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Aim. To conduct a retrospective analysis and evaluate the morphological methods for HPV-related intraepithelial lesions detection in women of reproductive age. Materials and methods. The data of cytological diagnosis, as well as the results of histological reports were analyzed for the period from 2018 to 2019. A comparative analysis was performed in 415 patients with HPV-related intraepithelial lesions, who applied to the scientific and polyclinic department of the Kulakov National Research Medical Center at the age of 19 to 45 years. Morphological examination was carried out by specialists of the 1st pathology department of the Center. Results. According to the results of a comparative analysis of cytological and histological conclusions, 3 groups were formed: 1 the group of coincidence (agree) of cytological and histological conclusions; 2 group of minor discrepancies (minor under/ over) between cytological and histological finding; 3 group of major discrepancies (major under/ over) between cytological and histological findings. Cytological and histological compliance was achieved in 194 (46.74%) patients. The total number of minor nonconformities was 192 (46%) cases. The total number of significant discrepancies between cytological and histological findings was 29 (6.9%) patients: 20 (4.8%) cases were found in the group NILM, hr. cervicitis HSIL and 9 (2.1%) cases in the group HSIL hr. cervicitis according to the results of histological examination. Conclusion. Cervical screening reduces the risk of breast cancer due to cytological examination of the cervix, but histological examination is crucial in making a correct diagnosis, since its result determines the choice of treatment method. The comparative analysis showed that in all groups there were cases of hypo- and hyperdiagnostics during cytological examination although the major discrepancies which can change treatment algorithm, were found only in 6.8% cases.

Primary cardiac tumors are rare in pediatrics age group. Germ cell tumor although relatively common in mediastenum, but intracardiac mature teratoma with PDA are extremely rare histological finding reported in our department of pathology in 9 days old full term neonate.

Background: In the cholesteatoma surgery ossicles can be replaced to reconstruct middle ear function. It is important that these ossicles are free of squamous epithelium, to prevent residual disease. This study focuses on the histological findings of the malleus and incus harvested during cholesteatoma surgery. Materials and Methods: Eighty middle ears ossicles were examined in vivo and histologically to consider the relationship of cholesteatoma to ossicles, grade of bone destruction and invasion of cholesteatoma to deeper layers of bone. Results: Serious ossicular destruction was observed more frequently in incus compared to malleus (p = 0.0065). Difference of ossicles destruction between children and adults was not significant (p = 0.3032). Deep invasion of cholesteatoma into the vascular spaces or inner core of the bone was not observed. Conclusions: Autograft ossicles from cholesteatomatous ears should not necessarily be rejected for reconstruction of the ossicular chain. Regarding the histological finding, the authors suggest mechanical cleaning of the ossicle surface to eliminate residual disease.

Subacute thyroiditis (SAT) is a self-limiting inflammatory condition of the thyroid gland in which multinucleated giant cells constitute a key histological finding. SAT is generally a clinical diagnosis and consequently its histological features are rarely encountered by pathologist. Herein, we present a case that exemplifies the characteristic clinical and pathological features of this entity. In addition, we compare SAT to other thyroid disorders characterized by the presence of multinucleated giant cells.

La calcinose scrotale est une maladie rare, benigne, de pathogenie incertaine caracterisee par de nombreux nodules indolores, durs du scrotum en absence de tout trouble metabolique systemique. Nous rapportons le cas d’un patient âge de 57 ans qui presente une calcinose scrotale de decouverte histologique fortuite associee a un eczema chronique et une hernie inguinale gauche. Nous discutons apres une revue de la litterature, les aspects pathogeniques, cliniques, therapeutiques et anatomopathologiques de cette pathologie mal comprise. Mots Cles: Calcinose; scrotum; kyste epidermique; reaction granulomateuse English Title: Bringing Histopathology in the Diagnosis of Scrotal Calcinosis: About a Case English Abstract Scrotal calcinosis is a rare, benign condition of uncertain pathogenesis characterized by multiple painless, hard lumps in the scrotum, without any systemic metabolic disorder. We report on the case of a patient aged 57 years who presented with scrotal calcinosis as an incidental histological finding associated with chronic eczema and a left inguinal hernia. We discuss, after reviewing the literature, the pathogenic, clinical, therapeutic, and pathologic aspects of this poorly understood condition. Keywords: Calcinosis; scrotum; epidermal cyst granulomatous reaction

