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Objective: Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) is characterized by recurrent attacks of vertigo caused by head movements. It occurs as a result of otoconia falling into the semicircular canal. Calcium and 25 hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] metabolism in the inner ear play an important role in otoconia formation and degeneration. Our aim in this study was to investigate the relationship between 25(OH)D levels and BPPV. Methods: This retrospective, case–controlled study included 52 patients with posterior canal BPPV and 52 controls aged 18 to 80 years. Age, sex, serum calcium, corrected calcium, and 25(OH)D levels of the BPPV and control group were compared. Results: Twenty-three of the patients were male (44.2%) and 29 were female (55.8%). The average age was 55.6 years. The 25(OH)D level was 15.3 ng/mL in the BPPV group and 20.2 ng/mL in controls. There was no significant difference in 25(OH)D and albumin-corrected calcium values ( P = .394; P = .084, respectively). In 80.7% of the BPPV group and 61.5% of the controls, 25(OH)D levels were 20 ng/mL and below. 25 hydroxyvitamin D deficiency was found statistically significantly more frequently in patients with BPPV ( P = .030). Conclusion: In our study, serum 25(OH)D levels were found to be lower in patients with BPPV, and the rate of vitamin D deficiency was higher in these patients. Based on these results, it is recommended to examine the 25(OH)D levels of patients with BPPV at the time of diagnosis.

Aim: This study is aimed to evaluate the relationship between serum vitamin D levels and metabolic syndrome in hemodialysis patients. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted with participation of 80 patients undergoing hemodialysis for more than 6 months three times a week, aged > 18 years. Their height, dry weight, waist circumference were measured. Biochemical parameters such as serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D, lipid profile, and fasting blood glucose were analyzed. Metabolic syndrome was defined using the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III criteria. Severe vitamin D deficiency, 25 (OH) vitamin D < 5 ng/ml; mild vitamin D deficiency, 25 (OH) vitamin D 5-15 ng/ml; vitamin D insufficiency, 25 (OH) vitamin D 16-30 ng/ml, and vitamin D sufficiency, 25 (OH) vitamin D > 30 ng/ml were categorized. Statistical analysis of the data was performed with the use of SPSS version 21.0. Results: 48.4% of hemodialysis patients were identified to have metabolic syndrome. According to the serum levels of vitamin D; 35.0% of patients had severe vitamin D deficiency, 37.4% of patients had mild vitamin D deficiency, 18.8% of patients had vitamin D insufficiency and 8.8% of patients had vitamin D sufficiency (> 30 ng/ml). Vitamin D insufficiency was significantly associated with metabolic syndrome and central obesity. Conclusions: Deficiency/insufficiency is observed in serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in hemodialysis patients. Vitamin D insufficiency is associated with metabolic syndrome.

Aim: The aim is to compare the markers of oxidative stress in iron deficient children to that of non-anemic children. Method: Serum thiol-disulfide level, ferroxidase activity and ischemia-...

Aim: Glaucoma is an optic neuropathy causing progressive impairment of visual functions. We aimed to assess the alterations in thiol-disulfide homeostasis and serum ischemia modified albumin (IMA) levels, which are the determinants of antioxidant status, in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). Material and Method: A total of 140 eyes from 70 patients with POAG and 174 eyes of 87 healthy, control cases were included in the study. All study participants underwent a complete ophthalmic evaluation. Alterations in serum thiol-disulfide homeostasis and IMA levels were measured in all participants. Results: IMA levels were significantly higher in glaucoma group (p:0.001). Native thiol, Total thiol and Native/Total thiol ratio were significantly decreased while Disulfide, Disulfide/Native thiol, and Disulfide/Total thiol ratios were significantly higher in glaucoma group (p:0.001). There was no significant difference regarding central corneal thickness (CCT), iridocorneal angle, albumin, IMA and adjusted IMA levels in patients with different stages of glaucoma. In correlation analysis, there was a negative correlation between Native thiol, Total thiol and Native/Total thiol ratio and disease period, number of daily drops required and stage of the disease in glaucoma patients. There was also a positive correlation between Disulfide, Disulfide/Native thiol and Disulfide/Total thiol levels and the disease activity. Conclusion: In patients with POAG, thiol-disulfide homeostasis is disturbed in the favor of pro-oxidant molecules and IMA levels are increased, indicating the presence of augmented oxidative stress. In that aspect, systemic and local anti-oxidant treatments may be new targets in glaucoma treatment. Larger, prospective studies about the role of anti-oxidants in prevention and treatment of POAG are warranted.

