Search

Background Episodes of acute diarrhea lead to dehydration, and existing care algorithms base treatment around categorical estimates for fluid resuscitation. This study aims to develop models for the percentage dehydration (fluid deficit) in individuals with acute diarrhea, to better target treatment and avoid the potential sequelae of over or under resuscitation. Methods This study utilizes data from two prospective cohort studies of patients with acute diarrhea in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Data were collected on patient arrival, including weight, clinical signs and symptoms, and demographic information. Consecutive weights were obtained to determine the true volume deficit of each patient. Data were entered into two distinct forward stepwise regression logistic models (DHAKA for under 5 years and NIRUDAK for 5 years and over). Results A total of 782 patients were included in the final analysis of the DHAKA data set, and 2139 were included in the final analysis of the NIRUDAK data set. The best model for the DHAKA data achieved an R2 of 0.27 and a root mean square error (RMSE) of 3.7 (compared to R2 of 0.06 and RMSE of 5.5 with the World Health Organization child care algorithm) and selected 6 predictors. The best performance model for the NIRUDAK data achieved an R2 of 0.28 and a RMSE of 2.6 (compared to R2 of 0.08 and RMSE of 4.3 with the World Health Organization adolescent/adult care algorithm) and selected 7 predictors with 2 interactions. Conclusions These are the first mathematical models for patients with acute diarrhea that allow for the calculation of a patient’s percentage dehydration (fluid deficit) and subsequent targeted treatment with fluid resuscitation. These findings are an improvement on existing World Health Organization care algorithms.

Background The debate for the optimum sodium concentration in the rehydration solution in diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) persists till the moment. The aim was to compare the outcome of 0.9% saline versus 0.45% saline in children with moderate and severe (DKA) regarding the effect on serum electrolytes, duration of DKA resolution and the incidence of hyperchloremia. Results A retrospective analysis of 121 children with moderate or severe DKA was done. After the initial 4 h in which both groups received normal saline, patients were divided into two groups continuing on 0.9% (N=72) or switched to 0.45% saline (N=49). Serum chloride and Cl/Na ratios were significantly higher in 0.9% saline group at 4 and 8 h. The 0.9% saline group had significantly higher proportion of hyperchloremia at 4 and 8 h (P value: 0.002, 0.02). The median duration of correction of DKA (14 h among 0.9% saline versus 10 h among 0.45% saline) without significant difference (P value= 0.43). The change in plasma glucose, effective osmolarity, corrected Na levels were comparable between groups. Conclusion There is an unavoidable iatrogenically induced rise in serum chloride with higher incidence of hyperchloremia with the use of normal saline in rehydration of children presenting in DKA and shock. The use of 0.45% saline as post-bolus rehydration fluid is not associated with a decline in the corrected serum sodium concentration and does not affect the rate of correction of acidosis or rate of drop in blood glucose or duration of DKA resolution when compared to normal saline.

The effect of ultrasound for 15 and 30 min (40 kHz, 130 W, 10% salt solution, 25°C) on dehydration kinetics and physicochemical, microbiological, structural and rehydration characteristics of tilapia cubes dehydrated at 35°C was evaluated. The ultrasound treatments decreased dehydration time in the range of 8.7–19.2%, in comparison with the control treatments (15 and 30 min, 10% salt solution, 25°C). Of the Wang and Singh, Lewis, Modified Page and Page models, the last one was the one that better described the dehydration kinetics. The ultrasound significantly (p < .05) increased the ash content and significantly (p < .05) decreased the aw of the dehydrated tilapia cubes but did not have an effect on the microbiological characteristics. In addition, the tilapia cubes treated with ultrasound presented porous structures with large and irregular cavities, which increased the amount of moisture absorbed in the rehydration, in comparison with the control treatments.

The brain is approximately 75% water. Therefore, insufficient water intake may affect the cognitive performance of humans. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of water restriction and supplementation on cognitive performances and mood, and the optimum amount of water to alleviate the detrimental effects of dehydration, among young adults. A randomized controlled trial was conducted with 76 young, healthy adults aged 18–23 years old from Baoding, China. After fasting overnight for 12 h, at 8:00 a.m. of day 2, the osmolality of the first morning urine and blood, cognitive performance, and mood were measured as a baseline test. After water restriction for 24 h, at 8:00 a.m. of day 3, the same indexes were measured as a dehydration test. Participants were randomly assigned into four groups: water supplementation group (WS group) 1, 2, or 3 (given 1000, 500, or 200 mL purified water), and the no water supplementation group (NW group). Furthermore, participants were instructed to drink all the water within 10 min. Ninety minutes later, the same measurements were performed as a rehydration test. Compared with the baseline test, participants were all in dehydration and their scores on the portrait memory test, vigor, and self-esteem decreased (34 vs. 27, p &lt, 0.001, 11.8 vs. 9.2, p &lt, 7.8 vs. 6.4, p &lt, 0.001). Fatigue and TMD (total mood disturbance) increased (3.6 vs. 4.8, p = 0.004, 95.7 vs. 101.8, p &lt, 0.001) in the dehydration test. Significant interactions between time and volume were found in hydration status, fatigue, vigor, TMD, symbol search test, and operation span test (F = 6.302, p = 0.001, F = 3.118, p = 0.029, F = 2.849, p = 0.043, F = 2.859, p = 0.043, F = 3.463, p = 0.021) when comparing the rehydration and dehydration test. Furthermore, the hydration status was better in WS group 1 compared to WS group 2, the fatigue and TMD scores decreased, and the symbol search test and operation span test scores increased, only in WS group 1 and WS group 2 (p &lt, 0.05). There was no significant difference between them (p &gt, 0.05). Dehydration impaired episodic memory and mood. Water supplementation improved processing speed, working memory, and mood, and 1000 mL was the optimum volume.