Background/aim The vast majority of colorectal carcinomas (CRCs) evolve from mucosa not associated to lymphoid tissues aggregates via the adenoma-carcinoma sequence or via the serrated pathway. Rarely CRCs evolve from gut mucosa associated to lymphoid tissue (GALT). Materials and methods Based on the presence of a circumscribed elevation in the colorectal mucosa, GALT carcinomas are also referred to as dome carcinomas (DC). Descriptions of the surface mucosa covering 21 GALT-CRCs appearing in pathological reports were reviewed. Results Three of the 21 GALT-CRCs fulfilled the criteria of dome carcinoma. Of the remaining 18 GALT-CRCs, nine were described as polypoid lesions, five as plaque-like lesions, two as sessile elevated lesions or mass, one as ulcerated and one as histological finding. Hence, only 14.3% (n=3) of the 21 GALT-CRCs displayed a dome configuration, whereas the majority, 85.7% (n=18), exhibited structures other than dome shapes at gross or at histologic examination. Conclusion It becomes apparent that by using "dome" in addressing carcinomas in the colorectal mucosa, many cases of GALT carcinomas might be overlooked. Another drawback of using the "dome" nomenclature is that dome-like outlines may be detected in small metastatic tumors in the submucosa or in small colorectal carcinomas not arising from GALT mucosa. Instead, by using "GALT carcinoma", that is the histologic diagnosis in addressing these neoplasias, all cases of GALT-CRCs will be included.

Fox-Fordyce disease is a rare skin condition characterized by the presence of multiple pruritic follicular papules in areas rich in apocrine glands, such as the axillae, mammary areolae, or genital regions. There is a high degree of variability in the histological findings seen in Fox-Fordyce disease. In addition to those described as typical of this entity, such as dilation of the infundibulum and hyperkeratosis and spongiosis of the infundibular epithelium, many other histological changes can be observed. We report the case of a 21-year-old woman with Fox-Fordyce disease and highlight the importance of perifollicular xanthomatosis as a key histological finding in the diagnosis of the disease.

Fox-Fordyce disease is a rare skin condition characterized by the presence of multiple pruritic follicular papules in areas rich in apocrine glands, such as the axillae, mammary areolae, or genital regions. There is a high degree of variability in the histological findings seen in Fox-Fordyce disease. In addition to those described as typical of this entity, such as dilation of the infundibulum and hyperkeratosis and spongiosis of the infundibular epithelium, many other histological changes can be observed. We report the case of a 21-year-old woman with Fox-Fordyce disease and highlight the importance of perifollicular xanthomatosis as a key histological finding in the diagnosis of the disease.

A 54-year-old lady presented with a mass in the left atrium causing an acute mitral valve pseudo-stenosis. The tumour mass was assumed to be a myxoma. The patient was scheduled for tumour mass extirpation to clear the obstruction of the mitral orifice. Histological finding from the acquired specimen showed a leiomyosarcoma, as a rare primary malignant cardiac tumour.

Perineural invasion is a rare and sporadically reported histological finding in relation to benign lesions. We present a case of a benign pleomorphic adenoma of a minor salivary gland of the cheek, exhibiting perineural involvement. There have been no previously reported cases of minor salivary gland pleomorphic adenomas exhibiting this phenomenon. This is also the first report of this rare feature in surgical literature pertaining to the head and neck region.