Why most women can clear human papillomavirus (HPV) infections while others can develop permanent infections. The stimulation of immunotolerance of the immune system of the host by the persistent H...

Objective: Gestational diabetes mellitus is a common disorder of carbohydrate metabolism, with onset or first recognition during pregnancy, resulting in hyperglycemia of variable severity. Insulin resistance and chronic subclinical inflammation are the underlying mechanisms of the disease. Soluble interleukin-2 receptor, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio are the markers of inflammatory disease processes such as type 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus, hepatitis, and neoplasms.Study Design: In our study, we measured complete blood count, serum soluble interleukin-2 receptor, serum glucose in blood samples from 52 women with gestational diabetes mellitus and 50 pregnant women with normal glucose tolerance. Pregnant women which were tested for oral glucose tolerance test (75 gr load) between 24 and 28 weeks of pregnancy were selected for the study. Gestational diabetes mellitus was defined according to the criteria provided by the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence.Results: In terms of age, gestational diabetes mellitus patients (mean±SD; 31±6 years) were older than controls (mean±SD; 25±5.3 years). Mean platelet volume values were lower in gestational diabetes mellitus patients (mean±SD; 10.3±1.4 fL) as compared to normal glucose tolerance group (mean±SD; 10.8±1fL). No statistically significant differences in serum glucose concentration, white blood cell count, neutrophil count, lymphocyte count, hemoglobin concentration, platelet count, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio value, platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio value, and serum soluble interleukin-2 receptor concentration were found.Conclusion: This study did not reveal an increase in the inflammatory markers, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio and serum soluble interleukin-2 receptor, in gestational diabetes mellitus. The mean platelet volume values were observed to be lower in gestational diabetes mellitus patients.

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a childhood onset disorder with well-known findings that include impulsivity, hyperactivity, and inattention. This study aims to explore the relationship between the levels of ceruloplasmin, native thiol, total thiol, and disulfide and ADHD by comparing case and control groups. The study case group comprised 50 children aged 6–16 years who had been diagnosed with ADHD. The control group included 47 healthy children. Clinical interviews were conducted and the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children—Present and Lifetime Version Turkish Adaptation and the Conners Parent Rating Scale were administered. Additionally, blood samples were taken and native thiol, total thiol, disulfide, and ceruloplasmin levels measured. In the ADHD group, the mean native thiol, total thiol, and disulfide levels were significantly lower than the control group. There was no significant difference between the ADHD and control groups in ceruloplasmin levels. Total thiol and native thiol levels were inversely correlated with scores on the Conners Inattention and Hyperactivity subscales; total thiol was negatively correlated with the ADHD index. Thiol–disulfide homeostasis was impaired in ADHD children and was related to symptom severity. Oxidative stress balance may play a role in ADHD.

Background: Impairment of thiol/disulfide homeostasis, as well as vitamin D deficiency, are responsible for the pathophysiology of many acute and chronic diseases. This study examined the relationship between thiol/disulfide homeostasis and vitamin D level and supplementation. Methods: A total of 203 healthy children were included in the study. The participants were divided into four groups according to 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) level: group 1, severe deficiency (

Purpose: Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a severe kidney disease carrying high morbidity and mortality. An ischemic process, at the cellular level, has been detected prior to the full-blown AKI. An elevated ischemic modified albumin (IMA) was also found to be increased fast at several minutes following an ischemic process in the body. In this connection, we have investigated, in advance, the changes of IMA concentrations in patients with possible AKI. Methods: IMA and other biochemical and haematological parameters were measured in sera of thirty nine patients with AKI and of thirty eight healthy controls. AKI is defined by an increase in serum creatinine by ≥ 0.3 mg/dl in 48 hours or an increase by ≥ 1.5-fold from a known or assumed baseline. The results in the two groups were compared. Results: IMA, creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, white blood cell, neutrophil, neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) and mean platelet volume were found to be higher in patients with AKI than in healthy controls. In contrast, total protein, albumin, lymphocyte, and haemoglobin were lower in patients with AKI than in healthy controls. No significant difference was recorded in platelet counts between the two groups. Conclusion: Our results indicate that increased levels of NLR and PLR play a central role in a systemic inflammation in AKI. Monitoring serum IMA could be a useful tool in the assessment of AKI.

