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Background and Aim: A healthy joint is an important structure for the proper movement of the camel limb. Intra-articular (IA) injection is frequently used in veterinary practice for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes of joint injuries. Thus, the current study aimed to describe the injection of the hindlimb joints in dromedary camels based on the anatomical and arthrographic-guided landmarks. Materials and Methods: Eighteen orthopedically sound adult camels (mean±standard deviation age: 78±12 months) of both sexes were included in this study. Three camels were euthanized to identify anatomical features in the hindlimb joints and related structures. IA injections were performed in the hindlimbs of 5 camel cadavers to evaluate the optimal IA injection site, which was confirmed by arthrography. The optimized IA injection technique was applied in 10 live camels and confirmed by arthrocentesis and arthrography. For each joint, injection criteria (number of attempts, difficulty of injection, and successful injection) were assessed, scored, and statistically compared to the other joints. Results: The summation of IA injection criteria scores was significantly higher (p

Background Correct diagnosis and characterisation of deep digital flexor tendon (DDFT) lesions in equine athletes allows targeted treatment and improved prognostication. Objectives To assess the prevalence and character of pathological change within the DDFT in the pastern with concurrent tendon injury distally. It is hypothesised that tendon lesions in the pastern will be associated with tendinopathy within the hoof capsule. Study design Retrospective descriptive case series. Methods Cases with DDFT lesions in the pastern and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or ultrasonography of the foot were evaluated retrospectively. Lesion location and type were recorded. Odds ratios were calculated to determine the associations between more distal tendinopathy and the presence of different DDFT lesion types in the pastern. Results Thirty-four MRI scans of 33 horses and 64 ultrasonographic exams of 58 horses were analysed. Lesion location and type were recorded. Distal DDFT lesions were found in 75% (95% CI: 66.0-84.0) of total cases of pastern DDF tendinopathy and in 97% (95% CI: 91.6-100.0) of cases with core lesions of the DDFT in the pastern. A core lesion in the pastern was significantly more likely (OR = 20.7, 95% CI: 2.2-191.0; P = .008) to be associated with injury in the foot than other types of pastern lesion. Main limitations MRIs of the foot were not obtained on all included limbs which did not allow for fully inclusive evaluation of DDFT lesions distal to the navicular bone. Conclusions DDFT pathological change in the pastern, particularly core lesions, is associated with additional tendinopathy within the hoof capsule. When a DDFT lesion is found in the pastern, further imaging of the tendon within the foot is indicated to direct appropriate treatment and improve prognostication.

This study was designed to evaluate and compare the optimal sites for intra-articular (IA) injection into the digits of buffalo by discrimination of the injection criteria. Forty-eight cadaveric hind digits of adult buffalos and nine live ones were assigned for three trial investigations. In the first division, eighteen sound cadaveric limbs were used to describe the anatomical features of the hind digit. In the second division, thirty cadaveric limbs (ten for each approach) were injected with an equal volume of iopamidol through relevant joint pouches to compare the dorsal, lateral and plantar IA approaches for each joint. The former technique was applied to nine live, healthy adult buffaloes to evaluate the accuracy of IA injection of the hind digit in vivo. Injection criteria were assessed, scored and statistically compared among the three approaches. The summation of injection criteria scores showed a significant increase (P < 0.05) in the dorsal and lateral approaches for IA injection of the fetlock, pastern and coffin joints in the buffalo digit compared to the plantar one. However, median and range of injection criteria scores between the dorsal and lateral approaches were slightly less significant. In conclusion, the present study established a reference for IA injection of the buffalo digit that could aid the diagnosis and treatment of digit-related lameness.

The purpose of this study was to describe normal magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomographic anatomy of pastern and coffin joints in Egyptian buffalo using cadaveric distal limbs. This study was achieved using twelve fresh cadaveric distal limbs from adult healthy buffaloes of both sexes. These cadaveric limbs were scanned using a 1 Tesla MRI scanner and CT scanner, injected with red latex, frozen at -20°C for 1 week, and then sectioned into sagittal, dorsal and transverse slices. The obtained MR and CT images were selected to be matched with their corresponding anatomical cross-sections for identification and evaluation of the clinically correlated anatomical structures of the pastern and coffin joints. The difference in signal intensities on CT and MRI scans amongst the tissues allowed clear differentiation of major bone and soft tissue structures of the pastern and coffin joints. CT provided a high spatial resolution of bone and soft tissue structures, however, MRI allowed a better and higher resolution and definition between soft tissues. The current study provided a normal CT and MRI anatomic reference which could help veterinary clinicians for interpretation and diagnosis of the clinically affected pastern and coffin joints in buffalo.

Working equids rely on sound, balanced hooves, but data describing the typical morphology of the legs and feet of working donkeys are currently lacking. To address this gap in knowledge, the front and hind feet of twenty healthy working donkeys were measured and compared. Hoof width, weight-bearing lengths, heel width, dorsal hoof wall length and lateral and medial heel length of the hoof wall were determined, as well as toe angle, heel angle, hoof pastern axis, coronary band angle and a measure of 'ground surface size'. Viewed from the ground surface of the foot, front feet were more rounded and significantly larger than hind feet. Measures of medial-lateral balance and toe-heel angle ratio were within the recommended healthy guidelines for horses. Hoof pastern axis was broken forward for the studied animals, which supports previous research suggesting that a broken forward hoof pastern axis is normal for donkeys, although further study would be required to confirm whether this conformation is natural. Significant correlations were found between estimated body mass and hoof width in both the front and hind feet. These measurements provide valuable insight into the relationship between hoof and body characteristics, which may aid the development of guidelines for the trimming and management of working donkey hooves. Further study is, however, advised to confirm natural hoof conformation.

