotonia is clearly evident in face expression and oral dysfunction. Dentocraniofacial growth abnormalities in patients with Down syndrome may be influenced by genetic and environmental factors. Stomatognathic system musculature as an environmental factor (factor outside the bone) can affect dentocraniofacial growth by orofacial muscles activities when chewing, swallowing, breathing, and speaking. Oral dysfunctions commonly seen in patients with Down syndrome are open mouth, protruding tongue posture, difficulties when chewing, swallowing, and speaking, drooling, and mouth breathing. The purpose of this study was to observe how the mastication muscular tone affecting the facial size of Down syndrome patient. Twenty five of 14–18 years old children with Down syndrome were diagnosed by clinical characteristic and cytogenetic examination. Mastication muscular tone was described by masseter and temporalis muscle synergy and oral function, whereas the facial size consisted of facial size of lateral, anteroposterior and vertical growth. The result of regression test revealed that the degree of mastication muscular tone has a significant effect on facial size of the anteroposterior growth and facial size of vertical growth, but did not significantly influence the facial size of lateral growth.

Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate the differences activity of salivary Streptococcus mutans bacteria in children suffer acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in phase of chemotherapy, induction, intensification/consolidation, and maintenance.Methods: This study was a laboratory observational, and cross-sectional method, conducted 19 ALL children in phase of chemotherapy, induction, intensification/consolidation, and maintenance. 2 mm of dental plaque was collected from mesiobuccal first permanent molar and incubated for 48 h at 37°C, and the bacterial activity of S. mutans measured by Cariostat.Results: Odds ratio analysis among chemotherapy phase of induction, intensification/consolidation, and maintenance is not significant (p>0.05) differences.Conclusion: The highest activity bacteria of S. mutans were found in the induction phase

Objective: This study was conducted to analyze the effects obtained with different concentrations (0.5 and 0.1%) of propolis flavonoids on in vitro biofilm formation by clinical Streptococcus mutans strains isolated from children’s dental plaque. Materials and Methods: S. mutans isolated from children’s dental plaque was assayed for biofilm formation in 96-microwell plates using crystal violet. Results: The effects on S. mutans biofilm formation were the same for propolis flavonoids administered at concentrations of 0.05 and 0.1% (p>0.01). Conclusion: A 0.05% propolis flavonoids concentration was deemed as effective as a 0.1% concentration at inhibiting S. mutans biofilm formation.

Introduction: Virgin coconut oil (VCO) is a natural antibacterial agent with the ability to kill microorganisms whose cell membranes contain lipids, including Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, such as Actinomyces sp. and Prevotella spp. No study on the antibacterial effects of VCO on the chromogenic bacteria that causes dental black stains. Objective: To analyze the effects of VCO, which administered in various concentrations to Actinomyces sp. and Prevotella sp. Methods: Actinomyces sp. and Prevotella sp. were isolated from the dental plaque of a child diagnosed with black stain. Each streak of bacteria was cultured on a selective medium and confirmed visually and through Gram staining. Each bacterial culture was exposed to VCO in concentrations of 12.5%, 25%, 50%, and 100%. Afterward, viability testing with a methyl-thiazolyl-tetrazolium assay was conducted, and the results were read using an Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay reader. Results: The administration of 12.5% VCO reduced bacterial viability; however, 25% VCO significantly reduced the viability of Actinomyces sp. and 100% VCO significantly reduced the viability of Prevotella sp. Conclusion: Actinomyces sp. is more sensitive to VCO than Prevotella sp.

Agenesis described as a certain developemntal disorder that is a lacking in the number of teeth present intraorally. Hypodontia is an agenesis with the absence of one or several teeth. In most of the population, the prevalence is 3,5 - 6,5% with 0,3-0,4% for a severe hypodontia (an absence of 6 teeth or more clinically). Agenesis affects permanent dentition more often than primary dentition, and the incidence of agenesis is greater in female than male patients. Agenesis might be a result of environmental and genetic factors. It is necessary to have a comprehensive treatment for a case of hypodontia, which involves restorative, orthodontic, a prosthetic treatment based on the children's growth and development. In the present case, a patient of 6 years and 5 months old girl was diagnosed with severe hypodontia. The treatment of choice included a removable orthodontic appliance for the upper jaw and a removable space maintainer for the lower jaw. The removable orthodontic appliance served as an interceptive orthodontic treatment to correct anterior crossbites, and the child will be referred to the orthodontist to treat a Class III skeletal malocclusion. The space maintainer was to be used until the patient's condition become favorable for a permanent fixed bridge or steel removable partial denture.

Down’s syndrome is caused by chromosomal aberration, namely 21 trisomy. Skeletal and neurological disorders are found in Down’s syndrome patients. Skeletal disorder may cause craniofacial growth abnormalities whereas neurological disorder may cause brain growth defects, which result in mental retardation, as well as neuromuscular disorder, which results in muscular hypotonia. The aim of this study was to prove that facial shape in Down’s syndrome patient was not only influenced by genetic factors, but also by environmental factors such as cognitive capability, oral muscular exercises and oral muscular tone. The population consisted of Down’s syndrome children aged 14 to 18 years from Sekolah Luar Biasa (Special School) in Jakarta. Samples used in the study consisted of 25 Down’s syndrome patients. Clinical and cytogenic test were conducted to ensure a diagnosis. Lateral cephalograms were made to analyze facial shape by Fourier analysis on gonion angle. Intelligence Quotient (IQ) and Social Quotient (SQ) tests, electromyography examination of the masseter and temporal muscles, oral function examination and speech therapy questionnaires to the respondents were performed. The data were analyzed using path analysis. Based on the results of the study, it could be concluded that the genetic factor is the main factor causing Down’s syndrome facial shape abnormalities. The environmental factors such as oral muscular tone, cognitive capability, and oral muscular exercises may also play a role in Down’s syndrome facial shape.