International audience; Although relative air humidity (RH) strongly influences microbial survival, its use for fighting surface pathogens in the food industry has been inadequately considered. We asked whether RH control could destroy Listeria monocytogenes EGDe by envelope damage. The impact of dehydration in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) at 75%, 68%, 43% and 11% RH on the bacterial envelope was investigated using flow cytometry and atomic force microscopy. Changes after rehydration in the protein secondary structure and peptidoglycan were investigated by infrared spectroscopy. Complementary cultivability measurements were performed by running dehydration–rehydration with combinations of NaCl (3–0.01%), distilled water, city water and PBS. The main results show that cell membrane permeability and cell envelope were greatly altered during dehydration in PBS at 68% RH followed by rapid rehydration. This damage led cells to recover only 67% of their initial volume after rehydration. Moreover, the most efficient way to destroy cells was dehydration and rehydration in city water. Our study indicates that rehydration of dried, sullied foods on surfaces may improve current cleaning procedures in the food industry.

Continuous flow enteral fluid therapy with isotonic and hypotonic enteral electrolyte solutions are as safe and effective as intravenous fluid therapy. The aim of this study was to carry out a comparative assessment between continuous flow enteral and intravenous (IV) fluid therapy in adult experimentally dehydrated horses. Six experimentally dehydrated adult mares were used in a study carried out in a 6 × 3 crossover design, which each animal received three different treatments (isotonic enteral fluid therapy—EsISO, hypotonic enteral fluid therapy—EsHYPO and intravenous fluid therapy with Lactate Ringer Solution—LR IV, all in continuous flow). Solutions were administered at a rate of 15 mL−1.kg−1.h−1 for 8 h, after 36 h of water and food deprivation. Serum and urinary biochemical assessment; urinary volume, pH and specific gravity; and blood gas analysis were measured at −36, 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 h. The dehydration period (DP) caused discrete hydroelectrolytic and acid base imbalances. The EsISO, EsHYPO and LR IV increased blood volume. Enteral solutions restored the imbalances yielded by the DP and all treatments increased urine volume. Also, the EsHYPO and LR IV showed no effects in acid base balance, while EsISO showed slightly acidifying effect. The present study certifies the efficacy and safety of isotonic and hypotonic continuous flow enteral fluid therapy in comparison to IV fluid therapy in dehydrated horses.

Case report: A 27-year-old previously healthy man was admitted to the ICU complaining nausea, vomiting and disorientation, after he ingested 1500 mg paracetamol, but its relatives explained that they possess in the house only metformin (maybe he ingested metformin instead of paracetamol). First blood gas showed moderate, and hours later severe lactic acidosis Ph 7,01, Lac 25 m mol/L, BE -26,4. Aggressive rehydration and hemofiltration was started, until full recovery after 24 hours of hospital admission. He was discharged after three days in healthy condition. Discussion: Lactic acidosis is a common cause of metabolic acidosis at the ICU. Type A is most common and caused by hypoperfusion or hypoxia, whilst type B has other causes including use of the antidiabetic drug metformin. Metformin associated lactic acidosis (MALA) is an important treatment-associated condition, and although rare, it is very serious. Conclusion: MALA should be strongly suspected in patients presenting with wide anion gap metabolic acidosis and high blood lactate concentration. Bicarbonate hemodialysis or continuous renal replacement therapy should be urgently arranged for patients with MALA.

Background: Children hospitalised with severe acute malnutrition (SAM) are frequently complicated (>50%) by diarrhoea (≥3 watery stools/day) which is accompanied by poor outcomes. Rehydration guidelines for SAM are exceptionally conservative and controversial, based upon expert opinion. The guidelines only permit use of intravenous fluids for cases with advanced shock and exclusive use of low sodium intravenous and oral rehydration solutions (ORS) for fear of fluid and/or sodium overload. Children managed in accordance to these guidelines have a very high mortality. The proposed GASTROSAM trial is the first step in reappraising current recommendations. We hypothesize that liberal rehydration strategies for both intravenous and oral rehydration in SAM children with diarrhoea may reduce adverse outcomes. Methods An open Phase II trial, with a partial factorial design, enrolling Ugandan and Kenyan children aged 6 months to 12 years with SAM hospitalised with gastroenteritis (>3 loose stools/day) and signs of moderate and severe dehydration. In Stratum A (severe dehydration) children will be randomised (1:1:2) to WHO plan C (100mls/kg Ringers Lactate (RL) with intravenous rehydration given over 3-6 hours according to age including boluses for shock), slow rehydration (100 mls/kg RL over 8 hours (no boluses)) or WHO SAM rehydration regime (ORS only (boluses for shock (standard of care)). Stratum B incorporates all children with moderate dehydration and severe dehydration post-intravenous rehydration and compares (1:1 ratio) standard WHO ORS given for non-SAM (experimental) versus WHO SAM-recommended low-sodium ReSoMal. The primary outcome for intravenous rehydration is urine output (mls/kg/hour at 8 hours post-randomisation), and for oral rehydration a change in sodium levels at 24 hours post-randomisation. This trial will also generate feasibility, safety and preliminary data on survival to 28 days. Discussion. If current rehydration strategies for non-malnourished children are safe in SAM this could prompt future evaluation in Phase III trials.

Despite the steady increase in female participation in sport over the last two decades, comprehensive research on interventions attenuating the influence of female menstrual physiology on performance remains scarce. Studies involving eumenorrheic women often only test in one menstrual phase to limit sex hormone variance, which may restrict the application of these findings to the rest of the menstrual cycle. The impacts of nutrition-based interventions on athletic performance throughout the menstrual cycle have not been fully elucidated. We addressed this gap by conducting a focused critical review of clinical studies that reported athletic outcomes as well as menstrual status for healthy eumenorrheic female participants. In total, 1443 articles were identified, and 23 articles were included. These articles were published between 2011 and 2021, and were retrieved from Google Scholar, Medline, and PubMed. Our literature search revealed that hydration-, micronutrient-, and phytochemical-based interventions can improve athletic performance (measured by aerobic capacity, anaerobic power, and strength performance) or attenuate exercise-induced damage (measured by dehydration biomarkers, muscle soreness, and bone resorption biomarkers). Most performance trials, however, only assessed these interventions in one menstrual phase, limiting the application throughout the entire menstrual cycle. Improvements in athletic performance through nutrition-based interventions may be contingent upon female sex hormone variation in eumenorrheic women.