The present study aimed to describe the normal cross sectional anatomy and magnetic resonance imaging of pastern and coffin joints in dromedary camel. This study was conducted on twelve distal limbs (fore and hind) of fresh cadavers from three adult camels of both sexes. The specimens appeared normal without orthopedic disorders. Twelve distal limbs were scanned using a 1 Tesla MRI scanner and then injected with colored latex to be sectioned into sagittal, dorsal and transverse slices. Cross anatomical sections were matched with their corresponding MR images for identification and evaluation of the clinically relevant anatomical structures that appeared with different signal intensities on MRI scans. The present study showed that all major soft tissues in pastern and coffin joints of camel were clearly depicted on MR images, however, the palmar/plantar ligaments of pastern joint and ligaments of navicular cartilage could not be identified on MR images. The annotated cross anatomical sections with the corresponding MR images could be used as a normal reference for interpretation of some clinical diseases in pastern and coffin joints of camel.

The median nerve, along with the ulnar nerve, is often anesthetized when performing a lameness examination in horses. Because of the close proximity of the median nerve to the cubital joint, proximal migration of local anesthetic might ameliorate pain originating from the cubital joint. The objective of this study was to determine if a median nerve block will ameliorate lameness caused by pain in the cubital joint. A forelimb lameness was induced in six healthy horses by injecting 100 ng of recombinant equine interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) into the cubital joint. The median nerve of the lame leg was anesthetized using 10 mL of 2% mepivacaine hydrochloride. A successful median nerve block was confirmed by loss of skin sensation at the medial aspect of the pastern and typical changes in thermographic images. Gait was assessed before and at 20, 40, and 60 minutes after the median nerve block using an inertial sensor-based motion analysis system (Lameness Locator; Equinosis LLC, Columbia, MO). A full-factorial repeated measures analysis of variance was used to compare treatment effect across time. IL-1β administration resulted in significant transient lameness in all horses (P < .0001). The median nerve block was successfully performed in all horses and did not result in significant improvement (P = .32) of lameness as quantified by the total differential head vector sum. This result has relevant clinical application as it suggests when performing a lameness examination, it is unlikely that blocking the median nerve with 10 mL of local anesthetic will ameliorate pain originating from the cubital joint.

The present study was designed to provide a descriptive imaging database of the anatomic features of the digit of normal donkeys using ultrasonography (US), computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as a means to improve diagnosis and clinical decision-making regarding digit lameness in donkeys. Ten healthy donkeys with sound limbs were assigned for US examination of the digit in each forelimb. In addition, five donkey’s forelimb digit cadavers were subjected for CT and MRI examination. The donkey's digit was divided into three regions: fetlock, pastern, and foot. For evaluation of the digit, longitudinal and transverse US images were obtained. In CT evaluation, three plans were taken: axial, sagittal, and coronal. Whereas, in MRI evaluation, two plans were taken: axial and sagittal with two sequences, T1 and proton density. All US, CT, and MRI images of the donkey's digit were labeled and serially interpret using correlated anatomic cross-sections and references. There was a full description and proper differentiation of the anatomical features of the digit bony (distal third of cannon bone [MCIII], proximal sesamoid bones, phalanges, navicular bone, and digital cushion) and soft tissue structures (superficial digital flexor tendon, deep digital flexor tendon, suspensory ligament, intersesamoidean ligament, straight distal sesamoidean ligament, common digital extensor tendon, annular ligament, and fetlock joint capsule) on US, CT, and MRI images. In conclusion, US, CT, and MRI provide a useful noninvasive method for evaluation of the digit and give a well-defined baseline reference images for the donkey's digit for educational, research, and radiologic purposes.

Objectives This report describes the use of a minimally invasive standing pastern arthrodesis technique for the treatment of osteoarthritis in horses and documents its clinical outcome in 12 horses. Materials and Methods Medical records and radiographs of horses diagnosed with proximal interphalangeal joint osteoarthritis that underwent standing pastern arthrodesis using transarticular screws were reviewed. Follow-up information for determination of outcome was obtained via phone interview with the owners. Results Twelve horses (15 limbs) were included in the study. Radiographical findings revealed severe osteoarthritis in 12/15 limbs and moderate osteoarthritis in 3/15 limbs. Follow-up information was available for 11/12 cases (13/15 limbs). Phone surveys with the owners revealed that 8/11 horses were performing at their previous activity level or higher. Two horses remained lame. One horse developed a surgical site infection and was euthanatized. The average time for horses to return to their previous level of activity was 6.5 months (range: 1–18 months). Clinical Significance Stabilization of the proximal interphalangeal joint in horses with moderate-to-severe osteoarthritis can be performed using this minimally invasive standing technique. This procedure can be performed safely and provides a similar outcome when compared with other described techniques.