Due to the lack of diagnostic efficiency of serum creatinine in acute kidney injury (AKI), there is a pressing need to develop novel diagnostic markers. Therefore, in this study, we evaluated myo-inositol oxygenase (MIOX), neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) and cystatin C in terms of their applicability in the diagnosis of AKI.We enrolled a total of 39 AKI patients and 38 healthy controls in the study. We compared the levels of serum MIOX, NGAL and cystatin C between the two groups.We found that the concentrations of serum creatinine, blood-urea nitrogen, MIOX and cystatin C were higher in the AKI group. According to the receiver operating characteristic analysis, the area under the curve (AUC) values were 0.694 (95% CI 0.579-0.794) for MIOX and 0.976 (95% CI; 0.912-0.997) for cystatin C. For MIOX, when the cut-off concentration was set to 77.3 pg/mL, the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity were found to be 53.8% (95% CI; 37.2-69.9) and 81.5 (95% CI; 65.7-92.3), respectively. For cystatin C, at the cut-off value of 14 mg/L, the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity were 94.8% (95% CI; 82.7-99.4) and 94.7 % (95% CI 82.3-99.4), respectively.The measurement of serum MIOX and cystatin C levels is valuable for the diagnosis of AKI. Further research is needed for the evaluation of the potential use of MIOX as a kidney-specific enzyme in the early diagnosis of AKI.Zbog manjavosti serumskog kreatinina za dijagnostićku efiksanost akutnog bubrežnog oboljenja (ABO), nameče se potreba za otkrivanjem novih dijagnostićkih markera. Iz tog razloga ovde je procenjivana primena mio-inozitol oksigenaze (MIOX), neutorfilne želatinaze-udružene sa lipokainom (NGAL) i cistatina C za dijagnostikovanje ABO.Izućavano je ukupno 39 AKI pacijenata i 38 kontrolnih ispitanika. Upoređivani su nivoi MIOX, NGAL i cistatina C između dve grupe.Nađeno je da su koncentracije serumskog kreatinina, ureje, MIOX i cistatina C bile više u AKI grupi. Prema ROC analizi, površine ispod vrednosti krive (AUC) iznosile su 0,694 (95% CI; 0,579–0,794) za MIOX i 0,976 (05% CI; 0,912–0,997) za cistatin C. Za MIOX, kad je cut-off vrednost podešena na 77,3 pg/mL, nađeno je da su dijagnostićka osetljivost i specifićnost bile 53,8% (95% CI; 37,2–69,9) i 81,5 (95% CI; 65,7–92,3). Za cistatin C pri cut-off vrednosti od 14 mg/L, dijagnostićka osetljivost i specifićnost su bile 94,8% (95% CI; 82,7–99,4), odnosno 94,7/ (95%CI 82,3–99,4).Merenje serumske MIOX i nivoa cistatina C je znaćajno za dijagnostikovanje AKI. U daljim istraživanjima treba procenjivati potenicijalnu primenu MIOX kao bubrežnog specifićnog enzima za ranu dijagnozu AKI.

WOS: 000412463200008, Objective: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between increasing levels of assymetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) and ischemia-modified albumin (IMA) in people with early diagnosis of hypertension (HT) and smoking history. Methods: The study included 95 outpatients who visited our hospital. Patients were classified into three groups: group 1, healthy and non-smokers (n=25); group 2, no smoker patients with newly diagnosed essential HT with LVH (left ventricle hypertrophia) (n=35); group 3, smoking patients with a LVH accompanying newly diagnosed essential HT (n=35). 51% of patients are females; 49% of them are males. The trial was approved by the local ethics committee. Blood samples were analyzed, which were taken after 8 h of fasting. Biochemical parameters such as, C reactive protein (CRP), ADMA, IMA values were recorded. Using echocardiography, cardiac values were recorded. Results: In this study, the first group consisted of 25 patients and second and third group of 35 patients. There were 49 females and 46 males; 70 patients were hypertensive and 6 diabetic. Comparing groups 1 and 2, a significant increase in ADMA was found in group 2. A significant difference was available regarding red cell distribution widht(RDW) and neutrophil lymphocyte ratio (N/L) ratio. Both parameters have increased. Significant differences were found between groups 2 and 3 in terms of ADMA, arginine, albumin, and WBC. While ADMA, white blood cell(WBC), and albumin increased and arginine decreases in group 3. Conclusion: There is an association between ADMA level, smoking, and HT. Patients with HT and smoking history showed increased ADMA level compared with normal. Hypertension and smoking are the causes of increased ADMA, but decreased NO level.