We reported a case of a 74-year-old male with pseudoglandular squamous cell carcinoma on the scrotum. An erythematous lesion was first noticed about ten years before visiting our clinic. During the enlargement of the erythematous lesion, several bean-sized nodules also occurred. A biopsied specimen from the nodular lesion showed many tubular lamina lined with several layer of epitheliums, histologically diagnosed as pseudoglandular squamous cell carcinoma. Histological finding of another specimen from the slightly erythematous hyperkeratotic lesion was compatible with Bowen's disease. For treatments, the whole skin of scrotum was excised surgically and a combined chemothrapy with carboplatin and fluorouracil was employed. Histological finding of Bowen's carcinoma was co-existed adjacent to that of pseudoglandular squamous cell carcinoma in the excised specimens. These findings suggest that the lesion of Bowen's disease may develop in the patterns of pseudoglandular squamous cell carcinoma and Bowen's carcinoma.

An osseous metaplasia is a phenomenon which has been described in a wide variety of tissue types with respect to both neoplastic and non-neoplastic conditions. However, an osseous metaplasia is exceedingly rare in colonic polyps. We are herein representing a case of osseous metaplasia in a juvenile rectal polyp in a six year old boy, with review of the literature on the suggested mechanisms of its aetiology.

For sonographic assessment of the endometrium in postmenopausal women, measurement of the maximum thickness is used in many cases as the sole criterion. The cut-off values stated in the literature, however, vary considerably. This prospective study examined 200 female patients in order to ascertain the value of echomorphology in addition to endometrial biometry. Up to an overall endometrial thickness of 3 mm, we observed only histologies without any pathological findings, whereas from an endometrial thickness of 10 mm upwards, only polyps, hyperplasias and carcinomas were found. In more than a third of our patients, the endometrial thickness was between 3 and 10 mm where the structure of the endometrium could reflect the possible histological finding: homogeneity, low echo and a sonographically depictable central echo between symmetrical endometrial leaves were an indication for absence of pathological findings, whereas heterogeneity and high echogenicity were pointers for pathological changes. In contrast to the sole measurement of endometrial thickness in the postmenopause, the combined metric and morphological parameters improve not only the predictability of pathological findings but, above all, the selectivity of the vaginosonographic assessment of the endometrium in postmenopausal women.

Aiming at improving the diagnostic accuracy not to overlook irreversible cholecystitis such as gangrenous cholecystitis, 21 cases operated on for acute cholecystitis at the hospital in a recent 6-year period were studied for each histological finding of the excised specimens in terms of diagnostic accuracy.The results were: In judging the degree of inflammation in acute cholecystitis leukocytes counts at the first visit, characteristics of the gallbladder wall by ultrasonography and serial-ultrasonography, swelling of the gallbladder by serial-ultrasonography, and observation of debris changes were useful. Such a case, in which gallbladder swelling increases, debris in the gallbladder does not disappear, and irregular gallbladder wall is observed, is strongly indicated to be of gangrenous cholecystitis.

Twenty-three bone marrow biopsies from patients with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) with typical histological features were studied, and evidence of apoptosis of erythroid and immature myeloid precursors was seen by light microscopy in each case. This was quantified and found to be significantly greater than that seen in ten normal bone marrow biopsies (p < 0.01). There was no difference in the degree of apoptosis seen in the various sub-groups of MDS proposed by the French-American-British (FAB) co-operative group. These results show apoptosis of haemopoietic precursors to be a characteristic histological finding in MDS, representing intramedullary death of these cells, a factor that may play a role in the pathogenesis of the cytopenias seen in this condition.

In cases of schistosomiasis, the appendix is commonly infested. It is not known if this is a predisposing factor for appendicitis, or a mere coincidental histological finding.A total of 56 patients (51 males and 5 females) underwent appendectomy for schistosomal appendicitis over a 10-year period at Dammam Central Hospital. The histological slides of 41 of the patients (73.2%) were retrospectively studied.The highest incidence of schistosomal appendicitis was recorded in the 21-40-year age group. Ova were seen in the submucosal layers of all the excised appendices. The most common tissue responses were submucosal fibrosis (92.7%) and eosinophilia (87.8%), followed by the presence of suppurative inflammation (80.5%). Granulomatous reaction was evident in only 13 cases (31.7%). A striking feature was atrophy of submucosal lymphoid follicles in 70.7% of the cases. Hyperplasia of lymphoid follicles and serosal granulomas were rare (2.4%). Similar tissue responses were histologically seen in four normal appendices examined.Appendiceal infestation may predispose to appendicitis in the majority of affected cases, but in others, it may well be a mere coincidental histological finding. However, preoperative knowledge bears no clinical significance and does not alter management.

Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome (MRS) classically shows a triad of orofacial swelling, fissured tongue and facial palsy, more commonly the oligosymptomatic form. The orofacial swelling is characterised by swollen reddish-brown non-pruritic lips and facial oedema. In one-third to one half of patients, fissured tongue is seen, which also aids in diagnosis. The histological finding of MRS includes non-caseating, sarcoidal granulomas, but their absence does not exclude the diagnosis. All these findings together form a basis for a cautious search for confrontational reasons for the symptom complex of MRS.

A 50-year-old Japanese female of acral lentiginous melanoma in situ involved into deeper eccrine duct epithelium on the right middle finger was described. Histopathologically, increased number of atypical melanocytes were proliferated involving both lower epidermis and deeper portion, 643μm from epidermal basal layer, of eccrine sweat duct epithelium, which is a rare histological finding in usual ALM. It is well known and interesting that malignant melanoma in situ, especially ALM in situ often proliferate involving into superficial portion of eccrine duct epithelium, however, our case was exceptional.We supposed that ALM in situ cells could proliferate with affinity to eccrine duct epitherlium. Taken together, we need careful treatment and follow-up for ALM in situ with proliferation into the deeper portion of eccrine duct as our case.

The article presents an unique case of trans-sexual person (FtM) with histological finding of pre-invasive cervical carcinoma after performed hysterectomy.

vascular component (Fletcher 1995). In the present case, the tumour was solitary and showed a capillary-like appearance. The mass was capsulated and was composed of typical mature adipose and vascular tissue, which tended to be situated mainly at the periphery of the tumour, with intervening septa of collagen fibres. An additional histological finding was the presence of small fibrin thrombi in a few vascular spaces; this is often a diagnostically helpful feature in human angiolipomas (Enzinger and others 1988). As there appear to be no previous reports, the authors consider cardiac angiolipomas to be very rare in domestic animals. In the present case, the tumour arose from the pericardium and resembled in architecture the soft tissue angiolipomas described in dogs (Liggett and others 2002) and human beings (Fletcher 1995).

A five-and-a-half-year-old boy with a history of craniopharyngioma presented with an enlarging scalp mass. The clinical history, CT images, histological findings and relevant discussion are presented.

A case of retroperitoneal haematoma due to a ruptured microaneurysm of the posterior superior pancreaticoduodenal artery in a 61 year old man is described. Ultrasonography and computed tomography revealed cystic masses near the gall-bladder. Selective coeliac angiography disclosed a microaneurysm of the posterior superior pancreaticoduodenal artery. Surgical extirpation of the cystic masses was performed, and the histological finding was an encapsulated old haematoma.

We describe the case of a 74-year-old woman with a fifteen-year old history of virilism and with a Type-II-diabetes mellitus treated with insulin. After the removal of the ovaries, the formerly elevated serum-testosterone levels normalised and the signs of virilism gradually abated. The histological finding of stromal thecosis in the ovaries is discussed in relation to hyperinsulinaemia and other potential stimuli for ovarian stromal hyperplasia.

Summary For the first time, to our knowledge, we report a peculiar histological finding in the thyroid glands of children, namely the presence of empty, elongated, tortuous, retraction-like spaces apparently dissecting the interstitial tissue. The availability of D2-40, an immunohistochemical marker for lymphatic endothelial cells, allowed us to identify these spaces as intraparenchymatous lymphatic capillaries. This phenomenon was evident at the periphery where they blended with marginal lymphatic vessels.