Insufficient water intake may affect body composition. The purpose of this research was to explore the effects of water restriction and replenishment on body composition and to evaluate the optimum amount of water that improves body composition. A total of 76 young adults aged 18-23 years old (40 males and 36 females) in Baoding, China, were recruited in this randomized controlled trial, with a 100% completion rate. After fasting overnight for 12 h, at 8:00 a.m. of day 2, a baseline test, including anthropometric indices and collection of urine and blood samples, was explored. Participants were then subjected to water restriction for 24 h, and three meals with ≤75% water content were provided. At 8:00 AM of day 3, the same indices were determined as a dehydration test. Then, participants were randomly assigned into four groups: three water replenishment groups (WR groups 1, 2, and 3 given 1000, 500, and 200 mL of purified water, respectively) and one non-replenishment group (NR group, with no water). After 90 min, the same measurements were performed as a rehydration test. Compared with the baseline test, during the dehydration test, the intracellular water to total body water ratio (ICW/TBW) increased, and extracellular water (ECW), ECW/TBW (extracellular water to total body water ratio), and TBW decreased (all p &lt, 0.05). For males, significant differences were found in ECW, ECW/ICW (extracellular water to intracellular water ratio), ICW/TBW, and ECW/TBW (all p &lt, 0.05), for females, significant reductions were found in ICW, ECW, TBW, ECW/ICW, ICW/TBW, and ECW/TBW (all p &lt, 0.05). Furthermore, significant differences were found in ICW, ECW, ICW/TBW, ECW/TBW, ECW/ICW, TBW, and TBW/BW between males and females during the baseline and dehydration test (all p &lt, 0.05). Comparing the dehydration test with the rehydration test, there were significant interactions between time × volume in ICW and TBW (F = 3.002, p = 0.036, F = 2.907, p = 0.040), in males, these were only found in ICW (F = 3.061, p = 0.040), in females, they were found in ICW and TBW (F = 3.002, p = 0.036, F = 2.907, p = 0.040). The ICW levels in WR groups 1 and 2 were all higher than in the NR group (all p &lt, the TBW was higher in WR group 1 than in the NR group (p &lt, 0.05). No significant differences were found between WR groups 1 and 2, either in males or in females (all p &gt, 0.05). In the rehydration test, significant differences in body composition were found between males and females among the four groups (all p &lt, 0.05). Water restriction had adverse effects on body composition, and females were more susceptible to water restriction than males. Water replenishment improved the water content of body composition, alleviating the adverse effects of water restriction on ICW and TBW. After water restriction for 36 h, the optimum volume of water to improve body composition among young male adults was 1000 mL, but this was not the case for females.

Water is indispensable to keeping the functions of the human body working properly, including that of the brain. The purpose of this research was to explore the impacts of water supplementation on cognitive performance and mood, and to determine the optimum amount of water to alleviate detriments of dehydration after 12 h water restriction. A randomized controlled trial was implemented among 64 young adults from Baoding, China. Fasting overnight for 12 h, and at 8:00 a.m. on day 2, osmolality of first morning urine and blood, cognitive performance, and mood were assessed as the dehydration test. Then, participants were randomly separated into four groups: water supplementation groups (WS groups 1, 2, and 3 with 500, 200, and 100 mL purified water, respectively) and no water supplementation group (NW group). Participants in WS groups were instructed to drink the water within 10 min, while those in NW group drank no water. After 90 min, the same measurements were taken as the rehydration test. There was significant interaction between TIME and VOLUME in thirst when comparing dehydration with rehydration tests (F = 6.172, p = 0.001). Significant thirst reductions were found in WS group 1 and WS group 2 (p = 0.003, p = 0.041), and a significant increase was found in the NW group (p = 0.039). In the rehydration test, significant interactions between TIME and VOLUME were found in scores of anger, fatigue, and TMD (total mood disturbance) (F = 3.815, p = 0.014, F = 10.429, p &lt, 0.001, F = 5.246, p &lt, 0.001), compared to the dehydration test. Scores of anger were only decreased in WS group 2 (p = 0.025), and scores of fatigue and TMD decreased in WS group 1 and WS group 2 (all p &lt, 0.05). Significant interaction between TIME and VOLUME was only found for operation span test scores (F = 2.816, p = 0.047), with scores being only higher in WS group 1 in the rehydration test compared to the dehydration test (p = 0.003). Comparing WS group 1 and WS group 2, scores of thirst, fatigue, and TMD did not differ significantly (p &gt, 0.05). Water supplementation improved working memory and attenuated anger, fatigue, and TMD. A small amount of water (200 mL) was sufficient to attenuate thirst, anger, fatigue, and TMD of young adults, but the larger volume (500 mL) appeared to be necessary to improve working memory. The amount of 500 mL was the optimum volume to improve the cognitive performance and mood among young adults.

Diarrhea in children, especially if it recurs or persistent, can have an impact on the nutritional status of the child and lead to stunting. Apart from that, diarrhea also has an impact on children's cognitive in the future, regardless of their nutritional status.

Graphical abstract, Highlights • Microscopic and macroscopic structural changes were detailed. • Ethanol and ultrasound reduced drying time in ~50% • Energy consumption was reduced from 42 to 62% • Ethanol and ultrasound improved rehydration rate and final moisture. • Mechanisms were discussed., Ultrasound was combined with ethanol to improve different aspects of carrot convective drying, evaluating both processing and product quality. The ultrasound in water treatment resulted in cellular swelling and small impact on texture. Differently, the ultrasound in ethanol and ethanol treatments modified both carrot microstructure (cell wall modifications of parenchymatic tissue) and macrostructure (shrinkage and resistance to perforation). Pre-treatments with ultrasound in ethanol and ethanol improved the drying kinetics, reducing the processing time (~50%) and the energy consumption (42–62%). These pre-treatments also enhanced rehydration, whose initial rate and water retention were higher than the control. In addition, the carotenoid content was preserved after drying, for all the treatments. Any impact on shrinkage was observed. A mechanistic discussion, based on structural modification (microstructure and macrostructure) and physical properties of water and ethanol, was provided. As conclusion, this work not only described positive aspects of combining the technologies of ultrasound and ethanol as pre-treatments to convective drying, but also proposed mechanisms to explain the phenomena.