White matter lesions (WMLs) are more common in migraine patients than in the normal population. Ischemia/hypoxia and oxidative stress are considered to play a role in WMLs formation. This study aimed to investigate ischemia-modified albumin (IMA), ferroxidase and thiol/disulfide homeostasis in migraineurs with and without WMLs.Sixty-two migraineurs with WML, 59 migraineurs without WML and 61 controls were included in the study. All participants underwent brain MRI. WMLs was evaluated according to the Fazekas scale. IMA, ferroxidase, total thiol, native thiol and disulfide measurements were carried out in all participants.The IMA levels were higher in the migraine groups compared to the control group (p 0.001) and in the WML group compared to non-WML (p 0.001). The total and native thiol levels were higher in the non-WML group compared to the control and WML groups (p 0.001 for both). The disulfide levels were similar between the control and non-WML groups, but they were significantly lower in the WML group compared to the control and non-WML groups. There was no significant difference between the groups in terms of the ferroxidase levels (p = 0.092). The thiol/disulfide, IMA and ferroxidase levels were not significantly correlated with the frequency and duration of attacks, severity of pain and disability due to migraine.Increased serum IMA levels in migraineurs point to the role of ischemia/hypoxia, and increased total thiol and decreased disulfide levels indicate an oxidant/antioxidant imbalance in migraine. Ischemia/hypoxia may play a role in WMLs formation in migraine.

Signal peptide-CUB-Epidermal growth factor-like domain-containing protein 1 (SCUBE-1) is a protein expressed on the cell surface of endothelial cells and platelets. We aimed to determine the alterations in SCUBE-1 levels in patients at different stages of diabetic retinopathy (DR). Participants were grouped into 4 regarding the presence and stage of diabetic retinopathy as follows: control group (n 32), patients without DR (n 39), patients with background DR (n 42) and patients with proliferative DR (n 55). Age, gender, duration of diabetes, fasting blood glucose levels, serum hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), SCUBE-1 and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels of the patients were recorded. Central macular thickness and central macular volume were recorded and compared between groups. Totally 136 patients with diabetes mellitus and 32 control cases were included in the study. There is a significant increase in SCUBE-1 and MDA levels with an advance in DR. In correlation analysis, there was only a significant correlation present between serum SCUBE-1 and MDA levels (p 0.001) but not with other parameters. For the first time in literature, we determined a significant increase in SCUBE-1 levels in patients with DR. Moreover, with an advance in DR, SCUBE-1 levels were also increasing.

Aim: Although some studies indicate that the presence of antisperm antibody (ASA) is important in the etiology of female infertility, this remains a controversial issue. The aim of this study was to determine whether the presence of ASA was important or not in primary and secondary unexplained infertility patients.Materials and Methods: Female patients (n = 90) were divided into three groups as follows: the primary infertility group (n = 30), the secondary infertility group (n = 28) and a control group (n = 32). In addition to laparoscopic evaluations, the presence of ASA in the study groups was also examined in serum and peritoneal washing liquid. The ASA - immunoglobulin G was measured using the Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay (ELISA) method with a qualitative measurement kit.Results: When the demographic data were analyzed, it was observed that the study groups were homogeneous in terms of age and period of infertility. The results of the study demonstrated that, when compared to the secondary infertility and control groups, the ASA positivity in the serum in the primary infertility group was significant (p 0.05).Conclusion: This study showed that the presence of ASA in serum may be an impact on the etiology of unexplained primary infertility.

