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Background Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a common immune-mediated inflammatory disease characterized by increased inflammation of synovial joint, and often associated with disability. Although several studies have demonstrated the medicinal properties of durian, little is known about the role of durian wood bark for medicinal purposes. Thus, this study investigated the anti-arthritic activity of durian wood bark extract in a rat model of rheumatoid arthritis. Methods The rats were divided into five groups, including control, RA model, and RA model treated with durian wood bark extract (20, 30, and 40 mg/kg/day for 14 days). The effects of treatment were evaluated by clinical, as well as histological changes in the ankle joints, and the expression level of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Results A complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-induced RA model in rats was successfully, characterized by the swelling of hind limbs, histopathological changes in ankle joints, and the upregulation of iNOS expression. The administration of durian wood bark extract at a dose of 40 mg/kg attenuated all parameters analyzed in CFA-induced RA model in rats. Conclusion Amelioration of hind limb swelling, histopathological changes, and iNOS expression in the RA model indicates that durian wood bark extract can be considered as a new treatment alternative that reduces joint symptoms, as well as a future area of research in humans.

Hormonal fluctuations in livestock will affect vaginal cytology good overview on the condition of estrous until pregnancy. The purpose of this study was to determine the physiological condition of Ongole crossbred (PO) cow during estrous and determine pregnancy by the description of vaginal epithelial cells, progesterone, and estrogen hormone profiles. The materials were used 35 cows with physiological status (estrous, 5 th pregnancy period, 16 th pregnancy period, 22 nd pregnancy period, and 60 th pregnancy period). Samples of Vaginal smear were stained with Giemsa, then it was observed using a microscope, with 40 times magnification. The progesterone and estrogen were analyzed by the ELISA method. The parameters measured were the percentage of vaginal epithelial cells, such as (parabasal, intermediate, and superficial) started estrous phase until the time of pregnancy in cows (5, 16, 22, and 60 days), hormone concentration, as well as the presence or absence of leukocytes. The result showed the Ongole crossbred cow estrous phase percentage of superficial cells 56.27%±6.49 higher than 26.23%±7.98 intermediate cells, followed by parabasal cells 17.50%±4.74. While in Ongole crossbred that were 5t h pregnancy period until the 60 th predominantly intermediate cell 80.43%±1.31, then the superficial cells 18.09%±1.30 and 1.48%±0.04 parabasal cells. Progesterone concentration was 63.74±1.07 ng.mL -1 in estrus cows, and steadily increased 93.71±0.94 ng.mL -1 to 149.5±0.71 ng.mL -1 in pregnant cows (5-60 days). The concentration of high estrogen levels were 122.38 ± 0.63 ng.mL -1 in the estrous phase, then decreased 81.54±0.44 ng.mL -1 in the pregnancy phase. In conclusion, the concentration of hormone showed a diagnosis of pregnancy, which done by looking at changes in vaginal epithelial cells at the Ongole crossbred cow, and the cow estrous phase showed greater superficial cells compared by pregnant cows (5-60 days). Keywords: diagnosis of pregnancy, estrous, hormone, Ongole crossbred of cow, vaginal cytology.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) is the causative agent of tuberculosis in human. One of the major M. tuberculosis virulence factors is early secretory antigenic target of 6-kDa (ESAT-6), and EccB5 protein encoded by eccB5 is one of its components. EccB5 protein is a transmembrane protein in ESX-5 system. The aim of this study is to explore the characteristics of wild-type EccB5 and its mutant form N426I. We expressed the EccB5 protein by cloning the mutant and wild-type eccB5 gene in Escherichia coli (E. coli). We compared the protein structure of wild type and mutant form of EccB5 and found changes in structure around Asn426 (loop structure) in wild type and around Ile426 (β-strand) in the mutant. The truncated recombinant protein of EccB5 was successfully cloned and expressed using plasmid pCold I in E. coli DH5α and E. coli strain Rosetta-gami B (DE3) and purified as a 38.6 kDa protein by using the affinity column. There was no detectable adenosine triphosphatase activity in truncated forms of EccB5 and its mutant. In conclusion, our study reveals successful cloning and protein expression of truncated form of eccB5 gene of M. tuberculosis. EccB5 protein in ESX-5 system may be an important membrane component involved in the transport machinery of type VII secretion system, which is essential for growth and virulence.

The aim of this research was to study the antidiabetic activity of root extract of Ruellia tuberosa L. on rats ( Rattus novergicus ) induced by multiple low doses of streptozotocin. The parameters investigated were blood glucose levels, protease activities, and the histopathologic profiles of the kidneys. Three groups of rats, i.e. control, diabetic, and treatment, were used. R. tuberosa L. extracts were given orally for treatment at a dose of 250 mg/kg body weight per day for 21 consecutive days. The induced diabetes group treated with root extract of R. tuberosa L. (group III) had 60.3% lower glucose levels (119 mg/dL) compared to the group with induced diabetes only. Moreover, antidiabetic activity of R. tuberosa L extract was evidenced by the 55% lower protease activity in the treatment group compared to the untreated diabetic group. Finally, a positive effect from root extract of R. tuberosa L. was shown from the less damaged renal glomerulus and smaller gap between extracellular matrices and epithelium cells in the histopathologic profiles of the kidneys in the extract treatment group. These results show the potential of root extract of R. tuberosa L. as a natural product anti-diabetic agent.