It is necessary to determine through the correlation variability the direction of changes in the relationship between the signs of the exterior and milk yield in the process of age development of bulls and their daughters. Type traits of four age groups of 45 bulls taken at different periods of their life (12, 16, 18, 24, 36, 48 months), their daughters in the first lactation (8366 heads) were analyzed and founded relationship between the measurements of father - daughter and economically useful traits. Young bulls at the age of 7.2 years from the group (5 to 9 years) are the best in all measurements in all evaluation age periods the estimates exterior compared to other groups. High and reliable relationships were found for stature, body depth, girth of pastern and selectively for other measurements of bulls taken at different measurement times, which gives the right to predict the body type of animals during ontogenesis. Calculated 92 correlation coefficient of measurements of bulls and the same of daughters, as well as their milk yield, taking into account the age of the manufacturer and the date of measurement. Reliable correlation coefficients were obtained from the stature and body depth in bulls of different ages. The relationship measurements of a body of bulls with milk yield of their daughters in most cases low, but reliable (as a large number of daughters). Milk yield of daughters for 305 days of lactation significantly correlates with their body depth and girth of pastern 0,428*** and 0,307***. The relationship between mother and daughter on a number of exterior features is established. The largest - milk yield with stature 0,153 **, body depth 0,173 **, girth behind the shoulder blades 0,154 **, slanting body length 0,157 **. For daughters, milk yield for 305 days of lactation reliably correlates with their body depth and girth behind the shoulder blades 0.428 *** and 0.307 ***. The measurement of the body depth has been established: the body depth bull - daughters 0.156 **; body depth mother - daughter 0,707 **; body depth daughters with a yield 0.428 **; the body depth of bull with daughters milk yield 0.173 **.

The breeding of a healthy horse is the basic requirement for optimal performance. This is also specifically stated in the breeding goal of the Swiss warmblood horse and should be achieved through a strict selection of the stallions. The aim of this retrospective study was to assess the current state of the population to optimize breeding. Data on the health status of Swiss warmblood horses in the age between 6 and 16 years (midlife) were collected by a telephone survey and analyzed descriptively. Following the heritability of the most common health problems were estimated. Data on 1,861 horses were collected between 2016 and 2018. Lameness (34%), colic (22%), sarcoids (19%), and pastern dermatitis (16%) were among the most common health problems, followed by back problems (13%), cough (10%), urticaria (10%), free fecal water syndrome (9%), nasal discharge (8%) and sweet itch (4%). Lameness was observed in 49% of the cases in the forelimbs, in 25% in the hindlimbs and in 26% in both. 27% of horses with colic have been hospitalized once and 8% have undergone colic surgery. Sarcoids became fewer or smaller in 89% of the treated and in 58% of the untreated horses. A significant relationship between treatment and the status of the sarcoids was demonstrated (p .Die Zucht eines gesunden Pferdes stellt eine Grundvoraussetzung für optimale Leistung dar. Dies wird auch im Zuchtziel des Schweizer Warmblutpferdes spezifisch festgehalten und soll durch eine strenge Selektion der Hengste erreicht werden. Um die Zucht zu optimieren, muss der aktuelle Zustand der Population bekannt sein, was das Ziel der vorliegenden, retrospektiven Studie war. Mittels einer telefonischen Umfrage wurden Daten zum Gesundheitszustand der Schweizer Warmblutpferde im Alter von 6–16 Jahren (mittleres Alter) während ihres bisherigen Lebens gesammelt und deskriptiv aufbereitet. Anschliessend wurden die Heritabilitäten der häufigsten Gesundheitsprobleme geschätzt. Insgesamt konnten zwischen 2016 und 2018 Daten zu 1861 Pferden erhoben werden. Lahmheit (34%), Kolik (22%), Sarkoide (19%) und Mauke (16%) gehörten zu den am häufigsten vorkommenden Gesundheitsproblemen, gefolgt von Rückenproblemen (13%), Husten (10%), Nesselfieber (10%), Kotwasser (9%), Nasenausfluss (8%) und Sommerekzem (4%). Bei 49% der lahmen Pferde war eine Vordergliedmasse betroffen, bei 25% eine Hintergliedmasse, bei 26% beides. 27% der Pferde mit Kolik wurden bereits einmal hospitalisiert und 8% einer Kolikoperation unterzogen. Sarkoide wurden weniger oder kleiner bei 89% der therapierten, aber auch bei 58% der nicht therapierten Pferde. Es konnte ein signifikanter Zusammenhang zwischen Therapie und dem Status der Sarkoide nachgewiesen werden (p .L’élevage d’un cheval en bonne santé représente une condition de base pour une performance optimale. Ceci est également spécifiquement mentionné dans l’objectif d’élevage du cheval de sang suisse et doit être atteint par une sélection stricte des étalons. Afin d’optimiser l’élevage, il faut connaître l’état actuel de la population, ce qui était le but de cette étude rétrospective. Au moyen d’une enquête téléphonique, des données sur l’état de santé des chevaux de sang suisses âgés de 6 à 16 ans (âge moyen) ont été collectées et traitées de manière descriptive. Les héritabilités des problèmes de santé les plus courants ont ensuite été estimées. Au total, les données de1861 chevaux ont été collectés entre 2016 et 2018. Les boiteries (34%), les coliques (22%), les sarcoïdes (19%) et les crevasses (16%) figuraient parmi les problèmes de santé les plus courants, suivis des problèmes de dos (13%), de la toux (10%), des urticaires (10%), d’écoulements anaux (« Kotwasser ») (9%), d’écoulements nasaux (8%) et de dermite estivale (4%). Chez 49% des chevaux boiteux, il s’agissait d’une boiterie antérieure, chez 25% d’une boiterie postérieure et chez 26% d’une boiterie impliquant antérieurs et postérieurs. 27% des chevaux présentant des coliques avaient été hospitalisés et 8% avaient subi une chirurgie de coliques. Les sarcoïdes sont devenus moins nombreux ou plus petits chez 89% des chevaux traités mais également chez 58% des chevaux non traités. Une relation significative entre le traitement et l’état des sarcoïdes a pu être démontrée (p .Allevare un cavallo sano è un requisito fondamentale per ottenere prestazioni ottimali. Questo è anche specificamente indicato nell’obiettivo per l’allevamento dei cavalli a sangue caldo svizzeri ed esso dovrebbe essere raggiunto attraverso una rigorosa selezione degli stalloni. Per poter ottimizzare l’allevamento, è necessario conoscere lo stato attuale della popolazione; questo era l’obiettivo di questo studio retrospettivo. Via un’indagine telefonica, sono stati raccolti i dati sullo stato di salute dei cavalli a sangue caldo svizzeri di età compresa tra i 6 e i 16 anni (età media) fino ad oggi, e tali dati sono stati elaborati in modo descrittivo. Sono state quindi stimate le ereditabilità dei problemi di salute più comuni. I dati su un totale di 1861 cavalli sono stati raccolti tra il 2016 e il 2018 e tra i problemi di salute più comuni sono stati rilevati zoppia (34%), coliche (22%), sarcoidi (19%) e febbre da fango (16%), seguiti da problemi alla schiena (13%), tosse (10%), orticaria (10%), acqua fecale (9%), secrezione nasale (8%) e prurito dolce (4%). Nei cavalli affetti da zoppia, era stato colpito nel 49% un arto anteriore, nel 25% un arto posteriore e nel 26% entrambi. Il 27% dei cavalli affetti da coliche era già stato ricoverato e l’8% aveva già subito un intervento per le coliche. Nell’89% dei cavalli trattati, i sarcoidi erano meno o più piccoli ma pure nel 58% dei cavalli non trattati. Una relazione significativa è stata dimostrata tra la terapia e lo stato dei sarcoidi (p .