Bacterial cellulose (BC) is a three-dimensional interconnected network of biosynthesized nanofibers. Its rehydration potential would be reduced significantly after its first drying, as a result of entanglement and jamming of cellulose polymer chains. Consequently, its versatility would be also reduced to some limited applications in which repeated water absorbance potential is not of great importance. This study aims to prevent the drawback of carboxylic bridging/cross-linking between cellulose polymer chains. Ten-day-cultured BC pellicles were immersed in various citric acid solutions (as bridging agent) and cured at 160 °C for 5 min. The formation of bridges was confirmed using attenuated total reflection–fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Scanning electron microscope images showed that there is a different porosity bridged/cross-linked BC specimens (XBC). According to Brunauer–Emmett–Teller analysis, the surface area of XBC (20 w/v % with catalyst) got 87.5 times larger than that of the unbridged/pristine BC (PBC). X-ray diffraction patterns showed no change of crystallinity of XBC in comparison with PBS. The thickness and wettability of XBC samples were 137 and 3.27 times more than PBC samples orderly. Furthermore, the water swelling rate increased significantly for XBC in comparison with PBC. Meanwhile, treated samples had lower elongation and strength than normal BC. The conclusion is that XBC could conserve its repeated absorbency potential after the presented process. Graphical abstract

Previous findings, such as split-line of the articular cartilage surface and curving of sliced cartilage specimen, would suggest that residual stress is contained in articular cartilage. This study was performed to determine the effect of collagen fibre-induced residual stress on the biphasic lubrication property of articular cartilage. A fibre-reinforced poroelastic model of articular cartilage was developed in Abaqus. In the model, residual stress was contained in the collagen fibre in the surface layer by applying 1–5% of tensile strain. Reciprocating friction analysis was performed between the model and a sphere at a friction speed of 1.0–10.0 mm/s. Results revealed that the coefficients of start-up and dynamic friction at second friction cycle were lower in residual stress model than in no-residual stress model, with the largest decreases observed at a friction speed of 1 mm/s. It was observed that rehydration was promoted in the bearing area in residual stress model. These results suggest that collagen-induced residual stress plays an important role in enhancing the biphasic lubrication property of articular cartilage.

The objective of this study was to assess the effects of an electrolyte and energy repository on the hematologic and biochemical variables of horses after a polo game and compare them to the effects of a commercial electrolyte repository and water. Twelve healthy horses, aged 5 to 10 years, mean body weight 356.25 ± 25.6 kg and in training for polo games, were randomly divided into three groups of four animals each and received one of three treatments. Animals participated in a 7-minute polo game. At the end of the match, they were taken to individual stalls where they received treatments for spontaneous hydration for 6 hours. Treatments were Hydroelectrolytic and Energy Repository (RHE) containing sodium, chloride, potassium, calcium, magnesium, dextrose, maltodextrin and, sucrose; and Commercial Paste (PCO) containing calcium, fructooligosaccharides, glycine, magnesium, potassium, sodium, and ad libitum water. The control group (Water) received water. Blood samples were collected as follows: just before the beginning of exercise (T0), immediately after exercise (T1), 3 hours after the end of exercise (T3), and 6 hours after the end of exercise (T6). The volume of voluntary intake was measured at T3 and T6. Packed cell volume and serum concentrations of sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, creatinine, total protein, plasma glucose, and lactate were measured. Data were submitted to descriptive statistics (mean ± standard deviation), Lilliefors and Cochran & Bartlett tests, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and Tukey or Duncan tests at a 5% significance level. The net volume ingested by the RHE group was higher than the PCO and control groups. In all groups, a reduction in chloride concentration and increases in packed cell volume, protein, creatinine, glucose, and lactate concentrations were observed in T1. These variables returned to the values found at T0 throughout the rehydration phase (T3 and T6). It is concluded that the ingestion of the hydroelectrolytic energy repository does not cause alteration in the biochemical profile of the animals. O presente estudo objetivou avaliar os efeitos de um repositor hidroeletrolítico e energético oferecido a equinos que participaram de jogo de polo sobre as variáveis hematológicas e bioquímicas desses animais, além de compará-los aos efeitos de um repositor eletrolítico comercial e água. Doze equinos hígidos, com idade entre 5 e 10 anos, peso corporal médio 356,25 ± 25,6 kg e em treinamento para jogos de polo foram aleatoriamente divididos em três grupos, com quatro animais cada, e submetidos a um dos três tratamentos. Os animais foram submetidos a sete minutos do jogo de polo. Ao término, foram levados às baias individuais onde receberam os respectivos tratamentos para hidratação espontânea durante seis horas. Os tratamentos foram: grupo Repositor Hidroeletrolítico e Energético (RHE) composto por sódio, cloreto, potássio, cálcio, magnésio, dextrose, maltodextrina e sacarose; grupo Pasta Comercial (PCO) contendo cálcio, fruto-oligossacarídeos, glicina, magnésio, potássio e sódio, e água ad libitum; grupo controle (Água). As amostras de sangue foram coletadas nos seguintes tempos: imediatamente antes do início do exercício (T0); imediatamente após o exercício (T1); três horas após o término do exercício (T3); e seis horas após o término do exercício (T6). O volume de ingestão voluntário foi mensurado nos tempos T3 e T6. O volume globular e as concentrações séricas de sódio, potássio, cloreto, cálcio, magnésio, fósforo, creatinina, proteína total e plasmáticas de glicose e lactato foram mensuradas. Os dados foram submetidos a estatística descritiva (médias ± desvio-padrão), aos testes de Lilliefors e Cochran & Bartlet, à análise de variância (ANOVA), e aos testes de Tukey ou Duncan a um nível de significância de 5%. O volume líquido ingerido pelo grupo RHE foi superior aos grupos PCO e Água. Em todos os grupos observou-se no T1 redução da concentração de cloreto e aumento nos valores de volume globular, proteína, creatinina, glicose e lactato. Essas variáveis retornaram aos valores encontrados em T0 ao longo da fase de reidratação (T3 e T6). Conclui-se que o repositor hidroeletrolítico energético testado foi bem aceito pelos equinos e que a sua ingestão não ocasionou alteração no perfil bioquímico dos animais.

