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Background: Oral cancer, which includes cancer of lips, gingiva, tongue, oropharynx, sinuses, and salivary glands, ranks fifth in its kind in Nepal. The incidence of oral cancer may differ among gender, age, and site. This study aims to address the questions regarding the incidence and trend of oral cancer occurrence. Methods: Oral cancer cases registered in the Head and Neck Oncology Department of Nepal Cancer Hospital & Research Centre, Lalitpur, Nepal from 01 Jan 2018 to 31 Dec 2019 were included in this study. The data were categorized under gender, site of a tumor, year of diagnosis, and age of patients at diagnosis and entered in RStudio version-1.3.1093 for analysis. Results: A total of 165 cases were found to be recorded where 74.5% were male and 24.5% were female. The most common site was the tongue (27.27%) followed by the mandibular alveolus (19.39%). The overall mean age was 53.71 years (95% CI: 55.73-51.68). The number of new cases was found to be increased by 35.71% from 2018 to 2019.Conclusion: A significant increase in the number of new cases indicates that there are deficiencies in handling oral cancer in Nepal. Reducing the production, import, and consumption of tobacco and related products as well as ensuring accessible health facilities for all may help control this disease.

Background Post-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) pancreatitis (PEP) is the most common and most serious complication of ERCP. Our aim was to estimate the nationwide incidence, temporal trends, and mortality of PEP in the United States and to establish risk factors associated with PEP development. Methods This was a retrospective cohort study analyzing Nationwide Inpatient Sample data from 2011 to 2017 using International Classification of Diseases codes. The primary outcomes were trends in PEP incidence and predictors of PEP development. Secondary outcomes were in-hospital mortality, length of hospital stay, and admission to the intensive care unit. Results Of 1 222 467 adult patients who underwent inpatient ERCP during the study period, 55 225 (4.5 %) developed PEP. The hospital admission rate of PEP increased by 15.3 %, from 7735 in 2011 to 8920 in 2017 (odds ratio [OR] 1.23, 95 % confidence interval [CI] 1.04 – 1.46; P = 0.02). The overall rate of mortality increased from 2.8 % of PEP cases in 2011 to 4.4 % in 2017 (OR 1.62, 95 %CI 1.10 – 2.38; P = 0.01). Multiple patient-related (alcohol use, cocaine use, obesity, chronic kidney disease, heart failure), procedure-related (therapeutic ERCP, sphincterotomy, pancreatic duct stent placement, sphincter of Oddi dysfunction), and hospital-related (teaching hospitals, hospitals located in the West and Midwest) factors that impact the occurrence of PEP were identified. Conclusions Our study showed rising hospital admission and mortality rates associated with PEP in the United States. This calls for a greater recognition of this life-threatening complication and amelioration of its risk factors, whenever possible.

Acute esophageal necrosis (AEN) or "black esophagus" is a rare clinical condition, endoscopically characterized by diffuse circumferential black esophageal mucosa. Etiologies include hypoperfusion, infections, and corrosive injury. Consideration of this condition as a differential diagnosis is important, as early diagnosis and treatment has implications on survival. In this article, we present four unique cases of acute esophageal necrosis who were managed conservatively.