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OBJECTIVES To find the impact of emotional stability on oral parafunctional habits. METHODOLOGY A Cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted at the College of Dentistry, Sharif Medical and Dental College, Lahore, over five months, from July to November 2021. Data was collected using a medical questionnaire and a ten-item personality inventory scale (TIPI). The medical questionnaire comprised two sections with 11 items. The first section had six demographic statements, including age, gender, marital status, occupation, educational level and medical condition. The second section consisted of a pre-validated parafunctional habits questionnaire. RESULTS There was a non-significant difference in the scores of the personality trait of emotional stability across categories of oral parafunctional habits of nail-biting (p=0.093), tooth grinding (p=0.192), tooth clenching (p=0.055), biting on hard objects (p=0.17) and chewing gum (p=0.116). CONCLUSION Emotional stability was most prevalent in individuals who denied having the habit of nail-biting, teeth grinding, tooth clenching and biting hard objects but neither agreed nor disagreed with having the habit of chewing gum.

Several dental operations, including local anaesthetic administrations, wisdom teeth procedures, orthognathic surgical treatments, ablative operations, implantation, and root canal therapy, can cause numbness and tingling of the inferior alveolar nerve. The present case report explains a case report of lower lip paresthesia arising due to carious mandibular premolar.

OBJECTIVES Lasers are used in almost every aspect of dentistry, be it surgeries, restorations, periodontal procedures, and even aesthetic dentistry. One certain area that requires extra emphasis and importance is the laser-assisted frenectomy. Frenectomy, as the name suggests, is the excision of frenum attachment to the underlying bone. Frenectomy is carried out in the mandible as well as the maxilla. This is a case of a patient undergoing orthodontic treatment who also required a frenectomy, and to minimize the postoperative pain and swelling, the procedure was carried out using a diode laser rather than the conventional surgical procedure.

OBJECTIVES To find the impact of agreeable personality trait on oral parafunctional habits. METHODOLOGY A Cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted at the College of Dentistry, Sharif Medical and Dental College, Lahore, over 5 months, from July to November 2021. Data was collected using medical questionnaire and ten item personality inventory scale (TIPI). Kruskal Wallis test was to find the difference in the scores of agreeable personality trait across groups of oral parafunctional habits. RESULTS There was a statistically significant difference in the agreeable personality trait across the parafunctional habits of tooth grinding (p=0.023) and biting on hard objects (p=0.013). A non-significant difference was seen in the personality trait across the habits of nail biting (p=0.495), tooth clenching (p=0.097) and habit of chewing gum (p=0.371). CONCLUSION The individuals who disagreed to having the habit of tooth grinding had the highest score for agreeableness and the least was seen in those who neither agreed nor disagreed to having the habit. The personality trait was the most prevalent in individuals who strongly agreed to having the habit of biting on hard objects and the least in those who agreed to having the habit.

Photobiomodulation (PBM), also known as low level laser therapy (LLLT) or cold laser therapy uses light energy to elicit biological responses from the cell and help regulate cell function. From a clinical point of view PBM offers dental practitioners a non-invasive treatment modality that can be used as an adjunct to the traditional therapies or as a therapeutic tool on its own. This is a case of surgical excision of a fluctuant mass using a scalpel and diode laser 980nm wavelength.

OBJECTIVES To determine the periodontal treatment needs of patients undergoing orthodontic treatment compared to those not undergoing the treatment. METHODOLOGY A cross-sectional comparative study was conducted on 100 patients visiting the Dental OPD of Sharif Medical and Dental College, Lahore, from June 2019 to July 2020. Clinical examination was done using the Community Periodontal index for treatment needs (CPITN) to assess the participants' periodontal health and treatment needs. RESULTS There was a statistically significant difference in the scores of CPITN across the treatment and control groups (≤0.001). The patients requiring scaling and prophylaxis and Oral hygiene instructions (TN 2) were more (94%) in the orthodontic treatment group in comparison to the non-orthodontic treatment group (62%). A higher percentage of patients (6%) requiring complex treatment (deep scaling, root planning and complex surgical procedures), scaling and prophylaxis and Oral hygiene instructions (TN3) belonged to the non-orthodontic treatment group, while only 4% required it from the orthodontic treatment group. CONCLUSION All orthodontic and non-orthodontic treatment group participants required oral hygiene instructions and had periodontal treatment needs (TN1). The patients requiring scaling and prophylaxis and Oral hygiene instructions (TN 2) were more in the orthodontic treatment group than the non-orthodontic treatment group. A higher percentage of patients requiring complex treatment (deep scaling, root planning and complex surgical procedures), scaling and prophylaxis and Oral hygiene instructions (TN3) belonged to the non-orthodontic treatment group.