This review is devoted to the theory and practice of the use of glutamine dipeptides in sports. The pathway of L-Glutamine dipeptides is described from the moment of oral intake and entering the intestine to inclusion in intracellular metabolic processes of organs and tissues. The physico-chemical properties of L-Glutamine dipeptides are considered. Urgent effects of L-Glutamine dipeptides under conditions of physical stress and hydration stress, influence on motor and cognitive functions of athletes, positive influence on physical readiness of athletes for prolonged debilitating exercises, reduction of weight loss (rehydration) are described. Positive results of the study of the effect of oral administration of AH and electrolytes on the concentration of plasma electrolytes, physiological indices and neuromuscular fatigue in the process of endurance training, as well as neuroprotective and analgesic properties of L-Glutamine dipeptides are presented.

Semionova EA, Chabanenko OO, Orlova NV, Zubov PM, Shpakova NM. About mechanism of antihemolitic action of chlorpromazine under posthypertonic stress in erythrocytes. Probl Cryobiol Cryomed. 2017 Sep 25; 27 (3): 219 – 29. The research was performed to reveal an antihemolytic effect of chlorpromazine (CPZ) under posthypertonic stress(PHS) of human erythrocyte depending on the substance presence at different stages of experiment (pre-treatment, dehydration,rehydration) as well as the effect of CPZ on the redistribution of phosphatidylserine in erythrocyte membrane bilayer. It has beenshown that pre-treatment of erythrocytes with CPZ at a concentration of 180 μmol/L did not lead to antihemolytic effect of thesubstance under PHS of erythrocytes. It has been established that CPZ under concentration of 100–300 μmol/L did not cause atransbilayer redistribution of phosphatidylserine molecules in erythrocyte membranes. Protective effect of CPZ was implementedfollowing transfer of the cells from the dehydration medium (1.75 mol/L NaCl) into rehydration one (0.15 mol/L NaCl), containing CPZ,i.e. at the moment of stress action. Consequently, the mechanism of antihemolytic action of CPZ under PHS of erythrocytes wasassociated with the membrane reorganization during an incorporation of the substance molecules into it. /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// У роботі досліджували антигемолітичний ефект хлорпромазину (ХПР) в умовах постгіпертонічного шоку(ПГШ) еритроцитів людини залежно від присутності речовини на різних етапах експерименту (попередня обробка, дегідратація, регідратація), а також методом проточної цитофлуориметрії вивчали вплив ХПР на перерозподіл фосфатидилсерину в мембранах еритроцитів. Показано, що попередня обробка еритроцитів ХПР у концентрації 180 мкмоль/л не дозволяє речовині проявити антигемолітичний ефект в умовах ПГШ еритроцитів. Встановлено, що ХПР у концентраціях 100–300 мкмоль/л не викликає трансбішаровий перерозподіл молекул фосфатидилсерину в мембранах еритроцитів. Захисний ефект ХПР реалізується після перенесення клітин із середовища дегідратації (1,75 моль/л NaCl) до середовища регідратації (0,15 моль/лNaCl), яке містить ХПР, тобто в момент дії стресу. Отже, механізм антигемолітичної дії ХПР в умовах ПГШ еритроцитів пов'язаний із реорганізацією мембрани під час вбудовування в неї молекул речовини.

Background Understanding the response of resurrection angiosperms to dehydration and rehydration is critical for deciphering the mechanisms of how plants cope with the rigors of water loss from their vegetative tissues. We have focused our studies on the C4 resurrection grass, Sporobolus stapfianus Gandoger, as a member of a group of important forage grasses. Methods We have combined non-targeted metabolomics with transcriptomics, via a NimbleGen array platform, to develop an understanding of how gene expression and metabolite profiles can be linked to generate a more detailed mechanistic appreciation of the cellular response to both desiccation and rehydration. Results The rehydration transcriptome and metabolome are primarily geared towards the rapid return of photosynthesis, energy metabolism, protein turnover, and protein synthesis during the rehydration phase. However, there are some metabolites associated with ROS protection that remain elevated during rehydration, most notably the tocopherols. The analysis of the dehydration transcriptome reveals a strong concordance between transcript abundance and the associated metabolite abundance reported earlier, but only in responses that are directly related to cellular protection during dehydration: carbohydrate metabolism and redox homeostasis. The transcriptome response also provides strong support for the involvement of cellular protection processes as exemplified by the increases in the abundance of transcripts encoding late embryogenesis abundant (LEA) proteins, anti-oxidant enzymes, early light-induced proteins (ELIP) proteins, and cell-wall modification enzymes. There is little concordance between transcript and metabolite abundance for processes such as amino acid metabolism that do not appear to contribute directly to cellular protection, but are nonetheless important for the desiccation tolerant phenotype of S. stapfianus. Conclusions The transcriptomes of both dehydration and rehydration offer insight into the complexity of the regulation of responses to these processes that involve complex signaling pathways and associated transcription factors. ABA appears to be important in the control of gene expression in both the latter stages of the dehydration and the early stages of rehydration. These findings add to the growing body of information detailing how plants tolerate and survive the severe cellular perturbations of dehydration, desiccation, and rehydration. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12870-017-1013-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Samples of the ionomer glass known as G338 have been heated at 240°C for 24 hours, after which they lost 1.19 % (Standard deviation 0.16%) of their original mass. This loss was attributed to removal of water, as both molecular water and the product of reaction of silanol groups to form siloxane bridges. Exposing samples of glass either to air at ambient humidity or to air at 95% relative humidity showed a degree of rehydration, but mass uptake did not approach the original mass loss in either case. It is suggested that this is because of the relatively difficulty in forming new silanol groups from the siloxane bridges. Glass-ionomer cements prepared from these glass samples with aqueous poly(acrylic acid) solution had different properties, depending on the glass used. Dehydrated glass gave cements which set faster but were weaker than those formed by as-received glass. The role of silanol groups in influencing reaction rate and promoting strength development is discussed.