This study discussed several cases of proximal interphalangeal arthrodesis in horses at a veterinary hospital in Brazil. The medical records of seven horses that underwent proximal interphalangeal arthrodesis between 2011 and 2019 were analyzed for indication, technique, and complications. Short- and long-term outcomes were obtained from both the medical records and telephone interviews with the owners. A dynamic compression plate (DCP) was used in one of the seven horses that underwent surgical arthrodesis, and locking compression plates (LCP) were used in the others. Hospital discharge was recorded in 71.4% (5/7) of the horses, with an average hospital stay of 79 ± 45 days. Casting was maintained for 59 ± 26 days. Contact with owners was possible in four cases, two of which regained their prior level of function. The proximal interphalangeal arthrodesis may improve a horse’s well-being, especially when it is considered an early intervention, minimizing the chances of immediate postoperative complications. Additional cases of surgical arthrodesis should be evaluated in long term to better characterize the outcomes of this procedure in Brazil. RESUMO: Este estudo teve como objetivo apresentar e discutir casos de artrodese interfalangeana proximal em equinos atendidos em um Hospital Veterinário no Brasil. Os prontuários de sete equinos submetidos à artrodese interfalangeana proximal foram analisados quanto à indicação, técnica e complicações, entre 2011 e 2019. As informações sobre os desfechos de curto e longo prazo foram obtidas pela avaliação dos prontuário e entrevista telefônica com os proprietários. Em um dos sete cavalos submetidos à artrodese cirúrgica foi utilizado implantes DCP, e nos demais, LCP. A alta hospitalar foi registrada em 71,4% (5/7), com média de permanência hospitalar de 79±45 dias. A imobilização externa durou 59±26 dias. O contato com os proprietários foi possível em quatro casos, dos quais, em dois, os animais voltaram às suas funções. A artrodese interfalangeana proximal pode melhorar a qualidade de vida dos equinos, principalmente quando se considera a intervenção precoce, minimizando as chances de complicações pós-operatórias imediatas. Casos adicionais devem ser avaliados ao longo prazo para melhor caracterizar os resultados desse procedimento no Brasil.

A artrodese cirúrgica é efetiva para o tratamento de condições da articulação interfalangeana proximal (AIP) em equinos. Diversas técnicas são descritas, e o uso de uma placa de compressão bloqueada de três orifícios e 4,5 mm associada com dois parafusos corticais transarticulares de 5,5 mm é atualmente o padrão ouro. Esta revisão tem por objetivo descrever a anatomia da região da quartela, bem como as causas, indicações e possibilidades para a artrodese da AIP nos equinos. É apresentada também a descrição da técnica cirúrgica atualmente utilizada para realização da fixação da articulação. Surgical arthrodesis is effective for treating proximal interphalangeal joint (PIJ) injuries in horses. Despite several techniques described so far, the use of a 3-hole, 4.5mm-locking compression plate, associated with two 5.5-mm transarticular cortex screws, is currently considered the “gold standard.” This review describes the anatomy of the pastern, as well as causes, indications, and possibilities for arthrodesis in the equine PIJ. A description of the current surgical technique for joint fixation is also presented.