Diazinon is an insecticide that has a higher toxicity than other insecticides. Normally, insecticides are detoxified by liver, but this process produced free radicals which causes cell damage. Free radicals also increase lipid peroxidation which directly increase malondialdehyde levels. This research was aimed to determine the influence of diazinon toxicity to the liver histopathology and levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) in the serum of rats (Rattus norvegicus). The rats were divided into 4 groups which consist of negative control group and three experimental groups which were given diazinon 20 mg/kgBW (P1), 40 mg/ kgBW (P2), and 60 mg/ kgBW (P3). The rats were given diazinon for 8 weeks orally. The parameters used in this research was liver histopathology with hematoxilin eosin stain and Malondialdehyde levels with Thiobarbituric test. Liver histopathology was analyzed in descriptive qualitative and the level of MDA was analyzed quantitatively using ANOVA and Tukey's exact test with α = 0.05. The result of this research showed the influence of organophosphate (diazinon) on liver histolopathology was shown by inflammatory cells infiltration in hepatic parenchyma, sinusoidal congestion, and cytoplasmic vacuolation of the hepatocytes. Statistical analysis proved that the diazinon was able to increase the level of MDA serum significantly (p

Background and Aim: Sepsis is characterized by loss of control of the inflammatory response, which can be triggered by various microorganisms and toxic secretions. The mortality rate increases due to impaired endothelial function caused dysfunctional organ systems. Diabetes is closely related to sepsis. The study aimed to determine the method of using animal models of sepsis diabetes through a combination of streptozotocin (STZ) and Staphylococcus aureus infection based on biological marker parameters. Materials and Methods: A total of 30 male Wistar rats of 2.5-3 months old weighing approximately 150-250 g body weight (BW) divided into six treatment groups with five replications per group were used in the study. Treatment A was negative control (healthy rats) and Treatment B was the positive control (with diabetes) where rats were given STZ dose at 45 mg/kg BW on day 8 intraperitoneally (IP). The blood glucose was measured on day 10, Treatment C was a positive control (bacteria), rats inoculated with S. aureus with a concentration of 108 CFU/mL on day 8 given IP and observed sepsis conditions on day 10th. Treatment group (D, E, and F): Rats given STZ dose at 45 mg/kg BW on day 8th by IP and measured blood glucose on day 10th, then inoculated with S. aureus with different concentrations of 105 CFU/mL, 106 CFU/mL, and 107 CFU/mL on the 10th day, respectively, and were later observed the condition of sepsis on day 12th. Data on diabetes bacteremia were quantitative used blood glucose levels, the bacterial count, and C-reactive protein (CRP) and were analyzed using the one-way analysis of variance test with a confidence level of 95%. Physical examination (temperature and respiration) is qualitative. Results: Physical examination showed that all treatments had a normal temperature, an increased pulse in Groups D, E, and F and a decrease in respiratory rate in the treatment of E and F, the bacteria found in the vital organs in all groups, and CRP levels were not significantly different at all. Conclusion: Animal model of diabetes sepsis can be observed through a combination of pancreas damage, and respiration, the bacteria in the vital organs.

Olive oil ( Olea europaea ) contains 55 to 83% oleic acid which is a single chain unsaturated fatty acid or mono-unsaturated fatty acid (MUFA), and 2% phenolic components in the form of hydroxytyrosol and tyrosol. This study aims to determine the potential of olive oil extract ( Olea europaea ) in reducing cholesterol and malondialdehyde levels, along with inhibiting fatty liver development in hiperlipemic rats. Sixteen rats were divided into four groups, the first group was healthy control group, the second group was positive control group, received a high-fat diet containing 100 mg of cholesterol powder, 25 mg of cholic acid powder and 1 mL of quail egg yolk for 28 days. Third and fourth treatment groups were received for 28 days, plus 0.828 g (1 mL) and 1.656 g (2 mL) of olive oil extract daily for 14 days, respectively. The measurement of total cholesterol used cholesterol test strips based on oxidation enzyme reaction cholesterol esterase and cholesterol oxidase that produce hydrogen peroxidation, then analyzed with biosensor refractophotometry. Measurement of malondialdehyde used thiobarbituric acid (TBA) test. Histological observation of fatty liver was assessed using a NAS (Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease score). The results showed that 1.656 g (2 mL) of olive oil extract per day decreased total cholesterol level up to 44.41 %, malondialdehyde level up to 61.75%, and NAS score up to 50%, compared with positive control. It was concluded that olive oil extract was decreasing total cholesterol level, as an anti-oxidant and prevent fatty liver development. Keywords: fatty liver, hyperlipidemia, malondialdehyde, Olea europaea .

The thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) is one of the thyroid antigens responsible for Graves’ disease and acts as a biomarker for early detection. The purpose of this study was to computationally compare the effectiveness of TSHR56 and TSHR169 fragments in binding to the thyroid-stimulating human monoclonal autoantibody (M22) at the molecular level. The 3D model of M22 was obtained from RCSB (ID 3G04), while the TSHR antigen models were submitted to homology modeling using SWISSMODEL and PhyreV2.0 server to predict the protein structures. The model was validated by generating a Ramachandran plot with the RAMPAGE server. Prediction of the molecular interaction between TSHR and M22 was performed using the HADDOCK web server (version 2.2). Analysis of the binding affinity was conducted using the PRODIGY server. Interactions within the TSHR-M22 complex were analyzed using DIMPLOT. The antigen models had reliability scores of 100% and 97.7% for TSHR56 and TSHR169, respectively. The results of the molecular docking analysis revealed a better HADDOCK score for TSHR169 (-144.7 ± 2.4) compared to TSHR56 (-53.3 ± 10.1). However, the affinity of TSHR56 (-10.1 Kcal/mol) and TSHR169 (-10.2 Kcal/mol) were not significantly different. The results of the TSHR-M22 interaction specificity analysis suggested that TSHR169 is superior to TSHR56, as the number of interacting amino acids was comparable to the control (TSHR260-M22). It can be concluded that TSHR169 represents a specific full-length TSHR antigen and can be developed as biomarker for Graves’ disease.