Plant cell walls define the shape of the cells and provide mechanical support. They function as osmoregulators by controlling the transport of molecules between cells and provide transport pathways within the plant. These diverse functions require a well-defined and flexible organization of cell wall components, i.e., water, polysaccharides, proteins, and other diverse substances. Cell walls of desiccation tolerant resurrection plants withstand extreme mechanical stress during complete dehydration and rehydration. Adaptation to the changing water status of the plant plays a crucial role during this process. This review summarizes the compositional and structural variations, signal transduction and changes of gene expression which occur in cell walls of resurrection plants during dehydration and rehydration.

Oral rehydration solutions (ORS) are specifically formulated with an osmolality to optimize fluid absorption. However, it is unclear how many ORS products comply with current World Health Organization (WHO) osmolality guidelines and the osmotic shelf-life stability is not known. Therefore, the purpose of this investigation was to examine the within and between ORS product osmolality variation in both pre-mixed and reconstituted powders. Additionally, the osmotic stability was examined over time. The osmolality of five different pre-mixed solutions and six powdered ORS products were measured. Pre-mixed solutions were stored at room temperatures and elevated temperatures (31 &deg, C) for two months to examine osmotic shelf stability. Results demonstrated that only one pre-mixed ORS product was in compliance with the current guidelines both before and after the prolonged storage. Five of the six powdered ORS products were in compliance with minimal inter-packet variation observed within the given formulations. This investigation demonstrates that many commercially available pre-mixed ORS products do not currently adhere to the WHO recommended osmolality guidelines. Additionally, due to the presence of particular sugars and possibly other ingredients, the shelf-life stability of osmolality for certain ORS products may be questioned. These findings should be carefully considered in the design of future ORS products.

The drought resistance mechanism of Matteuccia struthiopteris (L.) Todar. and Athyrium multidentatum (Doll.) Ching were measured under natural drought exposure. The results showed that the two edible fern species showed stronger resistance in the early stages of drought, mainly expressed as the decrease of relative leaf water content (RLWC), increase of osmotic substances, secondary metabolites such as flavonoids (FC), total phenols (TPC), proantho cyanidins (PCC) content and enzyme activity (superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX)). The higher RLWC, FC, TPC, PCC and abscisic acid (ABA) content and lower H2O2 content indicates the stronger non-enzymatic antioxidant system and drought resistance of A. multidentatum. However, the proline (Pro) content changed slowly, and the synthesis of soluble protein (SP), total phenols, proantho cyanidins and ABA, SOD activity of two fern species were inhibited in the late stages of drought stress. This study can provide a scientific basis for the cultivation and utilization of edible fern species under forest in Northeast China.

Isomaltulose is a low glycemic and insulinemic carbohydrate available as a constituent of sports drinks. However, it remains unclear whether thermoregulatory responses (sweating and cutaneous vasodilation) after isomaltulose drink ingestion differ from those of sucrose and water during exercise in a hot environment. Ten young healthy males consumed 10% sucrose, 10% isomaltulose, or water drinks. Thirty-five minutes after ingestion, they cycled for fifteen minutes at 75% peak oxygen uptake in a hot environment (30 °C, 40% relative humidity). Sucrose ingestion induced greater blood glucose concentration and insulin secretion at the pre-exercise state, compared with isomaltulose and/or water trials, with no differences during exercise in blood glucose. Change in plasma volume did not differ between the three trials throughout the experiment, but both sucrose and isomaltulose ingestions similarly increased plasma osmolality, as compared with water (main beverage effect, p = 0.040)—a key response that potentially delays the onset of heat loss responses. However, core temperature thresholds and slopes for heat loss responses were not different between the trials during exercise. These results suggest that ingestion of isomaltulose beverages induces low glycemic and insulinemic states before exercise but does not alter thermoregulatory responses during exercise in a hot environment, compared with sucrose or water.

In combat sports, anaerobic power and anaerobic capacity determine sport performance and the dominant metabolic pathways. The decline in performance during exercise that is attributed to the cumulative effects of fatigue, including excessive accumulation of metabolites, depletion of energy substrates, and water and electrolyte disturbances, seems to be of greatest significance. In our experiment, we evaluated the effectiveness of three weeks of bicarbonate-rich water ingestion on anaerobic performance in a state of hydration and dehydration in elite judo athletes. Eight male, elite judo athletes participated in two single-blind, repeated-measures trials. They were assigned to two hydration protocols, ingesting low mineralized table water and bicarbonate-rich water. Anaerobic performance was evaluated by two 30 s Wingate tests for lower and upper limbs, respectively, under conditions of hydration as well as exercise-induced dehydration. Resting, post-ingestion, and post-exercise concentrations of bicarbonate (HCO3), urine osmolality (UOSM), urine specific gravity (UGRAV), and lactate (La) were measured. The current investigation assessed two related factors that impair anaerobic performance—hypohydration and buffering capacity. High-bicarbonate water ingestion improved buffering capacity, and we demonstrated the potential role of this mechanism and its phenomenon in masking the adverse effects of dehydration in the context of repeated high-intensity anaerobic exercise (HIAE).

