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Infantile hemangioma is the most common benign tumor of infancy, affecting 1–2% of infants. Hemangiomas of the airway constitute an even smaller percentage, but their management can be challenging due to the potential for life threatening airway compromise. A Subglottic hemangioma (SGH) makes up 1.5% of all congenital laryngeal anomalies, it is twice more common in females than males and have been linked to low birth weight and prematurity. It is during the early proliferative phase (1–3 months of life) that patients became symptomatic, developing characteristic stridor which may progress to respiratory distress. In this early stage, a SGH is often mistaken for a more common condition such as croup. The aim of this case is to underline what a recurrent dyspnea or laryngeal stridor in the first 6 months might hide Case report A 4 months-old-girl who was born at term of natural childbirth (birth weight 2.500 kg-SGA), presented with several weeks of unremitting stridor, substernal retractions. She was diagnosed to have bronchiolitis and she had been hospitalized twice in an another hospital and treated with oral steroids and nebulized racemic epinephrine without significant improvement in her symptoms; Than she had been sent to our hospital. She had intercostal and subcostal retractions. Both lungs had equal contribution to respiration, respiratory sounds were coarse and she had both inspiratory and expiratory stridors which were more obvious on bilateral sibilant rales, and inspiratory phase. She also had wheezing. Laboratory tests, echocardiogram and electrocardiogram were normal. Her follow-up showed that she was not responding to treatment and her respiratory distress was increasing, thus she had a laryngofibroscopy that did not reveal any clear structural abnormalities, and performed a CT scan of the neck, that revealed a laryngeal mass, confirmed by an MRI of the neck, which showed a solid tissues of low intensity on T1-weighted spin-echo images and of hyperintensity on T2-weighted spin-echo images (6x8 mm), compatible with SGH. After her workup was complete, she received an initial dose of propranolol at 0.5 mg/kg, which was increased to 2 mg/kg, and no adverse effects were noted. SGH is a rare but potentially life-threatening disease. A high index of suspicion is vital for the early, accurate diagnosis of this disease. Propranolol treatment has many advantages, it is non-invasive and it has a low complication rate; thus, the use of propranolol as a first-line treatment for SGH is proposed.

Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) is an inflammatory demyelinating illness, characterize-ed by a monophasic course frequently associated with infections or previous immunization. Regarding pathogenesis, encephalomyelitis is associated with some immunological mechanisms. Post-infection or post-vaccination inflammatory reactions in the perivenular region in the central nervous system (CNS) may be explained by a molecular mimicry mechanism. An antecedent infection was identified in 72–77% of paediatric patients. We present a case of a 5 year-old girl in follow up for autoimmune thrombocytopenia (AT) and autoimmune haemolytic anaemia (AHA) in steroid treatment, with history of left hemiparesis, language delay, from as a consequence of perinatal suffering, who has developed ADEM. This patient presented with progressive weakness of limbs, neck pain associated with fever from one day. It was acute in onset and gradually progressive. She became quickly hypotonic and hyporesponsive and had reduced level of consciousness. Within 12 hours of admission, the patient developed sphincter incontinence and dysphagia. After exclusion of papilloedema, lumbar puncture has been performed. An urgent MRI was performed, which showed multiple subcortical lesions of varying size showing hyperintensities in TR at the bridge and in T2 at the medulla . Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) study showed cell count of 40 cells/mm3 , protein 58 mg/dL, glucose 54 mg/dL. No oligoclonal bands were present in CSF. Blood and CSF cultures were negative like other infectiological analyzes. Also CSF-PCR for the presence of bacteria and virus was negative. Her autoimmune profile with antinuclear antibody was also negative. The clinical features and the MRI findings were suggestive of ADEM. Partial quadriplegia, and reduction of reflexes, as seen in the myelitic form of ADEM, were present. She had developed ADEM while on the maintenance dose of prednisolone. After diagnosis, intravenous methylprednisolone was given at 30 mg/kg daily for 5 days. After 48 hours there was a significant improvement in the patient‘s clinical condition. A regimen of oral steroid was advised after intravenous therapy . The patient responded well to steroid therapy. No residual lesion was found on follow-up. AT and AHA are relatively uncommone. There are studies postulating the possibility of a combination of several autoimmune diseases. Very few cases have been found with this rare association in the literature. Follow-up of these patients is essential for detecting the development of other autoimmune disease in such cases.