Chronic exposure to UVB irradiation can caused premature skin aging (photoaging), as it can trigger the production of ROS and initiate both oxidative stress in cell membrane and affect the molecular pathway. This paper figured out the potential of oral and topical administration of C. asiatica extract on hairless rats skin tissue exposed by UVB based on expression of TGF-β1, MMP-1 and MDA dermis. A total of 30 male-hairless rats (Rattus novergicus) divided into 6 experimental groups, exposed by UVB with total dose 840 mJ/cm2 for four weeks. Topical gel therapy administered twice a day, 20 minutes before and 4 hours after irradiation. Oral therapy administered once a day before irradiation. Expression of TGF-β1, MMP-1 and MDA dermis observed by immunohistochemistry. The result showed that oral and topical therapy of C. asiatica extract was capable of inhibiting the increase of MMP-1 and MDA expression and the decrease of TGF- β1 significantly (p

Background: The prevalence of malocclusion cases in the orthodontic specialist clinic in Airlangga University’s Dental Hospital in Surabaya, Indonesia, in 2014–2016 is fairly high, as 55.34% of the occurrences were identified as class II skeletal malocclusion. This type of skeletal malocclusion, which is usually recognized in adults, occurs as a result of variation during growth and development. Lately, there have been many reports on gene polymorphisms of COL1A1 and COL11A1, which are assumed to be associated with class II skeletal malocclusion in Caucasians. Purpose: This study aims to analyze the relationship between single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs) of COL1A1 and COL11A1 with class II skeletal malocclusion in Javanese ethnic group patients with mandibular micrognathism. Materials and Methods: The diagnosis of class II skeletal malocclusion was established using the lateral cephalometric radiographs (ANB angle ≥4°) (n=50). DNA was extracted from the patient’s peripheral blood. After that, PCR, electrophoresis, and DNA sequencing were conducted on the extracted DNA based on COL1A1 and COL11A1 primers. Results: The SNPs in COL1A1 are c.20980G/A in 27 patients and c.20980G>A in 8 patients, whereas SNPs in COL11A1 are both c.134373C/A and c.134555C/T in 8 patients and both c.[134373A>C] and c.134582G>A in 10 patients. All samples show the deletion (c. [134227delA]) in COL11A1. Conclusion: SNPs in COL1A1 and COL11A1 have been found in class II skeletal malocclusion of Javanese ethnic group patients. Seventy percent of SNPs in COL1A1 occur in rs.2249492, whereas 36% of newly discovered SNPs appear in COL11A1. All samples also have deletion in COL11A1.

Enteritis is a gastrointestinal disease caused by microorganism infection that can develop into Necrotic Enteritis (NE), a more severe form of inflammation. It affects poultry's performance, causing economic losses from decreased productivity. Curcuma xanthorrhiza contains many beneficial effects, including antibacterial, antiinfection, antidiabetic, and anticancer. This study aims to compare the anti-inflammatory activity of some active compounds of ginger rhizome extract with anti-inflammatory drugs of the NSAID class through the in silico approach. The binding affinity and interaction assessment of five active compounds and NSAID was conducted on COX-2 before being conducted in vitro / in vivo study. The ligands of the docking study were five chemical compounds derived from Curcuma xanthorrhiza, i.e Ortho-vanillin, α-curcumene, β-Farnesene, zingiberene, and xanthorrhizol. 2-Methoxy-4-[(Z)-2-nitroethenyl]-1-phenylmethoxy-benzene (C29) and camphor, two NSAIDs COX-2 agonists, were used as a native ligand. The docking analysis was performed using Autodock Vina. The result showed that C29 had the strongest binding energy (-7.2 kcal/mol) to COX-2, but β-Farnesene had the highest amount of amino acid residues. Xanthorrizol also shared interesting interaction to a targeted amino acid residue of COX-2 protein compared to NSAIDs had. Therefore, Ethanol Extract of Curcuma xanthorrhiza had potential to be developed as a treatment for necrotic enteritis in poultry.

Background: Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex (MTBC) is a group of Mycobacterium that causes tuberculosis (TB). TB is an infectious disease that remains a global health problem. Indonesia is one of the five countries in the world where TB is the most prevalent and became the country with tle second largest rate of TB in 2014 and 2015. MTBC has high pathogenicity that can cause infections in animals and humans. The most common route of transmission is via airborne droplet nuclei and contact with animals or humans infected with TB. MTBC has many virulence factors. One of these factors is EccB5 that is encoded by eccB5 gene. EccB5 is a transmembrane proteinconserved membrane protein and could play a role in inducing damage in host cells, macrophage infection, and may correlate with active disease. The characterization of eccB5 gene needs to be studied to determine the nucleotide sequences, which may be associated with active disease. The aim of this research was to analyze the nuclotide sequences of eccB5 gene of MTBC from suspected pulmonary tuberculosis patients, SNPs of eccB5 gene and possible correlation with the disease, especially in Indonesia. Materials and Methods: Samples were collected from the Tuberculosis Laboratory, Clinical Microbiology of Dr. Soetomo Hospital Surabaya Indonesia. DNA extraction used boiling extraction method and continued nucleic acid amplification using PCR techniques. Primer pairs used eccB5 SK.. The positivity of DNA specific revealed amplicon in 1592 bp. PCR product was sequenced by 1st Base (First BASE Laboratories Sdn Bhd, Selangor, Malaysia). The sequence analysis used Genetyx-Win version 10.0 (Genetyx Corporation, Tokyo, Japan). Results: Total isolates of Mycobacterium spp. were 28 and those that showed positive MTBC were 24 isolates and 4 nontuberculosis mycobacteria (NTM) using immunochromatographic test (ICT). The amount of homology from MTBC using blast NCBI was 99%-100%. Two SNPs were found in position c.1277 which revealed replacement of amino acid in 426 of codon position. Conclusion: The sequence of eccB5 gene of MTBC showed high significant homology, while proposed nonsynoymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (nsSNP) may associated with clinical outcomes. Keywords: Pulmonary Tuberculosis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex, eccB5 gene, SNPs