Post-exercise recovery is a broad term that refers to the restoration of training capacity. After training or competition, there is fatigue accumulation and a reduction in sports performance. In the hours and days following training, the body recovers and performance is expected to return to normal or improve. ScienceDirect, PubMed/MEDLINE, and Google Scholar databases were reviewed to identify studies and position declarations examining the relationship between nutrition and sports recovery. As an evidence-based framework, a 4R’s approach to optimizing post-exercise recovery was identified: (i) Rehydration—a fundamental process that will depend on the athlete, environment and sports event; (ii) Refuel—the consumption of carbohydrates is not only important to replenish the glycogen reserves but also to contribute to the energy requirements for the immune system and tissue reparation. Several bioengineered carbohydrates were discussed but further research is needed; (iii) Repair—post-exercise ingestion of high-quality protein and creatine monohydrate benefit the tissue growth and repair; and (iv) Rest—pre-sleep nutrition has a restorative effect that facilitates the recovery of the musculoskeletal, endocrine, immune, and nervous systems. Nutritional consultancy based on the 4R’s is important for the wise stewardship of the hydration, feeding, and supplementation strategies to achieve a timely recovery.

Made available in DSpace on 2020-12-12T02:49:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2020-12-01 Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Studies on water deficit follow methodologies with short recovery intervals, which makes it difficult to determine whether a long-lasting memory is imprinted. There is a paucity of information on the dehydration level and time needed to form memory. This study aimed to evaluate whether rapid dehydration in the early stages of sorghum life induces changes in the epigenetic mechanisms, antioxidant activities, photosynthesis, total stomatal density, dry mass and leaf area of this species subjected to water deficit in a later growth stage. Four treatments were assessed: irrigated plants, plants subjected to rapid dehydration for 2:30 h at the beginning of their life, plants subjected to water deficit by withholding irrigation in adulthood, and plants subjected to rapid dehydration with a subsequent water deficit in adulthood. The antioxidant and photosynthesis results showed that the latter treatment was the more tolerant to water deficit and also led to a reduction in total stomatal density to avoid water loss; however, under this treatment shoot dry mass decreased. Moreover, plants subjected to two water stress events presented high occurrence and maintenance of the epigenetic memory marker H3K4me3. Therefore, rapid stimulation of early-life dehydration can induce long-term water deficit memory. Department of Botany São Paulo State University (UNESP) Institute of Biosciences Department of Horticulture São Paulo State University (UNESP) School of Agriculture Department of Genetics São Paulo State University (UNESP) Institute of Biosciences Department of Botany São Paulo State University (UNESP) Institute of Biosciences Department of Horticulture São Paulo State University (UNESP) School of Agriculture Department of Genetics São Paulo State University (UNESP) Institute of Biosciences FAPESP: 2016/13915-5 FAPESP: 2017/01476-0

This study aims to investigate the effect of different drying methods on the thermal, qualitative, and antioxidant properties and pH of terebinth. To perform the experiments in this study, the hot air (HA), infrared (IR), microwave (MW), hot air&ndash, infrared (IR&ndash, HA), and hot air&ndash, microwave drying (MW&ndash, HA) methods were considered. The results showed that the minimum drying time was obtained by the hot air&ndash, microwave (MW&ndash, HA) method. However, the lowest specific energy consumption (SEC) and the highest energy efficiency (&eta, e) were obtained by the MW method. Considering the color criteria, the best method was obtained by the MW&ndash, HA method. The highest amount of rehydration ratio (RR) and the lowest shrinkage (Sb) of the dried terebinth samples were obtained using the MW dryer compared with other drying methods. The MW and MW&ndash, HA methods resulted in higher contents of total phenol content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and antioxidant capacity (AntiOX) than other methods. According to the results of this study, the most effective drying method for terebinth was determined to be the MW and MW-HA methods.

This study evaluates nutrients and health-promoting compounds responsible for antioxidant capacity in eight novel formulations based on lyophilized fruit and vegetable powders. The composition contained lyophilized carrot, pumpkin, lentil sprouts, raspberry, strawberry, and apple. The effect of functional additives on the antioxidant, nutritional, and functional characteristics of powdered beverages was determined in the powders and after rehydration followed by in vitro digestion. The antioxidant activity, phenols, vitamin C, and reducing power were significantly higher in the powders enriched with additives having potential functional properties. Furthermore, the analyses indicated that all the powdered formulations may be potential sources of total starch (100&ndash, 112 mg/100 mL) and proteins (125&ndash, 139 mg/100 mL). The designed powdered beverages after reconstitution exhibited high antioxidant content, reasonable consumer acceptance, and good in vitro bioaccessibility. The best results of antioxidant capacity were obtained for beverages enriched with raspberry, i.e., 10.4 mg Trolox equivalent (TE)/100mL and 12.1 mg TE/100mL rehydrated at 20 &deg, C and 80 &deg, C, respectively. Additionally, color characteristics were used as indicators of the quality of the powdered beverages. This research promotes the reduction of food waste, since whole plant tissues are used, thus allowing maximum exploitation of food raw materials, moreover, drying provides stable shelf life.

Mexican plum (Spondias purpurea L.) is a fruit with high nutritional content. Freeze and tray drying increases its shelf life, however non-reversible changes may ocurr. Properties as rehydration capacity and texture are considered as a measure of the injury to the material caused by drying. In this sense, the objective of this research was to evaluate the texture profile of dehydrated plum during rehydration and compare it with properties of raw plum. Freeze drying provided a product with less tissue damage reflected in the high rehydration capacity and texture characteristics very close to original unlike those dehydrated by hot air. Keywords: Mexican plum; rehydration; texture profile analysis.

