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Objective To construct a theoretical model for cognitive domain information transmission (COIT) to promote the establishment of an attack and defense system for COIT, and further to validate it by simulating data in mathematical model. Methods A hub-susceptible-infected-recovery (HSIR) model was proposed theoretically to conceptualize COIT, and then the model was validated with Runge-Kutta nonlinear integral equation for mathematical simulation. Results Standard HSIR model showed when cognitive domain information was transmitted in a large population of 10 000 people, the peak transmission was observed at Day 46 and 7 480 members were covered, with a basic reproduction number of 1.3. Further, when some measures were taken to obstruct COIT at Days 8, 4 and 2, respectively, the number of peak infects people was decreased to 5 822, 4 892 and 4 126, with a peak transmission duration shortened by 92, 62 and 41 d, in order. Conclusion Basing on HSIR model, we bring forward a dynamic model of COPT, and primarily construct a defense system of COPI combat.

Objective To explore the change trend and pattern of sleep quality in time dimension in high-altitude recruits during new training, and the longitudinal moderation of negative cognitive processing bias in the process of depression affecting sleep quality. Methods A self-designed demographic data questionnaire, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PQSI), Negative Cognitive Processing Bias Questionnaire and Self-Rating Depression Scale were used to survey 952 cluster-sampled military recruits during training period who served in high-altitude regions along the Qinghai-Tibet Supply Line. Group assessment was performed in 1, 2 and 3 months after new training. The score for depression at the first month and the score of negative cognitive processing bias at the second month were collected and used to predict the sleep quality at the end of the 3 months of new training. Results The military recruits had a mean score of PSQI of 4.45± 2.44, 4.01±2.15 and 4.45±2.54, respectively in the 3 time points, significantly higher than the national norms for Chinese (P < 0.01). Their sleep quality showed a trend of improving first and then decreasing with the extension of training time (P < 0.01). Nationality, age and educational level significantly affected the sleep quality (P < 0.05). The total PSQI score was positively correlated with educational level, depressed mood, negative cognitive processing bias and its dimensions among these individuals (r=0.131~0.330, P < 0.01). Regulatory effect analysis showed that negative memory bias could modulate the relationship between depression and sleep quality (t=2.498, P < 0.05), and explained 15.7% of the variance rate of sleep quality. Conclusion The recruits serving in high-altitude regions have a severe sleep quality. Nationality, age, educational level, depression and negative cognitive processing bias are important factors affecting the sleep quality in them during new training. Negative memory bias has a significant longitudinal moderate effect between depression and sleep quality and is a risk factor of depression affecting sleep quality, in long-term risk effectiveness.

Objective To explore the characteristics of electroencephalogram (EEG) microstates of individuals with different levels of depressive symptoms in resting state so as to provide objective biomarkers in screening and identification of depressive symptoms in the population. Methods A total of 129 healthy volunteers aged 18 to 40 years were recruited from July to October 2020 in Chongqing. According to the results of Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS), they were divided into following 3 groups: non-depressive group (n=107), mild depressive group (n=18) and moderate to severe depressive group (n=4). EEG signals of subjects in 8-min resting state were collected, and then were preprocessed and analyzed by MATLAB, EEGLAB and other tools to obtain 4 types (A, B, C and D) of microstate and their parameters, including global explanation variance (GEV), duration, occurrence frequency, coverage rate and conversion rate. SPSS24.0 was used for statistical analysis of each parameter. Results ① Among the subjects, 17.05% showed depressive symptoms. The average GEV of resting EEG microstates in healthy volunteers was 76.49%. ②The mean duration of microstate A in the mild depressive group was lower than that in the non-depressive and moderate to severe depressive group (P < 0.001). ③EEG microstate A had higher occurrence frequency than the other 3 types of microstates in the non-depressive and moderatet to severe depressive group (P < 0.001). ④The mild depressive group presented lower coverage rate of microstate A than the other 2 groups (P < 0.001). ⑤There were differences in conversion rates among different types of microstates (P < 0.05). Conclusion The duration of microstate A may be an early warning signal of the occurrence and development of depressive symptoms, which characterizes the preclinical state of depression. The declined conversion rate of microstates A and C may indicate the occurrence of depressive symptoms, and the alteration in the conversion rate of microstates C and D may be a key feature of the development and progression of depressive symptoms.

Objective To explore the longitudinal characteristics of mental health in the soldiers stationing in the plateau, and the predictive roles of bravery and negative cognitive processing bias. Methods Symptom Checklist 90 (SCL-90) was used to make a longitudinal survey on 255 plateau soldiers for 3 consecutive years during 2016 and 2018. The bravery scores of them in the year of 2016 and the negative cognitive processing bias scores in 2017 were employed to make causality prediction for the mental health scores of 198 soldiers in 2018. Results ① There were no significant differences in the average scores of mental health in the participants in the years of 2016 to 2018; The number of longitudinal positive items was significantly different in the 3 years of follow-up, so were the average scores of these positive items. ② Demographic variables and military occupational variables showed no obvious effect on the mental health scores of the participants in the 3 years (P>0.05). ③The negative cognitive processing bias showed significant modification effect on bravery and mental health (t=-2.34, P < 0.01), accounting for 25.3% of the variation rate of mental health. Conclusion There are no significant differences in the longitudinal average total scores of mental health in the plateau soldiers during the 3 years. The number of positive items in 2018 is obviously lower than that in 2017, in a downward trend. But, the average scores of positive items in 2018 is higher than those in 2016 and 2017, indicating an upward trend. Bravery has a negative effect on mental health score, while negative cognitive processing bias has a positive effect on mental health score. The relationship between bravery and mental health is regulated by negative cognitive processing bias.