Diabetes mellitus type 1 (DMT1) is an insulin deficiency disorder caused by pancreatic damage characterized by chronic hyperglycemia. Animal modeling of DMT1 using inducting Multiple Low Dose Streptozotocin (MLD-STZ) elevat levels of free radicals and inflammation in pancreatic organs which then damage β cells. Ruellia tuberosa L. is a plant containing triterpenoids from the class of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory flavonoids. This study used three groups of rat: negative control group, positive control and 240 mg/kg bw therapy group. Study are based on changes MDA levels, blood glucose and histologic of pancreas. MDA level determining with TBA method, glucose levels using EasyTouch GCU and histopalogy of pancreas using Hematoxylin-Eosin staining. Statistical analysis of MDA and blood glucose (α = 0.05) showed significant decreases in MDA and blood glucose levels. Based on the results of histologic observations of pancreas descriptively showed a decreas in cell damage on Langerhans island. Thus, the provision of root extract of Ruellia tuberosa L. can inhibit the damage in rat DMT1 model so that it can be used as therapy of diabetes mellitus.

Nephropathy or kidney disease involves the deterioration of kidney functions, causing severe diseases, such as proteinuria, chronic kidney diseases, and kidney failure. Currently, nephropathy that develops into kidney failure is increasing globally, as indicated by the increasing number of patients undergoing hemodialysis. Some developed analytical methods for nephropathy using albumin, creatinine, uric acid, and the urinary albumin-to-creatine ratio biomarkers, including spectrophotometry, turbidimetric immunoassay, and ELISA, have been reported so far, providing good accuracy and precision. However, WHO has established guidelines for developing diagnostic tools that meet several criteria: Affordable, Sensitive, Specific, User-friendly, Rapid and Robust, Equipment-free, Delivered to those who need it. This means that nephropathy detection can be carried out using a simple method compatible with point-of-care that allows independent urine analysis by patients. For this purpose, the use of paper-based analytical devices (PADs) as an alternative platform for the detection of albumin, creatinine, uric acid, and the urinary albumin-to-creatine ratio were reviewed.

Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) on TNF-α expression, spiral artery remodeling, and placental apoptosis.Methods: The study used pregnant mice divided to five groups of treatment: Group 1, without treatment; Group 2, 1/12 LD50 of lead and Aquadest; Group 3, 1/16 LD50 of lead and Aquadest, Group 4, 1/12 LD50 of lead and 1 × 107 HSC; and group 5, 1/16 LD50 of lead and 1 × 107 HSC. Histopathology examination was performed to identify spiral artery remodeling. Immunohistochemistry analysis was conducted to characterize TNF-α expression and the apoptosis index. The data from all five groups were compared using the ANOVA test.Results: TNF-α expression differed significantly among the groups that were not exposed to lead, exposed to lead and exposed to lead after HSC treatment (P0.05).Conclusions: In lead-exposed pregnant mice, the administration of hematopoietic stem cell may decrease TNF-α expression, spiral artery remodeling, and placental apoptosis index but in the group of 1/16 LD50 of lead and HSC treatment, apoptosis index has no differences with those of control group.

UVB generates the production of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) and decrease antioxidants enzymatic excessively. Both of these biological effects caused photo-aging. Excessive ROS production afforded overexpression of AP-1 as a major regulator of photoaging. This paper figured out the potential of Aloe vera extract as topical gel treatment on the UVB-induced skin photo-aging in twenty male wistar hairless rats (Rattus novergicus) divided into 2 groups. First group was induced by UVB and the second was induced by UVB and topical gel extract Aloe vera treatment. Each group was given treatment for 4 weeks. The expression of MDA and SOD were measured with immunohistochemistry. The result showed that the topical gel therapy decreased the MDA expression and increased SOD expression significantly (p < 0.01). The conclusion from this study was Aloe vera extract had potentially as an alternative topical treatment of photoaging.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a representative of almost 85-90% of liver cancer in the recent global incidence. HCC is the second leading cause of mortality in subjects with cancer. The higher prevalence of this disease significantly increased in the Asia Pacific region in the last decades. Fatty liver (steatosis) linked cirrhosis showed a substantial contribution to the acceleration of HCC in patients. Importantly, another primary inducer of fatty liver, a short non-coding RNA miR-122, and miR196a are the essential miRNAs that predicted enhance the progression of HCC in the younger age. However, the lack of information about HCC related liver-derived hormone and miRNA remains. This study was conducted by using miR-122+/--miR-196 (+) to generate miR-122-/--miR 196 (+). In the current data, the significant morphological alteration of the liver with the early formation of nodule-like in the surface area was observed. Based on the histological section, the chronic portal inflammation also occurred in the liver of this double genetic modification mouse model. In summary, the interaction of miR-122 and miR196a may accelerate liver fibrosis due to chronic inflammation within the liver progress to cirrhosis in the early stage of hepatocellular carcinoma.