Objective Extracorporeal Shockwave Lithotripsy (ESWL) is a non-invasive method that is effective at crushing stones in the upper urinary tract. Disturbance of the thiol/disulfide homeostasis, in favor of the disulfide, has been shown to be involved in the disease pathogenesis. Methods A total of 36 individuals that underwent ESWL had blood samples collected before ESWL (0hrs), 6hrs, and one week after the ESWL. Sera native and total as wells as disulfide amount was measured using an automated method sodium borohydrate (NaBH4) reduction. In addition, Ischemia Modified Albumin (IMA) levels were measured using colorimetric assay method. Results Native thiol level was reduced at the 6th hour following ESWL compared to baseline. While the ratios of disulfide level, Disulfide/Total Thiol (DTT), Disulfide/Native Thiol (DNT) and IMA level were increased at the 6th hour following ESWL compared to baseline, they were found to be similar with their baseline values at the end of 1st week. Total thiol and native /total thiol did not show any significant change. Conclusions ESWL treatment disrupts thiol/disulfide homeostasis and the structure of albumin at the acute term. Therefore, it increases protein oxidation and leads to increased oxidative stress. However, this state is transient and returns to normal within the proceeding days.

Background: Although the pathophysiology of fibromyalgia has not yet been fully clarified, inflammation and endothelial dysfunction have been suggested to occur in patients with fibromyalgia. In recent years, endocan has been reported as an important biomarker for inflammation and endothelial dysfunction. In this study, we investigated this mechanism by measuring the serum endocan levels in fibromyalgia patients. Methods: The serum samples collected from 37 female patients diagnosed with fibromyalgia for the first time and 43 healthy women were analysed in terms of the endocan levels and laboratory parameters, and the values from the two groups were compared. Results: In the patient group, the serum endocan level was found to be higher (p < 0.0001). Endocan had a significantly high sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of fibromyalgia (area under curve: 0.897, cutoff value: 9.81 ng/mL, sensitivity: 88.5%, specificity: 89.7%). Conclusions: Subclinical inflammation and endothelial dysfunction are important in the pathophysiology of fibromyalgia. Increased endocan not only elucidates this mechanism but also presents as an important potential marker for fibromyalgia.

Aim: A 50 g glucose challenge test (GCT) is recommended for screening all pregnant women for gestational diabetes mellitus. In this study, the effect of GCT on the thiol/disulfide balance was investigated. Methods: One-hundredwomen that underwent a 50 g GCT at 24–28weeks of gestation (63 positive and 37 negative results) were evaluated in terms of thiol/disulfide in serum samples at test hours 0 and 1. Results: Compared to the baseline values (hour 0), after the glucose load (hour 1), the thiol and native thiol/total thiol (p

Objective: To investigate the effect of retrograde intra-renal surgery (RIRS) on kidneys using the myo-inositol oxygenase (MIOX) enzyme. MIOX is a renal tubular-specific novel marker for the early diagnosis of acute kidney injury. Methods: A total of twenty seven individuals that had undergone RIRS to treat kidney stones were included in the study. Biochemical tests were performed on serum samples collected immediately before RIRS (hour 0) and at the 6th and 24th hours after the surgery. Results: The creatinine value at hour 6 was lower than the baseline (hour 0) value (p = 0.0305). Cystatin C at hour 6 was lower than the value measured at hour 24 (p = 0.0142). Similarly, MIOX was lower at hour 6 compared to hour 24 (p = 0.0214). MIOX/creatinine at hour 6 was lower than the value calculated at hour 24 (p = 0.0348). The basal values of MIOX and creatinine were found to have a positive correlation (correlation coefficient r = 0.5946, p = 0.0035). Conclusions: Similar to the serum creatinine, the serum MIOX level provides information about kidney functions. RIRS was confirmed to be a safe procedure for the treatment of acute kidney injury with no negative effects on the kidneys.

OBJECTIVE In this study, the clinical relevance of the levels of serum endocan and 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] was investigated in patients with acute kidney injury (AKI). Endocan or the endothelial cell-specific molecule 1 is a soluble proteoglycan secreted by vascular endothelial cells. It plays a significant role in immunity, inflammation, and endothelial function. METHODS A total of 39 patients with AKI (19 females, 20 males) and 38 healthy individuals (18 females, 20 males) were included in the study. The levels of serum endocan, vitamin D, and other biochemical parameters were compared between the two groups. RESULTS In the AKI group, the values of serum creatinine, endocan, parathormone, phosphorus, and uric acid were found to be higher, and the total protein, albumin, and calcium levels were lower compared to the control group. There was no difference between the two groups in terms of the serum vitamin D, magnesium, alkaline phosphatase, and gamma-glutamyl transferase. CONCLUSION In patients with AKI, an increased endocan level is a significant marker of inflammation and endothelial injury. In addition, these patients experience vitamin D deficiency.