BACKGROUND Outcomes following proximal interphalangeal joint (PIPJ) arthrodesis by a variety of surgical methods are available. Reports detailing clinical outcomes following PIPJ arthrodesis utilising the proximal interphalangeal joint locking compression plate (PIP-LCP) and abaxial transarticular lag screws technique are limited. OBJECTIVES To report survival, radiographic and clinical outcomes following PIPJ arthrodesis with PIP-LCP and abaxial transarticular lag screw fixation. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective case series. METHODS Medical records of all horses undergoing pastern arthrodesis from 2009 to 2018 were reviewed. Arthrodeses performed using a 3-hole, 4.5 mm narrow LCP, specifically designed for the proximal interphalangeal joint, were included. Patient details, presentation, radiographic findings, intraoperative and post-operative data, and complications were documented. Short- and long-term follow-up was available for 23 horses. RESULTS Thirty PIPJ arthrodeses were performed in 29 horses meeting the criteria for inclusion. Twenty-eight horses (97%, 95% CI 83-100) survived to discharge. Twenty-three horses (79%, 95% CI 60%-92%) had successful outcomes including 12 of the 15 forelimb cases and 11 of the 13 hindlimb cases with available follow-up. Fifteen of 19 performance horses returned to athletic activity. Soundness in performance horses was recognised at less than 3 months in one case, 3 to 6 months in six cases, 6 to 12 months in five cases, and greater than 12 months in six cases. Complications included three implant infections, support limb laminitis (two horses), and fragmentation of the extensor process of the distal phalanx (one horse). MAIN LIMITATIONS A retrospectively reviewed, small study population with a variety of breeds and disciplines. CONCLUSIONS The PIP-LCP construct provides a very good prognosis for performance and an excellent prognosis for pasture soundness.

Background Equine pastern dermatitis (EPD) is a common dermatological problem in horses, yet its aetiology and pathogenesis are poorly understood. Objectives This study aimed to investigate the effects of lesion severity and topical antimicrobial treatment on bacterial flora of EPD‐affected skin. Animals Sixteen horses with EPD were investigated. Methods and materials An observational study was conducted by assigning a clinical severity score ranging from 0 (macroscopically nonlesional) to 21 (severe), and sampling the most and least severely affected limbs of 16 horses (32 limbs) for bacteriological culture and 16S rRNA sequencing. Topical antimicrobial treatment in the month before sampling was recorded. The limbs were allocated to a nonlesional or mildly affected group (Group A, score 0–3) and a moderate to severely affected group (Group B, score 4–21). Results The most commonly cultured bacterial species was Staphylococcus aureus (one of 15 Group A versus nine of 17 Group B). Within Group B, S. aureus was found in three of six limbs treated with topical antimicrobials and in six of 11 untreated limbs. β‐haemolytic streptococci (three of 32) and Trueperella pyogenes (two of 32) also were cultured exclusively in the untreated limbs of Group B. Staphylococci and streptococci were found more often by 16S rRNA sequencing than in culture. Limbs with higher lesion severity and topical antimicrobial treatment appeared to have a lower alpha diversity and different beta diversity compared to milder and untreated lesions. Conclusions and clinical importance Observed differences in microbiota of equine skin are likely to be linked to the presence and severity of EPD and topical antimicrobial treatment. Further research is needed to establish causal bacteria., Background –Equine pastern dermatitis (EPD) is a common dermatological problem in horses, yet its aetiology and pathogenesis are poorly understood. Objectives –This study aimed to investigate the effects of lesion severity and topical antimicrobial treatment on bacterial flora of EPD‐affected skin. Conclusions and clinical importance – Observed differences in microbiota of equine skin are likely to be linked to the presence and severity of EPD and topical antimicrobial treatment. Further research is needed to establish causal bacteria.