Goat milk yogurt is known as one of protein source which have more advantages than cow’s milk. Peoples believe that this product have ability to be used as therapeutic agents for many diseases such as Hypercholesterolemia. Hypercholesterolemia is a condition when the cholesterol level in the blood is higher than normal and leads to cardiovascular diseases. Goat milk yogurt has bioactive peptide and bile salt hydrolases which have potency as anti-hypercholesterolemia. on several organs were aortic, heart and kidney based on histopathology and cytokine expression. Male rat (Rattus norvegicus) Wistar strain were used in this research which divided into control (A), hypercholesterolemic rat (B), and hypercholesterolemic rats with goat milk yogurt therapy dose of 300 mg/kgBW (C), 600 mg/kgBW (D), and 900 mg/kgBW (E). Hypercholesterolemia were induced by hypercholesterol diet contain of 10% lard, 0.1% cholic acid and 5% boiled quail egg yolk for 14 days. Goat milk yogurt therapies were administered for 28 days. This findings showed that goat milk yogurt could repair histopathology of aortic, heart and kidney which was damaged due to hypercholesterol diet. It was also shown declining of TNFα expression on those organs. The higher therapeutic dose, the lower of TNFα expression obtained. This research concluded that gout milk yogurt has potency to be used as therapeutic for hypercholesterolemia.

Objective To prove that the decrease in the expression of protamine 2 affects the fertilization ability and the number of child production. Methods During the development stage of elongating spermatids, human spermatozoa chromatin undergoes a complex transition where histone is extensively replaced by protamine. Histone substitution by protamine 1 and 2 plays a significant role in condensing chromatin required to induce the quality of potent spermatozoa. The substitution also has a key role in protecting spermatozoa from effects of free radicals which can degrade the spermatozoa quality. Results The results revealed that protamine deficiency instigated a severe disruption of spermatogenesis affecting male infertility. In addition, the protamine expression disorder caused a decrease in number, motility, and morphology of spermatozoa. Conclusion Our results of a study in mice confirmed that inhibin B injection caused a reduction in the expression of protamine 2 in cauda epididymis. It has implications in the decrease of motility, concentration, and spermatozoa viability so that it affects the fertilization ability and the number of child production.

Diabetes Mellitus is characterized by leveling up glucose in human blood and affects increasing of free radicals in body as well as leading to cellular oxidative stress. Experimentally, this condition is able to be characterized by increasing malondialdehyde (MDA) level in cell and histological changing in pancreas appearance. Consumption of antioxidant substances was reported able to reduce the MDA quantity as free radicals. Black soybean or Glycine max (L) Merr. was reported contains important antioxidant agents such as anthocyanin and isoflavone. This paper discloses recent investigation on application of black soybean water extract to reduce the MDA level on diabetes mellitus-rat model induced by STZ (DM) and also reports the pancreas histological changing of the DM rats. Investigation revealed that black soybean water extract significantly affect decreasing of MDA level by 4.9%, 27.1% and 45.7% in three different doses theraphy (500, 750, and 1000 mg/kg BW). Histologically, it also clearly indicates repairing of pancreas tissue of the DM rats.

Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) is a multi-factorial disorder caused by genetic factors, environmental and immune response. One of the causes of IBD is a side effect of non-steroidal of anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Indomethacin is an NSAID that activates macrophages and triggers increasing of protease activity. Mas Ngur shells ( Atactodea striata ) contains an antioxidant that inhibits the protease activity. This research used rats ( Rattus norvegicus ) induced by Indomethacin and treated with methanol extract of Mas Ngur shells ( A. striata ) at doses of 100 and 400 mg/kg of body weight (BW). Therapy potency of the Mas Ngur shells methanol extracts were identified by measuring protease activity and observed the Jejenum histopathology. Statistical analysis showed that the Mas Ngur shells therapy showed significant differences (p

Toll-like receptorsplay a role as a bridge between innate immune system and adaptive immune system, playing an important role in body'sdefense against invading germs. Thus, theintroduction of TLR-4can be used as a marker for aggressive and chronic periodontitis. This researchaimed to analyze the expression of TLR-4in patients with aggressive and chronic periodontitis. The samplesin this study were derived from tissue suffering from aggressive and chronic periodontitis. The number of samples in this research was 40 patients with aggressive periodontitis and 40 patients with chronic periodontitis. Then, TLR-4 expression test was conducted by using immunohistochemistry.Based on the results of T-test, a statistical test, it is known that t value was 5.697 with significant value about 0.000 (α = 5%). It is also known that there was significant difference of TLR4 protein expression between in patients with aggressive periodontitis and in those with chronic periodontitis. Morever, based on a box plot diagram, it is known that there was significant difference of TLR4 protein distribution between in patients with aggressive periodontitis and in those with chronic periodontitis. Besides, it is also known that TLR4 protein expression has an effect on the incidence of patients with aggressive periodontitis and chronic periodontitis, as well as the shape of the regression equation. Furthermore, it is known that OR estimated value for the variable expression of TLR4 protein was 1.275 (sign = 0.000). It indicates that if TLR4 protein expression increased 1 (one) unit, then the risk of aggressive periodontitis could be 1,275 times. Conclusion: The increasing of TLR4 protein expression in patients with aggressive periodontitis indicates that cytokine becomes an indicator of inflammation in aggressive periodontitis. Keywords: Toll - like receptors -4, aggressive eriodontitis, chronic periodontitis