Yoghurt is one of the dairy products most consumed worldwide but dehydrated yoghurt is still uncommon. Considered a nutritious food, yoghurt powder could be used as an ingredient or supplement in juices, cookies, ice cream and dairy beverages. Spray drying and freeze drying are the methods most widely used to dehydrate dairy products, and the process conditions are directly associated with the production costs and value of the final product. Due to osmotic and thermal stress during dehydration, it is often necessary to incorporate agents such as carriers, thermal protectants, cryo-protectants and stabilizers in order to improve the process yield, preserve nutrients and even facilitate rehydration of the product. Thus the present review presents the technologies available to obtain yoghurt powder, including the processes, drying agents, drying rates, rehydration conditions and survival of the lactic acid bacteria. Resumo O iogurte é um dos derivados lácteos mais consumidos no mundo. No entanto, o produto desidratado ainda é pouco comum. Alimento nutritivo, o iogurte em pó pode ser utilizado como ingrediente ou suplemento de sucos, biscoitos, sorvetes, doces e bebidas lácteas. O processo de secagem por spray driyng e a liofilização são os métodos mais utilizados para desidratação de lácteos. A definição do processo e suas condições está diretamente ligada aos custos de produção e à valorização do produto final. Devido ao estresse osmótico e térmico, muitas vezes durante a desidratação, faz-se necessária a incorporação de substâncias, como carreadores, termoprotetores, crioprotetores e estabilizantes, para melhorar o rendimento do processo, a preservação de nutrientes e até mesmo uma posterior reidratação do produto. Diante disto, esta revisão tem, como objetivo, apresentar as tecnologias disponíveis para a obtenção de iogurte em pó, descrevendo processos auxiliares de secagem, taxas e condições de sobrevivência das bactérias lácticas, além da reidratação.

Whey protein is a commonly ingested nutritional supplement amongst athletes and regular exercisers, however, its role in post-exercise rehydration remains unclear. Eight healthy male and female participants completed two experimental trials involving the ingestion of 35 g of whey protein (WP) or maltodextrin (MD) at the onset of a rehydration period, followed by ingestion of water to a volume equivalent to 150% of the amount of body mass lost during exercise in the heat. The gastric emptying rates of the solutions were measured using 13C breath tests. Recovery was monitored for a further 3 h by the collection of blood and urine samples. The time taken to empty half of the initial solution (T1/2) was different between the trials (WP = 65.5 &plusmn, 11.4 min, MD = 56.7 &plusmn, 6.3 min, p = 0.05), however, there was no difference in cumulative urine volume throughout the recovery period (WP = 1306 &plusmn, 306 mL, MD = 1428 &plusmn, 443 mL, p = 0.314). Participants returned to net negative fluid balance 2 h after the recovery period with MD and 3 h with WP. The results of this study suggest that whey protein empties from the stomach at a slower rate than MD, however, this does not seem to exert any positive or negative effects on the maintenance of fluid balance in the post-exercise period.

It is known that roughness-smoothness, hardness-softness, stickiness-slipperiness and warm-cold are predominant perceptual dimensions in macro-, micro- and nano- texture perception. However, it is not clear to what extent active tactile texture discrimination remains intact with age. The general decrease in tactile ability induces physical and emotional dysfunction in elderly, and has increasing significance for an aging population. We report a method to quantify tactile acuity based on blinded active exploration of systematically varying micro-textured surfaces and a same-different paradigm. It reveals that elderly participants show significantly reduced fine texture discrimination ability. The elderly group also displays statistically lower finger friction coefficient, moisture and elasticity, suggesting a link. However, a subpopulation of the elderly retains discrimination ability irrespective of cutaneous condition and this can be related to a higher density of somatosensory receptors on the finger pads. Skin tribology is thus not the primary reason for decline of tactile discrimination with age. The remediation of cutaneous properties through rehydration, however leads to a significantly improved tactile acuity. This indicates unambiguously that neurological tactile loss can be temporarily compensated by restoring the cutaneous contact mechanics. Such mechanical restoration of tactile ability has the potential to increase the quality of life in elderly.

When exercising for a very long period of time, sweating will occur and other physiological responses such as dehydration, decrease blood glucose, increase in heart rate, loss of electrolytes, fatigue etc which will lead to a decrease in exercise performance. Hence, there is an important function of rehydrating the body with fluids sport drinks containing electrolytes and carbohydrates to improve exercise endurance and performance. In this study examined the effects of effect of home made fruit drink coconut and pineapple on exercise endurance time of young adult females, age 17 26 years of their height ranges 1.53 1.74 meters , weight ranges 42 98kg and their BMI ranges 16.41 35.25 kg m2 jogged at designated points for 45 minutes. After the 45 minutes exercise, they rested for 10 minutes and were administered the different drinks control 1 water , control 2 lucozade sport drink and test sample home made coconut pineapple fruit drink . After administering the drinks, their heart rates and blood pressures were taken and measured then they rested for 5 minutes. After a period of rest for 15 minutes in total, they continued the exercise till they were exhausted. The result indicated that the home made coconut pineapple fruit drink observed to have an effect on the endurance time as well as the lucozade sport isotonic drink, while water was observed not to improve the endurance time. Okonkwo, C. O. J | Oguaka V.N. | Mbachu, P "The Effect of Homemade Drink on Exercise Endrance Time in Young Adult Females" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-3 , April 2018, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd10757.pdf

In 60 patients with moderate forms of the OCI «osmotic» (76.7%) and «invasive» (23.3%) such as diarrhea, aged 3—12 years, to evaluate the clinical effectiveness, impact on water and electrolyte metabolism, acid-base balance and intestinal microbiocenosis hypoosmolyarny solution with Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG «Regidron Bio» (30 patients) and hyperosmolarny solution (30 patients). It was found that in the group of patients receiving «Regidron Bio», in contrast to the hyperosmolarny solution, is rapidly disappearing symptoms of intoxication and exsicosis, abdominal pain, meteorism and liquid watery diarrhea. The average duration of the acute period is reduced from 4,06 ± 0,32 to 3,07 ± 0,27 day (P < 0,05). Already by the end of the 1st day of the beginning of rehydration, almost all patients (90%) are normalized malformations of blood electrolytes and glucose, hematocrit, and on the 2nd day, which took place in 80% of patients with metabolic acidosis. The addition of the «Bio rehydron» Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG facilitates, unlike hyperosmolarny solution indicator normalizing lg Lactobacilli (in 73.3%) and Enterococci (93.3%), but has no significant positive impact on the amount of Bifidobacteria and Escherichia coli.