Equine pastern dermatitis (EPD), a multifactorial syndrome, manifests as skin lesions of variable severity in the pastern area. Despite the widespread use of antibacterial therapy for treating this condition, little is known about the contributing bacteria.To investigate the bacterial skin microbiota in EPD-affected and unaffected (control) pasterns.Case-control study with 80 client-owned horses; each with at least one EPD-affected and one control pastern.Horses were grouped by the form of EPD (mild, exudative or proliferative), the assigned severity grade and type of pretreatment (disinfectant, topical antibacterial or no antibacterial pretreatment). Skin swabs were obtained, and the microbiota composition was compared between the groups.Bacterial alpha diversity was reduced in affected pasterns (P 0.001) and this reduction was significantly associated with the EPD forms (P 0.001), and not with the type of pretreatment (P 0.14). Analyses of beta-diversity confirmed a disordering of the skin microbiota (P = 0.004) in affected versus control pasterns, that was particularly profound in more severe lesions. The type of pretreatment was not significantly associated with this disordering. Four differentially abundant families were detected, of which Staphylococcaceae was the most distinct. The relative abundance of staphylococci was significantly increased in affected pasterns (P = 0.011), particularly in those that had received antibacterial treatment previously.Changes in the microbiota are associated with the EPD form or severity of lesions. The role of bacteria in the pathogenesis of EPD as well as the propriety and consequences of antibacterial treatment should therefore be further investigated.La dermatite des paturons équine (EPD) est un syndrome multifactoriel qui se manifeste par des lésions cutanées de sévérité variable du paturon. Malgré l’utilisation répandue d’antibiotiques pour le traitement, on en sait peu sur le rôle des bactéries. HYPOTHÈSES/OBJECTIFS: Etudier le microbiote bactérien cutané des paturons atteints de EPD et de contrôles sains.Une étude contrôlées avec 80 chevaux de propriétaires ; chacun avec au moins un paturon atteint d’EPD et un paturon sain. MATÉRIEL ET MÉTHODE: Les chevaux ont été groupés selon la forme d’EPD (modérée, exsudative ou proliférative) le grade de sévérité et le type de prétraitement (désinfectant, antibiotique topique ou pas d’antibactérien). Des écouvillons cutanés ont été obtenus et la composition du microbiote a été comparée entre les groupes. RÉSULTATS: La diversité bactérienne alpha était réduite sur les paturons atteints (P 0.001) et cette réduction était significativement associée à la forme de l’EPD (P 0.001) et pas avec le type de prétraitement (P 0.14). Les analyses de diversité béta ont confirmé un désordre du microbiote cutané (P = 0.004) des paturons atteints versus contrôles, ce qui était particulièrement marqué pour les lésions les plus sévères. Le type de prétraitement n’était pas significativement associé avec ces altérations. Quatre familles différentes sont été détectées parmi lesquelles, Staphylococcaceae était la plus importante. La relative abondance de staphylococci était significativement augmentée sur les paturons atteints (P = 0.011), en particulier chez ceux qui ont reçu un prétraitement antibactérien.Les changements du microbiote sont associés avec la forme d’EPD ou la sévérité des lésions. Le rôle des bactéries dans la pathogénie de l’EPD aussi bien que les propriétés et les conséquences d’un traitement antibactérien, devraient ainsi être plus étudiés.INTRODUCCIÓN: la dermatitis de la cuartilla equina (EPD), un síndrome multifactorial, se manifiesta como lesiones cutáneas de gravedad variable en el área de la cuartilla. A pesar del uso generalizado de la terapia antibacteriana para tratar esta afección, se sabe poco acerca de las bacterias contribuyentes. HIPÓTESIS/OBJETIVOS: Investigar la microbiota bacteriana de la piel en metacarpos afectados y no afectados (control) por EPD. ANIMALES: estudio de casos y controles con 80 caballos de propietarios particulares; cada uno con al menos una cuartilla afectada por EPD y una cuartilla de control. MÉTODOS Y MATERIALES: los caballos se agruparon según la forma de EPD (leve, exudativa o proliferativa), el grado de gravedad asignado y el tipo de pretratamiento (desinfectante, antibacteriano tópico o sin pretratamiento antibacteriano). Se obtuvieron hisopos de piel y se comparó la composición de la microbiota entre los grupos. RESULTADOS: la diversidad alfa bacteriana se redujo en los metacarpos afectados (P0,001) y esta reducción se asoció significativamente con las formas de EPD (P0,001) y no con el tipo de pretratamiento (P0,14). Los análisis de la diversidad beta confirmaron un trastorno de la microbiota de la piel (P = 0,004) en los metacarpos afectados frente al control, que fue particularmente intenso en las lesiones más graves. El tipo de pretratamiento no se asoció significativamente con este trastorno. Se detectaron cuatro familias diferencialmente abundantes, de las cuales Staphylococcaceae fue la más distintiva. La abundancia relativa de estafilococos aumentó significativamente en los metacarpos afectados (P = 0.011), particularmente en aquellos que habían recibido tratamiento antibacteriano previamente. CONCLUSIONES Y RELEVANCIA CLÍNICA: los cambios en la microbiota están asociados con la forma de EPD o la gravedad de las lesiones. Por lo tanto, el papel de las bacterias en la patogenia de la EPD, así como la propiedad y las consecuencias del tratamiento antibacteriano, deben investigarse más a fondo.Die equine Pastern Dermatitis (Mauke), ein multifaktorielles Syndrom, manifestiert sich in Form von Hautveränderungen von unterschiedlichem Ausmaß in der Fesselbeuge. Trotz der weitverbreiteten Verwendung antibakterieller Therapie zur Behandlung dieses Zustandes, ist wenig bekannt über die beteiligten Bakterien.Eine Untersuchung der bakteriellen Mikrobiota der Haut bei EPD-betroffenen und nicht-betroffenen (Kontroll) Fesselbeugen.Eine Fallkontrollstudie mit 80 Pferden in Privatbesitz; ein jedes mit mindestens einer EPD-betroffenen und einer Kontroll-Fesselbeuge.Die Pferde wurden nach der Form der EPD in Gruppen eingeteilt (mild, exsudativ oder proliferativ), dem zugeteilten Schweregrad und der Art der Vorbehandlung (Desinfektionsmittel, oberflächliche antibakterielle oder nicht-antibakterielle Vorbehandlung). Es wurden Hauttupfer genommen und die Zusammensetzung der Mikrobiota zwischen den Gruppen verglichen.Die bakterielle Alpha Diversität war in den betroffenen Fesselbeugen reduziert (P0,001) und diese Reduzierung stand signifikant im Zusammenhang mit den EPD Formen (P0,001) und nicht mit der Art der Vorbehandlung (P0,14). Die Analyse der Beta-Diversität bestätigte ein Durcheinander der Mikrobiota der Haut (P = 0,004) in betroffenen versus den Kontroll Fesselbeugen, was in manchen schweren Fällen besonders auffällig war. Die Art der Vorbehandlung stand nicht signifikant im Zusammenhang mit diesem Durcheinander. Es wurden vier verschieden häufig auftretende Familien gefunden, von denen Staphylokokken die häufigsten waren. Die relative Häufigkeit der Staphylokokken war in den betroffenen Fesselbeugen signifikant erhöht (P = 0,011), vor allem bei denen, die vorher bereits eine antibakterielle Behandlung erhalten hatten.Veränderungen der Mikrobiota standen im Zusammenhang mit der EPD Form oder der Schwere der Veränderungen. Die Rolle der Bakterien bei der Pathogenese der EPD sowie die Korrektheit und die Konsequenzen der antibakteriellen Behandlung sollten daher in Zukunft noch untersucht werden.背景: 多因子症候群の一つである馬の繋皸 (EPD) は、繋部に様々な重症度の皮膚病変を現す。馬の繋皸治療には抗菌療法が広く用いられているが、原因となる細菌についてはほとんど知られていない。 仮説・目的: 本研究の目的は、EPDに罹患および罹患していない (コントロール) 繋部における細菌性皮膚微生物叢を調査することであった。 被験動物: クライアント所有馬80頭を対象としたケースコントロール研究で、それぞれ少なくとも1頭のEPD罹患馬および1頭の対照馬を対象とした。 材料と方法: 馬はEPDの形態 (軽度、滲出性、増殖性) 、割り当てられた重症度、前治療の種類 (消毒剤、局所抗菌剤、抗菌剤前処理なし) によってグループ分けされた。また、皮膚スワブを採取し、グループ間の微生物叢組成を比較した。 結果: 細菌のα多様性は罹患繋部で減少し (P0.001) 、この減少はEPD形態と有意に関連し (P0.001) 、前治療の種類とは関連しなかった (P0.14) 。β多様性の解析では、患肢および対照肢で皮膚微生物叢の乱れ (P = 0.004) が確認され、特に重度の病変で顕著であった。前治療の種類は、この乱れとは有意に関連していなかった。4つの異なるファミリーが検出され、中でもStaphylococcaceaeが最も特徴的であった。Staphylococciの相対的な存在量は、罹患繋部で有意に増加し (P = 0.011) 、特に以前に抗菌治療を受けたものでは顕著であった。 結論と臨床的関連性: 微生物相の変化はEPDの形態または病変の重症度と関連している。したがって、EPDの病因における細菌の役割や、抗菌剤治療の妥当性および結果について、さらに調査する必要がある。.背景: 马骹皮炎(EPD)是一种多因素综合征, 表现为不同严重程度的骹部皮肤病变。尽管抗菌治疗被广泛用于治疗这种疾病, 但对相关细菌知之甚少。 假设/目的: 研究EPD的发病和未发病 (对照) 骹的细菌皮肤微生物群。 动物: 病例对照研究, 80匹私家马; 每匹马至少有1处骹部发生和未发生EPD。 方法和材料: 马按EPD形式 (轻度、渗出性或增生性) 、指定的严重程度等级和前期治疗类型 (消毒剂、外部抗菌或无抗菌治疗) 分组。留取皮肤拭子, 比较各组菌群组成。 结果: 发病骹的细菌α多样性降低(P0.001), 这种降低与EPD形式显著相关(P0.001), 而与治疗类型无关(P0.14)。β多样性分析证实, 与对照骹相比, 发病骹的皮肤微生物群紊乱(P = 0.004), 在更严重的病变中尤其明显。治疗类型与这种紊乱无显著相关性。检测到丰度不同的4个科, 其中葡萄球菌科最明显。发病骹中葡萄球菌的相对丰度显著增加(P = 0.011), 特别是既往接受过抗菌治疗的骹。 结论和临床相关性: 微生物群的变化与EPD形式或病变严重程度相关。因此应进一步研究细菌在EPD发病机制中的作用,以及抗菌治疗的适当性和后果。.A dermatite de quartela equina (DQE), uma síndrome multifatorial, manifesta-se como lesões cutâneas de gravidade variável na região da quartela. Apesar do amplo uso de antibioticoterapia para o tratamento desta condição, pouco se sabe sobre as bactérias que contribuem. HIPÓTESE/OBJETIVOS: Investigar a microbiota bacteriana quartelas DQE-afetadas e quartelas controle.Estudo caso-controle com 80 cavalos de tutores; cada um com ao menos uma quartela DQE-afetada e uma quartela controle. MÉTODOS E MATÉRIAS: Os cavalos foram agrupados de acordo com a sua forma de DQE (leve, exsudativa ou proliferativa), o grau de severidade atribuído e o tipo de pré-tratamento (desinfectante, antibacteriano tópico ou sem pré-tratamento antibacteriano). Obteve-se swabs cutâneos, e a composição da microbiota foi comparada entre os grupos.A alphadiversidade bacteriana estava reduzida nas quartelas afetadas (P 0,001) e esta redução foi significativamente associada com as formas de DQE (P 0,001), não ao tipo de pré-tratamento (P 0,14). As análises de betadiversidade confirmaram o distúrbio da microbiota cutânea (P = 0,004) nas quartelas afetadas versus controle, que foi particularmente mais intensa nas lesões mais severas. O tipo de pré-tratamento não estava associado com esse distúrbio. Quatro famílias diferentemente abundantes foram encontradas, das quais a Staphylococcaceae foi a mais distinta. A abundância relativa de estafilococos estava significativamente aumentada nas quartelas afetadas (P = 0,011), particularmente naquelas que receberam antibacterianos previamente. CONCLUSÕES E IMPORTÂNCIA CLÍNICA: As alterações na microbiota estão associadas à forma da DQE e à severidade das lesões. A participação das bactérias na patogênese da DQE e as propriedades e consequências do tratamento antibacteriano devem ser investigadas futuramente.