Several studies have been reported behavioral changes in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) recently. The increasing levels of glucose affects neuronal activity and may inhibit the process of differentiation and regeneration of neurons in the brain. Dopaminergic (DA) neurons produce dopamine as a neurotransmitter which has an important role to regulate motor functions in the brain. This study aimed to determine the effect of exposure to high concentrations of glucose on the activity of dopaminergic neurons on early development of zebrafish (Danio rerio). Zebrafish embryos were exposed to glucose (1%, 3% and 5%) as a diabetic animal model at the beginning of development. Co-incubation was performed by incubated both of glucose and L-DOPA. Swimming distance of zebrafish larvae was measured as a parameter to determine the motor function regulated by dopamine activity. Results of statistical analysis in zebrafish embryos exposed to 1% and 3% glucose showed significant differences (p less than 0.05) reduction on swimming distance. Co-incubation glucose with L-DOPA partially increased the swimming distance. It can be concluded that the administration of excessive exposure to glucose was able to decrease the activity of dopaminergic neurons by decreasing the distance of swim in early zebrafish development. .

Diabetes leads to widespread complications including pancreatic β-cell damage, nephropathy and impaired wound healing. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) has been shown to improve wound healing through induction of stem cell recruitment and the potential to inhibit progression of diabetic complications. We aimed to determine the efficacy of HBOT in wound healing and organ preservation in a diabetic rat model. Diabetes was induced in male Wistar rats (n = 10/group) using streptozotocin (20 mg/kg sc) daily for 3 days. A wound was inflicted on the skin over the back and the rats were given HBOT (2.3 ATA for 1 h/day) for 1, 3, 5, 7 or 10 days or were not treated. Blood glucose, pancreatic β-cell damage, diabetic nephropathy and wound healing progression were assessed. Diabetic rats not treated with HBOT had significantly higher blood glucose levels compared to controls (26.7 ± 3.3 mmol/L vs. 5.8 ± 0.4 mmol/L; P ≤ 0.05). This was associated with significant increase in the percentage of β-cell damage (72% ± 9% vs. 10% ± 2%; P ≤ 0.05) and diabetic nephropathy. HBOT for 3 days and longer in diabetic rats reduced hyperglycemia to control levels. Pancreatic β-cell damage was negligible in rats treated with HBOT for 5 days and longer while diabetic nephropathy was diminished in animals treated for 10 days. Similarly HBOT induced wound healing and accelerated epithelial closure from 5 days of HBOT. In summary, our findings show the efficacy of HBOT in this diabetic rat model. There was significant reduction of hyperglycemia and inhibition of diabetic complications in the form of preservation of pancreatic and kidney structure and accelerated wound healing.

Glycemic Index have relevance in the regulation of blood glucose with different glycemic response variables that are useful for T2DM. This study aims to determine glycemic response variables, including Peak of Blood Glucose Level (PBGL), Time of Peak Blood Glucose (TPBG), Maximum Increase of Blood Glucose (MIBG), 2-hours of Postpandrial Blood Glucose (2hPPBG) and Incremental Area Under Glucose Curve (IAUC) of Indonesian local food with staple food dishes based on red rice by different preparation process and composition of menus recipes standard, energy and macronutrient, the total dietary fiber (TDF), glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL). The subjects were 5 men and 5 women with type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). They consumed six types of menus on separate occasions in random order after overnight fasting. There were differences in all glycemic response variables with reference food, except for the TPBG.

Herbal medicines have the potential to be used as therapeutic agents. Polyalthia longifolia is widely grown in both Indonesia and the Philippines, but it has not commonly used for its therapeutic purposes. Some studies reported that P. longifolia leaves extract has anti-inflammatory activity. In this study, the potential of Polyalthia longifolia leaves extracts for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in Indometachin-induced rats was tested. Four groups of rats were used for this research, were control (T1), rats with IBD with 10 mg/kg BW of sulfasalazine therapy (T2),) rats with IBD treated with 300 mg/kg BW of Indonesia P. longifolia leaves extract therapy (T3) and rats IBD treated with 300mg/kg BW of The Philippines P. longifolia leaves extract therapy (T4). Histopathology of gastric, duodenum, jejunum, and colon were analyzed, with protein profile and pro-inflammatory cytokines expressions. The results showed that P. longifolia leaves extract therapy origin from Indonesia and the Philippines were potent as anti-inflammatory agents comparable to commercially available drugs against IBD. This works proposed the use of P. longifolia leaves as IBD therapy.

In the case of pre-eclampsia, abnormality form also be found in the heart, which is later can be diagnosed as a particular symptom, hypertension. Endothelin-1, potential vasoconstrictor derived from heart, responsible to the mechanism of indirect impairment utero- spiral arteries into development of generalized endothelial dysfunction. This study was designed to identify the effect of ethanol extract from black rice in pre-eclamptic model rat, specifically related to its ability to maintain physiological activity of cardiovascular system. In this study, animal model was induced by multi-dose of tryponil sulphate 70mg/kgBW at 9th, 10th, 11th day of pregnancy, and the groups were devided into negative and positive control, treatment groups: P1, P2, P3 differed by ethanol extract dosages (12,5mg/kgBW, 25mg/kgBW, 50mg/kgBW respectively). Treatment started from day 12th to 18th of pregnancy, continued by statistical analysis to examined endothelin-1 immunohistochemistry expression using one way ANOVA and Tuckey-Test. This study indicated both the lowest expression of endothelin-1 and the normal structure of heart myofibrils, after histological examination, were identically displayed at P3 (50mg/kgBW ethanol extract) among groups. According to this study, we suggested that the ethanol extract of black rice possibly has certain compound either directly or indirectly induced cardiovascular changes during pre-eclamptic condition.