We present a case with distal ureteral obstruction after a single subureteral collagen injection. Postnatally, the girl presented with bilateral vesicoureteral reflux (VUR). At one year of age, a bilateral subureteral collagen injection was carried out. Postoperatively, the girl was followed up regularly and showed no pathological findings. But three years later, hydronephrosis with a distal ureteral obstruction on the right side was found. An ureteral reimplantation was performed on that side and the histological finding was a ureteral stenosis, consisting of collagen with a knotty sclerosis and a histiocytic and granulomatous reaction. This is the first case with a late obstruction at the ureteral orifice three years after a single collagen injection. We found an inflammatory reaction against the collagen, which led to a sclerosis of the implant. Further surveillance of patients after subureteral injections should focus on this kind of complication. Nous presentons le cas d'une obstruction de l'uretere distal apres une simple injection sous-ureterale de collagene. L'enfant presentait un reflux vesico-ureteral bilateral. A l'âge de 1 an, une injection sous-ureterale de collagene etait realisee, le suivi post-operatoire etait fait regulierement et ne montrait aucune anomalie. Mais trois ans plus tard, une hydronephrose avec une obstruction ureterale distale du cote droit etait retrouvee. Une reimplantation ureterale etait realisee de ce cote et l'etude histologique montrait une stenose ureterale due au collagene avec une sclerose et une reaction histiocytaire et granulomateuse. Ceci est le premier cas avec une obstruction tardive trois ans apres une injection simple. Nous avons trouve une reaction inflammatoire contre le collagene qui a conduit a une sclerose. Une surveillance tardive des patients avec des injections sous-ureterales doit etre realisee a la recherche de telles complications. Presentamos un caso de obstruccion ureteral distal tras una sola inyeccion subureteral de colageno. Tras el nacimiento la paciente presentaba reflujo vesicoureteral bilateral. Al ano de edad se realizo una inyeccion subureteral de colageno. El curso postoperatorio fue seguido regularmente y no hubo ningun incidente pero 3 anos despues se desarrollo una hidronefrosis por obstruccion ureteral distal derecha. Se reimplanto este ureter y se descubrio una estenosis ureteral consistente en colageno con una esclerosis nodosa y una reaccion histiocitica y granulomatosa. Este es el primer caso con obstruccion tardia del orificio ureteral tres anos despues de una inyeccion de colageno. Encontramos una reaccion inflamatoria contra el colageno que produjo esclerosis del implante. Es necesaria la vigilancia de los pacientes con este tipo de tratamiento para detectar estas complicaciones. Wir stellen einen Fall mit einer spaten Obstruktion im Bereich des distalen Ureters nach einmaliger Unterspritzung mit Kollagen vor. Nach der Geburt hatte sich bei dem Madchen ein vesikoureteraler Reflux beidseits gezeigt. Im Alter von einem Jahr wurde eine Ostiumunterspritzung beidseits durchgefuhrt. Wahrend der postoperativen Kontrolluntersuchungen fand sich kein pathologischer Befund. Jedoch nach drei Jahren zeigte sich eine Hydronephrose bei distaler Ureterobstruktion rechts. Eine Ureterozystoneostomie wurde daraufhin durchgefuhrt, und in der Histologie fand sich eine Stenose des Ureters bei knotiger Sklerose mit histiozytarer und granulomatoser Reaktion auf das Kollagen. Dies ist der erste Fall mit einer spaten Obstruktion am Ureterostium drei Jahre nach einer einmaligen Kollagenunterspritzung. Es zeigte sich eine Entzundungsreaktion auf das Kollagen, welche zu einer Sklerosierung des Implantates fuhrte. Zukunftige Kontrolluntersuchungen bei Patienten nach Ostiumunterspritzung sollen auf diese Komplikationsmoglichkeit achten.

The case of an 8-year-old boy presenting two episodes of osteomyelitis of the left and right tibial diaphysis is reported. The recurrent course, the negative cultures and the symmetrical aspect of the lesions suggest the diagnosis of recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis. The location of the lesions at the middle of the diaphysis and the histological finding of predominant bone necrosis are unusual.