Background Fractures of the proximal phalanx are one of the most common long bone fractures of Thoroughbred racehorses. Although the degree of disruption and damage to the articular surface is generally considered a major prognostic determinant, associated arthroscopic findings have not previously been reported. Objectives To describe the metacarpo/metatarsophalangeal (MCP/MTP) joint lesions associated with parasagittal fractures of the proximal phalanx arthroscopically identified at the time of fracture repair and compare radiographic and arthroscopic appearance of complete fractures. Study design Retrospective case series. Methods Case records and arthroscopic images of horses with parasagittal fractures of the proximal phalanx admitted to Newmarket Equine Hospital from 2007 to 2017 were analysed. Results 81 MCP/MTP joints in 78 horses underwent arthroscopic evaluation concurrent to parasagittal fracture repair. Tears of the joint capsule and dorsal synovial plica were noted in 43 cases. Arthroscopy identified articular incongruity in three horses where fracture displacement was not predicted at all on pre-operative radiographs, and incongruity in additional plane(s) to the radiographic displacement in 14 horses. Concurrent osteochondral fragmentation and disruption of cartilage were present in some cases. Main limitations As a retrospective study, the arthroscopic data available for review were variable. Arthroscopic assessment of fracture reduction and joint congruency was evaluated in all cases but there was variation in the completeness of evaluation of the entire dorsal joint space of the fetlock joint. This may have led to the underestimation of soft tissue lesions in these cases. Conclusions Some horses suffering from parasagittal proximal phalanx fractures have concurrent tearing of the joint capsule and/or dorsal plica, which may have relevance in the acute course of events resulting in the development of fractures. Fracture displacement and incongruency at the articular surface cannot confidently be excluded pre-operatively by radiographs alone.