Objective: To investigate if plasma levels of vitamin A and E have an association with coronary collateral development. Methods: A total of 189 patients who underwent coronary angiography and had total occlusion in at least one major epicardial coronary artery were enrolled in the study. To classify coronary collateral circulation (CCC), the Rentrop scoring system was used. Patients were classified as having poor CCC (Rentrop grades 0e1) or good CCC (Rentrop grades 2e3), and all patients were also screened for hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes, and smoking history. Results: There were no differences in plasma vitamin A and E levels between the two groups (vitamin A: 2.37 ± 0.65 vs. 2.35 ± 0.78, p ¼ 0.253; vitamin E: 47.1 ± 12.8 vs. 44.6 ± 15.1, p ¼ 0.082), and plasma vitamin A and E levels were not associated with CCC. Serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) levels were significantly higher in patients with poor CCC (4.68 ± 2.52 vs. 3.89 ± 1.78, p ¼ 0.001). The higher frequency of diabetes and higher serum hs-CRP levels were found to be an independent predictor for poor CCC (odds ratio ¼ 2.44, p ¼ 0.006; odds ratio ¼ 1.24, p ¼ 0.007, respectively). And a higher frequency of total occluded RCA was found to be a positive predictor for good CCC (odds ratio ¼ 2.36, p ¼ 0.06) in a multivariate logistic regression analysis. Conclusions: We found that serum hs-CRP levels, presence of diabetes, and total occlusion of RCA have an effect on coronary collateral development. We found no correlation between plasma vitamin A and E levels and CCC.

Aims Chronic inflammation plays a central role in the development and progression of diabetes, and in the pathogenesis of its complications. The neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet–lymphocyte ratio (PLR) are indicators of subclinical inflammation. Mean platelet volume (MPV) is one of the platelet function indices. We investigated the association of NLR, PLR and MPV with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes mellitus and determine whether or not these are reliable markers for diagnosis. Materials and methods Participants were divided into four groups; 1: normal glucose tolerance, 2: impaired glucose tolerance (prediabetic), 3: newly diagnosed diabetic by OGTT. 4: group is previously diagnosed diabetic without complication. Outcomes were compared between groups. Results There are significant differences between all groups in NLR (p = 0.004) and PLR (p = 0.021) values. NLR values are significantly higher in prediabetic (1.60 ± 0.85), firstly diagnosed diabetic (1.58 ± 0.78) and clear diabetic (2.07 ± 0.95) groups compared to normal group (1.37 ± 0.69) (mean, SD). PLR values are significantly lower in prediabetic (90.35 ± 44.34) and firstly diagnosed diabetic (86.38 ± 45.24) groups compared to normal group (100.55 ± 48.14) but significantly higher in clear diabetic group (122.45 ± 37.43). There are no significant differences between all groups in MPV values. Conclusion Inflammation marker NLR significantly increases in prediabetic and diabetic patients. PLR significantly decreases in prediabetes and early stages of diabetes but increases in later stages. NLR and PLR values may be reliable predictive markers in prediabetes and diabetes mellitus.

This study evaluated the therapeutic efficacy of heparin and methylprednisolone in the treatment of ischaemic reperfusion (IR) injury of the testis. Twenty-four male Sprague-Dawley rats were allocated equally into three groups of eight animals each. The left testes were rotated 720° for 2 h in the rats in the torsion-detorsion group. Rats in the treatment groups underwent the same surgical procedure as the torsion-detorsion group but were also given methylprednisolone (group II) or heparin (group III) by an intraperitoneal route 30 min prior to detorsion. Left orchiectomy was performed in all rats from each experimental animal at 2 h after detorsion, and the tissue was harvested for the measurement of malondialdehyde (MDA), protein carbonyl (PC) and nitric oxide (NO) and the endogenous antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and catalase. Additional tissue was evaluated using histopathological and immunohistochemical changes. PC and MDA levels were significantly reduced in the treated groups compared to the control group. There was no statistically significant difference in NO level or SOD, GSH-Px and catalase activity among the treatment groups. Histopathological and immunohistochemical findings supported biochemical changes. It is concluded that pre-treatment with methylprednisolone or heparin protects the testis in ischaemic reperfusion injury caused by testicular torsion-detorsion.