ABSTRACT The benefits of using a laser in soft tissue treatment include less oedema, reduced inflammation, and quicker recovery. Nowadays, soft-tissue interventions, including periodontal recontouring, operculectomy, or frenectomy, are possible thanks to the introduction of diode lasers that are strongly absorbable melanin and haemoglobin. In this case, a 17-year-old patient at the near end of her orthodontic treatment was concerned about her gummy smile. She also had a gingival swelling in the lower anterior segment. Furthermore, she had a high labial frenum attachment. It was decided to go for a gingivectomy and frenectomy with the help of a laser (Diode Lasotronix 980nm).

OBJECTIVES To find the frequency radiolucencies associated with the second molar adjacent to an impacted third molar in the maxilla as compared to the mandible. METHODOLOGY A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted on 385 Orthopantomograms (OPG) of patients visiting Sharif Medical and Dental College (SMDC), Services Institute of Medical Sciences (SIMS) and Institute of Dentistry, CMH, Lahore Medical College, Lahore over a period of three months from December 2020 to February 2021. Patients above the age of 21 years were included in this study. Grossly carious third molars with inadequate tooth structure to be evaluated and patients with missing maxillary and mandibular third molars were excluded from the study. RESULTS The association between periapical radiolucencies (p=0.140), pericoronal radiolucencies (p=1.000) and external root resorption (p= 0.157) with the arch type (mandible/ maxilla) were not statistically significant but that of caries with the arch was significant (p≤0.001). CONCLUSION The periapical and pericoronal radiolucencies, caries and external root resorption associated with the second molar in the presence of an impacted third molar were higher in the mandible as compared to the maxilla.

OBJECTIVES To find the association between gender and the patterns of impactions and associated radiolucency in Mandibleand Maxilla. METHODOLOGY A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted on 385 Orthopantomograms (OPG) of patients visiting SharifMedical and Dental College (SMDC), Services Institute of Medical Sciences (SIMS) and Institute of Dentistry,CMH, Lahore Medical College, Lahore over a period of three months from December 2020 to February 2021.The angle of the impacted third molar was classified using Winters classification. The Pell and Gregoryclassification was used for depth of third molar impaction and ramus relationship of mandibular third molars.Statistical analysis was done using SPSS 23 and a P value ≤ 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS The angle of impaction and gender in impacted mandibular third molars were significantly associated with eachother (p=0.011) while the depth of impaction (p=0.729), and ramus relationship(p=0.318) were not significantlyassociated with gender. The associa tion between gender and periapical radiolucency (p=0.605), peri coronalradiolucency (p=0.591), caries (p=0.499) and external resorption (p=0.499) were non-significant. In maxillaryimpacted third molars the association between gender and depth of impaction (p=0.121), angle of impaction(p=0.284), periapical radiolucency (p=0.111), peri coronal radiolucency (p=0.805) and caries (p=1.000) werenon-significant. CONCLUSION In impacted mandibular third molars the periapical, peri coronal radiolucency,caries and external resorption weremore in the males as compared to the females. In maxillary third molar impactions, the periapical radiolucencyradiolucency was greater in males while peri coronal radiolucency was greater in females.