Objective To explore the characteristics of the longitudinal changes of emotional regulation strategies and their value in predicting depression in military personnel serving in high-altitude regions. Methods We followed up 4 665 military personnel serving in high-altitude regions along the Qinghai-Tibet Supply Line for 3 consecutive years (2016-2018). Emotion Regulation Questionnaire for Armymen (AERTQ), Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS), and Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) were used to assess the strategies of emotion regulation and the depressive state of these individuals. After excluding the individuals withdrawn from the study (due to mobilizations for missions, discharge from service or personal reasons), we recruited 202 subjects for data analysis. Results Among the military personnel, the scores for emotional regulation strategies were the highest for self-comfort, followed by seeking emotional help, cognitive attention and behavioral inhibition (P < 0.05); the scores were relatively stable over the 3-year period of the study. The scores for emotion regulation strategies increased year by year, and the score for enhanced emotion regulation recorded a significantly greater increase than that of weakened emotion regulation (P < 0.05). The degree of environmental adaptation was important factors affecting the strategies of emotional regulation (P < 0.05). The score for cognitive attention was capable of predicting a depressive state within 2 years, and the score of self-comfort had a predictive value within 1 year (P < 0.05). Conclusion Among the military personnel serving in high-altitude regions, emotional regulation shows a transition from a predominantly weakened to an enhanced strategy, suggesting a negative trend of changes. Adaptability affect the strategies adopted for emotional regulation, which can be predictive of the depressive state in these military personnel.

Objective To study the effect of different emotional regulation strategies on anxiety and the factors contributing to anxiety in military personnel serving in high-altitude regions. Methods Using State-Trait Anxiety Inquiry (STAI) and Armymen Emotional Regulation Types Questionnaire (AERTQ), we conducted 2 groups assessments of the military personnel serving in high-altitude regions along the Qinghai-Tibet Supply Line in August, 2016 (600 subjects) and in August, 2017 (584 subjects) and collected the demographic and environmental data from the participants. The temporal variations of the effects of emotional regulation strategies and the 4 factors (strengthened attention, emotional appeal, self-consolation and behavioral inhibition) on anxiety were analyzed using a cross-lagged regression model, which included the demographic data and environmental factors to examine their effects on the changes of anxiety emotion. The acceptable criteria for model fit index were TLI>0.9, CFI>0.9, and RMSEA < 0.08. Results ① After inclusion of the covariates, the model fit indices of emotional regulation and its 4 factors with state anxiety and trait anxiety were acceptable (CFI=0.942, 0.959, 0.961, 0.929, 0.956; TLI=0.933, 0.952, 0.955, 0.918, 0.949; RMSEA=0.059, 0.051, 0.050, 0.064, 0.055). ②Emotional regulation strategies had significant negative predictive effect on state and trait anxiety (P < 0.05) in the next year, but not vice versa (P>0.05). ③Strengthened attention had a significant positive predictive effect on state and trait anxiety (P < 0.01), while emotional appeal and self-consolation had significant negative predictive effects (P < 0.01); behavioral inhibition had no effect on state and trait anxiety (P>0.05). State and trait anxiety had no predictive effects on the 4 dimensions of emotional regulation (P>0.05). ④State anxiety showed a significant negative growth with time (P < 0.01), and trait anxiety and emotional regulation strategies showed no obvious changes with time (P>0.05). ⑤Educational level had negative effects on state anxiety in models that included emotional regulation, strengthened attention, emotional appeal, self-consolation and behavioral inhibition (P < 0.05, P < 0.01). Environmental adaptation had negative effects on state anxiety (P < 0.01) and trait anxiety (P < 0.01, P < 0.05) in the 5 models. Conclusion Educational level and environmental adaptation are correlated with anxiety in military personnel serving in high-altitude regions. Emotional regulation strategies can significantly affect the growth of anxiety, and during psychological interventions, emotional appeal and self-consolation, but not strengthened attention and behavioral inhibition, should be encouraged for emotional regulation.

Objective To explore the trend and the pattern of temporal changes of depressive symptoms and the association of mental toughness and demographic characteristics with the severity of depression in military personnel serving in high-altitude regions. Methods In August of 2016, 2017 and 2018, we conducted 3 group assessments of 212 military personnel serving in high-altitude regions along the Qinghai-Tibet Supply Line by cluster sampling using a self-designed demographic data questionnaire, Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale and Mental Quality Questionnaire for Armymen. The scores for mental toughness of the subjects in the 2016 assessment and the demographic data collected in 2017 were used to predict the scores of depressive symptoms of the subjects in 2018. Results In the years of 2016, 2017, and 2018, the military personnel had mean depression symptom scores of 13.61±7.62, 13.65±6.36 and 21.87±10.61, respectively, significantly higher than the national norms for Chinese youth (P < 0.05). The incidence of depressive symptoms was significantly higher in these military personnel than the norm in Chinese soldiers (P < 0.01), and their depressive symptoms showed a significant trend of aggravation with the extension of military service time (P < 0.01). Age and the length of military service time significantly affected the depressive symptoms (P < 0.05); age, time of military service and mental toughness showed significant negative correlations with depressive symptom scores among these individuals (r=-0.245 to -0.287, P < 0.001). Regulatory effect analysis showed that age could modulate the relationship between mental toughness and depressive symptoms (t=-1.768, P < 0.05), and explained 17.1% of the variance rate of depressive symptoms. Conclusion The military personnel serving in high-altitude regions have a high incidence of depression and severe depressive symptoms. Age, time of military service and mental toughness are important factors affecting the depressive symptoms. Age can modulate the relationship between mental toughness and depressive symptoms, and an older age is associated with a better use of mental toughness to prevent depression, suggesting that improving mental toughness can alleviate depressive symptoms in these personnel.