We report on an original case of a 64 year old lady diagnosed with an extraadrenal mesenteric paraganglioma associated with an incidental histological finding of a gallbladder paraganglion. Paragangliomas are rare neuroendocrine, neural crest-derived tumours, found in diverse locations and display variable catecholamine secreting behaviour. Malignant potential can be difficult to predict on histology. We review the current literature on these multifarious tumours.

We report a 90-year-old man, who presented 17 months after his pacemaker implantation with erythema and blistering at site of pacemaker insertion. He was initially treated with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and anti-allergic agents. After 2 weeks, erythema and blistering at site of pacemaker insertion was cured. However, he had recurrence of erythema and blistering at site of pacemaker insertion after 2 month. To make matters worse, blister had broken with inflammatory granulation tissue and pus, methicillin-sensitive staphylococcus aureus were detected by bacteriological culture. After pacemaker generator and leads removal and administration of antibiotics, new pacemaker generator and leads were implanted another side of chest under greater pectoral muscle. Eosinophilic infiltration was shown in the section of the skin at blister histologically. The histological finding suggest that preexsisting pakemeker-mediated dermatitis cause pacemaker infection.

Placenta surface cyst classified subamniotic hematoma, subchorionic hematoma and subchorionic cyst by histological finding. These cysts did not affect the obstetrical outcome according to the previous report. However, we experienced that the subamniotic cyst compressed the umbilical cord to result in fetal deceleration. We report this case with brief review of literature.

Biliary cystadenoma is a rare cystic tumour of biliary origin. We report on the ultrasound, CT and angiographic appearances of an extra-hepatic biliary cystadenoma arising from the left main hepatic duct with compression of the quadrate lobe. We also describe the histological finding of adenomyomatosis of the gall-bladder in association with the cystadenoma, an association not previously reported.

Intramucosal ganglion cells are commonly believed not to occur in normal colon and to be found only in the chronic bowel motility disorder, neuronal intestinal dysplasia. After chance observations of two intramucosal ganglion cells in endoscopic biopsies in two patients without neuronal intestinal dysplasia, a retrospective study was undertaken to determine how frequently ganglion cells are present in colonic mucosa. Excluding the index cases, three intramucosal ganglion cells were found in 169 consecutive colonic biopsies. The nature of the ganglion cells was confirmed by positive neurone specific enolase staining by the peroxidase-antiperoxidase technique in all cases. None of the patients had neuronal intestinal dysplasia. The diagnosis of neuronal intestinal dysplasia should rely on a constellation of clinicopathological features. Rare intramucosal ganglion cells are a normal histological finding.

A scalp tumor from a 24-year-old male presenting unusual histological finding is described. The tumor was mostly composed of corpuscles resembling Meissner tactile bodies and contained almost no other components. Immunohistochemical studies revealed the tumor cells to be positive for S-100 protein and neuron-specific enolase, so we considered the tumor to be an unusual nevocellular nevus mostly comprised of nevic corpuscles.

To The Editor: As the surgeon who performed the reconstruction and later retrieved the specimen discussed in "Observations on a Retrieved Patellar Tendon Autograft Used to Reconstruct the Anterior Cruciate Ligament. A Case Report" (2002;84:1433-8), by Delay et al., I believe that I can offer some helpful insight on the histological finding of an area of necrosis in the intra-articular portion of the graft just proximal to its insertion in the tibial tunnel. The authors speculated that the "over-the-top" placement of the autograft in the lateral femoral condyle was not isometric and may have created excess tension of the graft in extension. They also …

The lipid islands in the gastric mucosa are small, well delimited white or yellowish-white patches varying in diameter from 0.5 to 3 millimeters. Microscopically they constitute accumulations of macrophages full of lipids. This endoscopic and histological finding was observed in 0.38% of patients who had not undergone gastric resection, and in 18.0% of those who had the intervention, the basis being a case-list of 1381 endoscopic examinations of the upper digestive tract. The endoscopic and histological aspects and the clinical correlations of the gastric lipid islands are discussed, emphasizing the importance of biliary reflux as an etiological factor. The presence of gastric lipid islands must be considered as the expression of a prolonged inflammatory process of the gastric mucosa.