Methyl mercury (MeHg) has the highest toxicity among the derivative of the organic mercury compounds. Rate of accumulation of MeHg in the body is very high because it is soluble in lipids. The ability of methyl mercury binds to proteins in the body causing MeHg to penetrate the blood-brain barrier easily, so that it can quickly disrupt the central nervous system and speed up nerve cell damage. This paper reported the effect of methyl mercury on the number of microglia cells and expression of iNOS in the brains of Rattus norvegicus. In this study, rats were divided into two groups: a control group with no exposure of MeHg and groups of rats exposed with MeHg at a dose of 0.6 mg/kg BW/day given orally for 21 days. Number of microglia cells is investigated using silver nitrate staining method and iNOS expression is determined by immunohistochemistry methods. The results showed that exposure with MeHg in a dose of 0.6 mg/kgBW can increase the number of microglia cells and iNOS expression respectively as mush as 151.63% and 918.08% . Keyword: Methyl mercury, microglia, brain, iNOS, immunohistochemistry

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood sugar levels as a result of insufficiency of insulin function. Xanton a bioactive compound in the mangosteen rind is convinced to possess antidiabetic effects. There for, in this study effect of juice mangosteen rind (Garcinia mangostana L.) on blood sugar levels, and histological features of pancreatic rats with the induction of streptozotocin was investigated. This research using experimental rats species of Rattus norvegicus Wistar strain male. Rats were divided into 3 groups, the first group was the control without any treatments, group II was sick rat group, and group III was therapy rat group treated with juice mangosteen rind (a dose of 110 mg/kg body weight) by sonde for 2 consecutive weeks. Then,blood sugar levels of all rat groups were measured along with observation of their pancreatic histological. The results showed that the blood sugar level in therapy rat group (104.7 ± 10.9 mg/dL) is not significantly different with that of rat control group (108.5 ± 19.5 mg/dL), revealing effectiveness of therapy. Conservely, blood sugar level remained high in sick rat group (163.8 ± 16.2 mg/dL). Juice mangosteen rind can improve conditions of the pancreatic histology rat with the induction of streptozotocin.

Rheumatoid arthritis (AR), an autoimun disease, is characterized by the inflammation in the joint area caused an excessive of free radicals. An excessive of free radicals in the body cause oxidative stress, that increasing levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) as an indicator of lipid peroxidation and the decreasing levels of anti-oxidants. The treated with extract of brown seaweed (Sargassum sp.) intended to find out the MDA levels in serum and the histological of the foot joints rheumatoid arthritis rats. Malondialdehyde levels are determined through a TBA test (Thio Barbituric acid), meanwhile the histological of the rat foot joints was determined by Hematoxylen-Eosin staining (HE). The results showed the brown seaweed extract therapy (Sargassum sp.) was significantly (p

Diabetic Nephropathy is a kidney disease which occurs due to complication of diabetes mellitus as a consequence of the damage of the kidney endothelial cells. Hyperglicemia condition in patients with diabetes mellitus that induces an oxidative stress, were related to endothelial cell damage. Oxidative stress as a result of hyperglycemia will activate a number of signal transduction pathways resulting in increase of free radicals. D-alpha tocopherol as one of antioxidant substance, that can act as an inhibitor of free radical chain reactions, play an important role in the reduction of the oxidative stress effect. Effect of D-alpha-tocopherol in reducing oxidative stress is identified by the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) in kidney and histology of kidney. This study used five groups mice; they were a control group, a diabetic group which was induced with MLD-STZ, and a therapeutic groups with a varieties doses of D-alpha tocopherol (100 mg/kgBW, 200 mg/kgBW and 300 mg/kgBW). The results showed that the D-alpha tocopherol was able to reduce the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and repair the histology of kidney of mice induced by MLD-STZ.

Konsumsi tinggi lemak berperan dalam resistensi insulin dan peningkatan risiko penyakit kardiovaskuler. Teh hijau klon GMB 4 merupakan hasil pengembangan teknologi yang dihasilkan oleh Lembaga Penelitian Teh dan Kina Gambung, dan telah dilakukan   isolasi dan purifikasi Epigallocatechin Gallate. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk membuktikan pengaruh Epigallocatechin Gallate dalam menghambat resistensi insulin, penurunan ekspresi p110 PI3K dan peningkatan p38 MAPK pada aorta tikus yang diberi diet tinggi lemak. Hewan coba tikus jantan dibagi menjadi 5 kelompok perlakuan yaitu diet normal, diet tinggi lemak, diet tinggi lemak dengan penambahan EGCG 1 mg/kgbb/hari, 2 mg/kgbb/hari dan 8 mg/kgbb/hari yang diberikan dalam 60 hari. Parameter yang digunakan adalah resistensi insulin (metode HOMA), ekspresi p110 PI3K dan p38 MAPK dari aorta tikus yang diukur dengan metode ELISA. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa isolat EGCG menghambat resistensi insulin pada dosis 8 mg/kgbb/hari. EGCG yang diberikan bersamaan dengan diet tinggi lemak dapat menghambat penurunan kadar p110 PI3K pada dosis 2 mg/kgbb/hari dan dosis 8 mg/kgbb/hari dan menghambat peningkatan aktivitas p38 MAPK pada semua dosis perlakuan yaitu 1 mg/kgbb/hari, 2 mg/kgbb/hari dan 8 mg/kgbb/hari. Pemberian EGCG dosis 8 mg/kgbb/hari yang diberikan bersamaan dengan diet tinggi lemak dapat mengambat terjadinya resistensi insulin yang ditunjukkan dengan penghambatan peningkatan p38 MAPK dan penurunan p110 PI3K dan nilai HOMA dalam range normal, superoxide dismutase.Kata Kunci : Diet tinggi lemak, EGCG, p110 PI3K, p38 MAPK, resistensi insulin

Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitant (Aa) is gram-negative bacteria composed of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) in its outer membrane. This bacteria is normally found in dental plaque and periodontal pockets causing parotid gland damage when it is present in excess amounts. LPS is an endotoxin and a complex glycolipid composed of polysaccharides (hydrophilic) and lipid A (hydrophobic) which can induces Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), and increase the levels of malonaldialdehyde (MDA) and tissue damage. The aims of this research are to find the expression of iNOS parotid gland cell and to determine levels of MDA using thiobarbituric acid (TBA) spectrophotometric test at 533 nm. The results showed a significantly difference (PAa rats (6.307 ± 0.0473 ppm). iNOS expression is confirmed by the brown spots formed on the parotid gland, affording the enhancements of iNOS expression in Aa rats and control rats of 2.292 ± 0.038 and 0.166 ± 0.003, respectively (P Keywords : Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Reactive Oxygen Species, malondialdehyde, iNOS

Autoantibody TPO is a potential marker for early detection of autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD). Autoantibody TPO has a specifity and a sensitivity ranging from 82% to100% in comparison to other AITD serology markers. Concentration of autoantibody TPO in sera had a positive correlation with activities of chronic AITD. This research have been conducted to investigate the characteristic of polyclonal antibody TPO induced by autoantibody TPO from serum of AITD patients. The autoantibody TPO was isolated from serum of AITD patients and its band proteins was confirmed using western blotting, acquiring molecular weight of 51.81 kDa. The protein was induced to a rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) and recognized as an antigen. Serum of rabbit produced polyclonal antibody which was characterized using ELISA and Western blotting. The result showed that autoantibody TPO isolated from serum of AITD patients was immunogenic, which induced the polyclonal antibody anti-TPO (anti-anti-TPO). It was found that the highest polyclonal antibody was obtained on 3rd serum bleeding with the absorbance of 0.3225 and a molecular weight of 51.81 kDa, which is able to specifically recognize autoantibody TPO. Keywords : Autoimmune thyroiditis, Autoantibody TPO, TPO, polyclonal antibody, ELISA, Western blotting

The use of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD65) from bovine brain has been studied to obtain basic knowledge and diagnosis and prediction of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (DM) patients. The importance of GAD65 in DM diagnosis based on its patogenesis. One of the autoimmune marker that can be used to detect beta-pancreas destruction in Diabetes Type I is the antibody to glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD65). Most of the pre-diabetic patients indicate the reactive autoantibody to GAD65. For early detection of anti-GAD65 in the serum of the patient, human recombinat GAD65 has been succeed to be used. However this is not economical, therefore, it is necessary to find the alternative source of cheaper GAD65. The aim of this research is to develop an early detection kit of Type 1 DM based on antibody-GAD65, since the longest patient suffering from DM has higher probability to be complicated, especially for uncured patients. The anti- GAD65 antibodies induced by anti-GAD65 synthetized and labelled by alkaline phosphatase can be used as reagent detection early DM patients. The ten patients of DM as samples (positive of anti-GAD65) and five rats of DM were positive with western blott technique using reagents as result of this research. It can be concluded, GAD65 enzyme isolated from bovine brain induced anti-GAD65 production and have possibilities to be packaged in a diagnostic kit for patient pre DM.

Clinically, type 1 diabetes may presents as type 2 diabetes which sometimes not easily differentiated. Perhaps only autoimmune markers of β-cells destruction could differentiate those two clinical conditions. Due to extremely high cost ( $ 150/test), examination of anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase-65 auto-antibodies (anti-GAD65Abs) may not be routinely performed in most, if not all, clinical laboratories in Indonesia. Hence, the production of anti-GAD65 Abs reagent in Indonesia may reduce the cost and improve the quality of diabetes care in Indonesia. We produce reagent to detect anti-GAD65-Abs using bovine brain tissue as source of GAD enzyme in 3 steps. Step 1, isolation, purification of GAD65 from bovine brain tissue and used it as a primary antigen to stimulate the generation of anti-GAD65 antibodies in Wistar rat. Step 2, the purified GAD65 antibodies were than used as a secondary antibody to induce the production of anti-anti-GAD65-antibodies in Wistar rat and rabbit. Step 3. Labeling anti-anti GAD65-antibodies with alkaline phoshpatase and peroxidase, and detecting anti-GAD65Abs previously detected using commercial kit. The anti-anti-GAD65- antibodies reagent produced in our laboratories successfully identify anti-GAD65-Abs of type 1 diabetic patients previously detected with commercial reagent. (Med J Indones 2005; 14: 197-203) Keywords: GAD, type-1 Diabetes