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Background and Aim: Pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) infection is common in patients infected with the Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). In this study, we evaluated thoracic CT scan findings of HIV/TB co-infection, before and after anti-TB treatment. Materials and Methods: In this retrospective cross-sectional study, pre-and post-treatment thoracic CT scans of patients diagnosed with HIV and definite pulmonary TB infection were evaluated. Results: A total of 101 patients (64 male, 37 female, mean age of 43±3.4) were included. The most common findings before treatment of TB were mediastinal or hilar lymphadenopathy with hypodense center (41.58%) and free pleural effusion (32.67%). The prevalence of these findings decreased to half after anti-TB treatment (P= 0.009 and P= 0.003 respectively). Loculated pleural effusion showed increased prevalence after treatment (P= 0.031) with no significant change in the prevalence of bronchiectasis, solitary pulmonary nodule, and lymphadenopathy without a hypodense center. Conclusion: The most prevalent thoracic CT scan findings in patients with HIV/TB co-infection before anti-TB treatment were lymphadenopathy with the hypodense center, pleural effusion, and ground-glass opacities. After treatment, numerous changes in imaging manifestations might be seen. The remaining residual CT scan findings (including bronchiectasis, lymphadenopathy with a hypodense center, and solitary pulmonary nodule) require more attention for accurate interpretation of thoracic CT scans in HIV patients.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a respiratory disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Today we are facing a global epidemic. Fever, cough, fatigue, breathlessness, and smell or taste loss are the most frequent clinical symptoms. In most cases, the symptoms are mild. However, it may occasionally progress to widespread thrombosis, septic shock, or acute respiratory disease syndrome (ARDS). The incubation period is usually about 5 days, but can vary from 2 to 14 days. Early quarantine is vital for preventing the complications and rapid spread of the disease. Real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) of a nasopharyngeal sample is the standard diagnostic test. However, this method is expensive and unavailable in many parts of the country, and has delayed results. On the other hand, computerized tomography scan (CT-scan) is widely available and low-cost throughout the country, and provides immediate results with high sensitivity. Indeed, in some cases, CT-scan is capable of providing evidence for the disease before detection of viral RNA from upper respiratory samples. CT-scan exhibits higher sensitivity, but lower specificity for diagnosis of COVID-19, compared to RT-PCR (sensitivity of 59-78% and 95-98% as well as specificity of approximately 100% and 96% for RT-PCR and chest CT-scan, respectively). Low sensitivity for diagnosis of COVID-19 and ionizing radiation exposure are two major disadvantages of CT-scan, which can be resolved to a large extent by clinical and laboratory correlations and utilizing low-dose CT protocols. It seems that CT-scan can be ordered for diagnosis of COVID-19 when PCR test is not feasible, or in case of high clinical suspicion in spite of negative PCR. In addition, CT-scan plays a major role in assessing the severity, extent and prognosis of the disease in monitoring the response to treatment, and in diagnosis of complications.

Introduction & aim: With respect to the outbreak probability of dangerous infections among the patients, the water sources of dentistry units were taken into consideration, in view of microbial contamination. The objective of this study was to assess of pathogenic organisms of the water used in the dentistry units of Yasuj city. Methods: In this research 120 samples of water from poir and turbine of units (before and after flushing) and two samples of urban water were collected. Sampling was performed on the first weekday (48 hours after the units were switched off) and mid week(16 hours after the units were switched off) before starting work. The samples were cultured on EMB Agar and Blood Agar and incubated at 37oC for purification for Gram positive or Gram negative bacteria and it was identifying with biochemical diagnostic test .Also the samples were counted by standard plate count . Results: The average count of bacteria before flushing in Poir on the first weekday was 5360CFU/L and turbine was 2800 CFU/L and count of bacteria after flushing in Poir on the first weekday was 1040 CFU/L and turbine was 1020 CFU/L .While this result for midweek day : The average count of bacteria before flushing in Poir was 3220 CFU/L and turbine was 2720CFU/L and count of bacteria after flushing in Poir was 1772 CFU/L and turbine was 980 CFU/L . Several samples of before and after flushing were contaminated with E.coli, Pseudomonas ,Proteus, Kelebsiella ,gram positive bacilli ,Streptococci, Staphylococci , Diplo cocci and Yeast. Conclusion: According to the result of this study the contamination rate of the unit’s water was high and it’s rate reduced after flushing. The patients saliva causes water unit contamination and it constitutes biofilm in pipe of unit . Existence of E.coli shows the contamination of water to sewage and staphylococcus explains contamination due to return of the patient’s saliva into suctions. dental units waterlines showed bacterial contamination which was eliminated after flushing.

Hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) is an immune-mediated diffuse parenchymal lung disease induced by inhaled antigens. High-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) is widely used in the diagnosis and follow-up of patients and determining the progression and prognosis of the disease. In this retrospective study, 45 consecutive patients with the final diagnosis of HP, seen at a large tertiary care center during a period of 4 years, were included and their HRCT findings were evaluated. The most common HRCT findings were ground glass opacity and reticulation. Some HRCT patterns were detected more severely in bird fanciers in comparison with other etiologies. There is no “gold standard” for the diagnosis of HP. HRCT findings play an important role in hypersensitivity pneumonitis diagnosis and CT scan also help to define the severity of hypersensitivity pneumonitis injuries. In our study, reticulation and ground glass opacity were the most common findings in HRCT of patients with HP. We also find that patients with avian contacts had a significantly higher rate of fibrosis.

Hydatid cyst is a zoonotic infection caused by the larval stage of the worm Echinococcus granulosus. Although any organ could be infected, the involvement of the bone, brain and heart are uncommon. The brain involvement Prevalence varies in the hydatid disease. We present a 27-year-old man with 10 years history of Behcet disease and with an unusual occurrence of brain hydatidosis, diagnosed by MRI and histological findings. Removal of the cyst by surgery was successfully performed and Albendazole was administered for 4 weeks after the surgery (400 mg two times daily) accompanied MLP.