A case umbilical metastasis from the cancer of stomach was reported. The patient was a sixty-three years old female. She had umbilical pain associated with a mass. An operation was performed for the removal of the umbilical tumor and the diagnosis of metastas from the stomach cancer was made by histological finding.

The nature, pathogenesis and evolution of pruritical papules of 136 patients with scabies was studied.The papules appear in the course of the scabies and remain for weeks and months after its cure. Most often they were present in cases of children and young people. In the cases of young papules, scabious burrows were observed in which scabious elements were proved to occur microscopically. In the phase of regression, the papules turn into brown pigmented macules which continue to itch. The dominant and most constant histological finding is that of small cell infiltrates in all parts of the corium. They consist mostly of lymphocytes and eosinophils. The papules appear to be due to absorption of the dilapidated products of parasitic excrements which, through the widened intercellular spaces in the epidermis and the lymph vessels of the papillary body penetrate into the cutis to produce this peculiar reaction.

This paper is concerned with a review of 324 cases from the literature and an analysis of 7 personal cases of congenital defects of the skin of neonates. Single defects are 3 times as frequent as multiple and almost all are found within the region of hairy skin. Three quarters of all defects are in the median line or symmetrical to it. Two thirds of single scalp defects were smaller than 3 cm in diameter. There was a variety of shapes of the defects and the surface might be an open sore, granulating, all stages of epithelialization and even cicatrization so that every stage of healing was to be found at birth. Congenital defects of the scalp occured with the same frequency in female and male infants. The histological findings are summarized.

The current study in rats concerns two aspects of the flap/bed interaction: fluorescein kinetics and histological finding. In the control group of animals in the fluorescein kinetics experiment, flaps were raised and then reattached. In one experimental group, the flaps were raised and placed on a sterile polyethylene film. In two other groups, the flaps were raised and then the pedicle was cut, either immediately or at specific intervals. At intervals up to 24 hours several animals were injected with 5% fluorescein. In the control group fluorescein penetration increased with time, while it decreased in the polyethylene-film group. There was virtually no fluorescein staining in both cut-pedicle groups. To study histological events, the animals were divided into groups with flaps and groups in which the distal end of each flap was severed to form a contiguous skin graft. Other conditions were varied. All flaps were cultured, and biopsy specimens were obtained from three areas at several time intervals. Histological sections from the distal flap were markedly different from the corresponding skin grafts. These results corroborate previously noted survival rates.

DURING my stay in Hong Kong I observed several dozen cystic formations of the auricle which I took at first for sebaceous cysts, and to which, for a long time, I paid no special attention. Only gradually did I come to the conviction that we had to deal with a "cyst" the etiology of which, as far as I can ascertain, is unknown. I collected 13 cases during the last few years for this preliminary report, in the hope that it will encourage further studies. All the cases I saw were in young or middle aged healthy male Chinese. I have never seen a single case in a woman or in a child, nor do I remember having seen one in an elderly patient. The pseudocysts had typical localization, history, content, histological finding, and they ran a typical course. They were localized in the upper half of the anterior side

In 11 patients, most of whom had cerebral tumours, electrical impedance was recorded during the introduction of an impedance electrode during operation. After removal of the lesion impedance was measured in the tissue adjacent to the walls of the wound cavity. The readings were correlated with water and electrolyte content and with histological findings in the specimens taken from the same places. Electrical impedance appeared to be lowered in regions invaded by tumour and also in the surrounding oedematous areas of white matter. Unless primarily affected, cerebral cortex usually did not show oedema.

The authors describe the clinical and pathological observations of a thoracolumbar intramedullary ependymoma. A voluminous conus of collagenous tissue was located in the center of the tumor. This most unusual histological finding is compared to rare cases of the literature describing the presence of bone and cartilage in ependymomas.