OBJECTIVES: To find the association of extraversion personality traits with oral parafunctional habits. METHODOLOGY: A Cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted on 200 individuals in the College of Dentistry, Sharif Medical and Dental College, Lahore, over 5 months from July to November 2021. Data was collected using a pre-validated medical questionnaire and a ten-item personality inventory scale (TIPI). The sampling technique used was Convenience sampling. A sample size of 200 was calculated with the help of WHO sample size determination software. RESULTS: There was a statistically significant difference in the scores of extraversion personality traits across the oral parafunctional habit group of nail-biting (p= 0.007). In contrast, that for tooth grinding (0.114), tooth clenching (0.076), biting hard objects (0.74) and chewing gum (p= 0.659) was non-significant. The highest mean rank score for the personality trait of extraversion was found in individuals who strongly agreed to have a habit of nail-biting (129.23), tooth grinding (153.63), and tooth clenching (142.61) and biting hard objects (12.07). The highest mean rank score for the parafunctional habit of chewing gum (107.28) was found in individuals who strongly disagreed with having the habit. CONCLUSION: The highest mean rank score for the personality trait of extraversion was found in individuals who strongly agreed to have a habit of nail-biting, tooth grinding, tooth clenching and biting hard objects. The highest mean rank score for the parafunctional habit of chewing gum was found in individuals who strongly disagreed with having the habit.

To assess the knowledge and practices of dental practitioners regarding informed consent. METHODOLOGY: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on 150 dentists at the College of Dentistry, Sharif Medical and Dental College, Lahore from June 2019 to June 2020. A pre-validated questionnaire was used. Mann Whitney U test was performed to find the statistical difference in the knowledge and practice scores across the gender and place of practice of dentists and the Kruskal Wallis test for scores across the years of clinical experience and qualification of dentists. RESULTS: The mean practice score was significantly different across levels of qualification (p=0.032) but not across years of practice (0.366). There was no significant difference in the mean knowledge score across years of practice (p=0.744) and levels of qualification (p=0.366). The highest mean score among knowledge questions was seen for the questions which inquired if informed consent should be taken before treatment. The highest mean score among practice questions was seen for the question which inquired if dentists obtained informed consent from parents before treating children. CONCLUSION: The mean knowledge score for females was higher in comparison to males and was the highest in dentists with an experience of greater than 10 years. Most dentists were aware of the concepts, types and processes of informed consent and the importance of taking the patient`s consent before treatment. Taking informed consent from patients before treatment, keeping it as part of their record and taking parents’ consent before treating children were practiced.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the impact of sociodemographic factors with the trends of self-medication practice and its hazard perception among patients METHODOLOGY: A cross sectional descriptive study was conducted on the patients visiting Sharif Medical and Dental College from June 2019 to June 2020. Data was collected using a validated questionnaire from 142 patients. Chi-square and fisher exact tests were used to find the association of trends of self-medication practice and hazard perception with sociodemographic factors. RESULTS: The patients in the age range of 18 to 29 years practiced self-medication the most. The triggering factor for use of medication was toothache among all ages. The most commonly used drug was reported to be analgesics. The main reason for self-medication was lack of time to visit the doctor. The females practiced self-medication more than the males. The triggering factor for both the genders was toothache and analgesics were mostly used. The patients with tertiary level education and those who were unemployed practiced self- medication the most. The triggering factor was toothache across all levels of education and employed as well as unemployed patients. Drug resistance was stated the main hazard. CONCLUSION: The triggering factor for use of medication was toothache, most commonly used drugs were analgesics and the main reason for self-medication was lack of time across all ages, both the gender, married and unmarried patients, levels of education and employment. Un-employed patients and those with tertiary level of education-practiced self- medicated themselves the most. The highest percentage of patients considered drug resistance to be the biggest hazard.

Pyogenic granuloma is a type of inflammatory hyperplasia of the oral mucosa and skin that occurs commonly. Histopathologically, it mimics an angiomatous lesion instead of granulomatous disease. These lesions generally appear as a sessile papule or solitary nodule and may have a smooth or lobulated surface clinically. These granulomas present in a variety of sizes, ranging from a few millimeters to several centimeters. About 75% of the pyogenic granulomas of the oral cavity are associated with the gingiva. In this case report a 31 years old female presented in the department of oral and maxillofacial surgery with the complaint of abnormal growth of gingiva in maxillary anterior region. The patient was diagnosed with the pyogenic granuloma (pregnancy tumor), which had developed in the second trimester of her pregnancy. Surgical excision was done to remove the lesion.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to identify the stress factors among dental postgraduate residents of Lahore, Pakistan. METHODOLOGY: A cross-sectional study was conducted using non-probability convenient sampling techniques. Total 150 dental postgraduate residents were enrolled in this study. Questionnaire was composed of questions regarding stress factors and the influence of stressors on individuals. The data was analyzed; Chi-square test was used to find the statistical association of level of stress with the demographic factors (gender, marital status, and accommodation), professional characteristics (working hours and practice) and impact on the individuals (mood change, weight change and headache). The level of significance was set at P≤0.05. RESULTS: Total 150 individuals responded with a mean age of 29 years (SD +/-2.96). Male to female ratio was 1:2.5. The most prevalent factors that contributed to stress were post-graduate examination (81%), clinical case presentations (80%), competition for higher performance (61%), inconsistency of feedback by supervisors (59%), research program (55%) and fear of failure to treat patients (53%). More than half of the respondents (69%) suffered from mood swings and (65%) from tension headaches followed by clenching and bruxism in nearly half of the residents (50%), musculoskeletal problems (49%) and weight changes (48%) with p-value

OBJECTIVES: To assess the factors that influences the participation and engagement of dental students in online classes. METHODOLOGY: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted using a pre-validated questionnaire with 45 barriers items used. The Cronbach Alpha value after removing certain items in our study was calculated to be 0.934, which resulted in 35 barrier items. Recorded data were coded and entered using SPSS version 23.0. Nominal data were presented as frequency and percentage, whereas all numerical data was entered as mean and standard deviation. Factor analysis on questions pertaining to barriers to e-learning was done. RESULTS: The underlying construct of the data was identified using principal component factor analysis. The type of rotation used was Varimax. The value of Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin measure for sampling adequacy (MSA) was 0.880. The criteria used for identifying factors were the latent root criteria. A total of six factors were identified. The overall variance explained by these factors was 61.9%. The barriers ranked the highest were those pertaining to motivational problems and time interruptions (2.8667±0.88524). The barriers that were ranked the lowest were those pertaining to instructors and personal problems (2.3894±0.81059). CONCLUSION: The biggest barrier was found to be motivational problems in attending online classes. The second-highest ranked barrier was social problems. The third barrier included a lack of support services. Technical barriers were ranked fourth. The barrier that was ranked fifth was a lack of pre-requisite skills. The barriers that were reported to be the least were problems pertaining to the instructor and personal problems. KEYWORDS: Motivational Barrier, Social Barrier, Technical Barrier, Instructor and Personal Barrier, Pre-requisite Skill, Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO

OBJECTIVES: To compare the impact of traditional classroom-based teaching versus online teaching on the academics and attendance of male as compared to female students METHODOLOGY: A study was conducted on 51 third year BDS students, College of Dentistry, Sharif Medical and Dental College, Lahore. An aggregate of the scores based on weightage assigned to each test for all the assessments conducted in the regular session and online session was formulated. The attendance record of the months taught in both the sessions was also taken as percentages. Fisher Exact test was used to find the statistical association between the level of academic performance as well as attendance in the regular session and online session with gender of the students. Man Whitney U test was used to find the statistical difference in the scores of assessments in the regular as well as online session of male and female students. RESULTS: There was a significant association between gender and academic performance in the online session (p=0.002). Gender and academic performance of students during the traditional classroom-based teaching session had a significant association (p=0.001). The attendance of male and female students was found to be significantly associated with the online teaching system (p=0.009). CONCLUSION: It was observed that females had an overall better academic performance in the online teaching as well as traditional classroom-based teaching system. A similar trend was observed in attendance also, where the females had better attendance record in online and traditional classroom-based teaching set up.