The objective of the current study was to describe the structures of the pastern and coffin joints in dromedary camel using x-ray, bone and soft tissue windows computed tomography (CT) and three-dimensional volume rendering (3DVR) of CT imaging. 3DVR of CT was obtained at the slight flexed dorsal view, plantar view, dorsolateral view and lateral view which explained all the surfaces and structures of the digit bony parts even the parts of the articular surface. The processed images of 3DVR of CT showed different patterns of the cortical, cancellous, subchondral bones and medullary cavity of the bones of the digits. The present study showed clearly all the hard and soft tissues in the pastern and coffin joints of the camel in CT images; however, the plantar ligaments of the pastern joint and ligaments of the navicular cartilage identified on CT images. The CT soft tissue window visualized the joint cavity and their pouches and tendon sheath of the flexor tendons better than the bone window CT. The radiographic, CT and 3D images could be used as a normal reference for the interpretation of some clinical diseases in the pastern and coffin joints of the camel.

The objective of this study was to compare the biomechanical properties in a single cycle axial loading test and the types of failures in two constructs (a 3-hole 4.5-mm dynamic compression plate (DCP) and 7-hole 5.5-mm Y locking compression plate (Y-LCP)) in equine proximal interphalangeal joint (PIJ) arthrodesis. One limb in each pair was randomly assigned to PIJ arthrodesis using a 3-hole 4.5-mm DCP combined with two transarticular 5.5-mm cortical screws, whereas the contralateral limb was submitted to PIJ arthrodesis using a 7-hole Y-shaped 5.0-mm LCP in conjunction with one transarticular 4.5-mm cortical screw inserted through the central plate hole. Cortical screws were inserted in lag fashion. Constructs were submitted to a single axial load cycle to failure. Construct stiffness, load, and deformation were analyzed. Dynamic compression plate and Y-LCP arthrodesis constructs did not differ significantly and were equally resistant to axial loading under the conditions studied (DCP and Y-LCP group stiffness, 5685.22 N/mm and 6591.10 N/mm, respectively). Arthrodesis of the PIJ using a DCP and two transarticular 5.5-mm cortical screws or a Y-LCP yielded biomechanically equivalent outcomes under the test conditions considered. However, Y-LCP provides less impact in the palmar/plantar bone. Application of Y-LCP with unicortical screws has equivalent biomechanical characteristics of DCP and may be a safe option for PIJ arthrodesis, where potential trauma secondary to applying bicortical screws in the palmar/plantar aspect of the pastern can be avoided.

Feet and legs of replacement females were objectively evaluated at selection, i.e., approximately 150 d of age (n = 319) and post first parity, i.e., any time after weaning of first litter and before second parturition (n = 277) to 1) compare feet and leg joint angle ranges between selection and post first parity; 2) identify feet and leg joint angle differences between selection and first 3 wk of second gestation; 3) identify feet and leg joint angle differences between farms and gestation days during second gestation; and 4) obtain genetic variance components for conformation angles for the two time points measured. Angles for carpal joint (knee), metacarpophalangeal joint (front pastern), metatarsophalangeal joint (rear pastern), tarsal joint (hock), and rear stance were measured using image analysis software. Between selection and post first parity, significant differences were observed for all joints measured (P < 0.05). Knee, front and rear pastern angles were less (more flexion), and hock angles were greater (less flexion) as age progressed (P < 0.05), while the rear stance pattern was less (feet further under center) at selection than post first parity (only including measures during first 3 wk of second gestation). Only using post first parity leg conformation information, farm was a significant source of variation for front and rear pasterns and rear stance angle measurements (P < 0.05). Knee angle was less (more flexion; P < 0.05) as gestation age progressed. Heritability estimates were low to moderate (0.04–0.35) for all traits measured across time points. Genetic correlations between the same joints at different time points were high (>0.8) between the front leg joints and low (

Summary Avulsion of the proximal attachment of the proximal digital annular ligament (PDAL) was identified in five horses based on characteristic radiographic findings and supported by ultrasonographic examination in four horses. In two cases, PDAL avulsion was associated with acute onset lameness based on physical examination (both animals) and diagnostic analgesia (one animal), and was the only lesion identified. Both horses became sound after a period of rest. Radiographs repeated 11 years later in one animal showed minimal change in the appearance of the lesion. PDAL avulsion was associated with a substantial tear of the deep digital flexor tendon in another horse and in the remaining two cases PDAL avulsion was not associated with lameness. A dissection study found that the proximodistal extent of the proximal PDAL attachment, expressed as a proportion of the length of the proximal phalanx, was significantly (P = 0.011) greater in hindlimbs (11.48 ± 1.01%) compared with forelimbs (8.55 ± 1.06%). This finding may explain why hindlimbs appear at greater risk of PDAL avulsion. In conclusion, while PDAL avulsion can be a cause of acute lameness which, in uncomplicated cases, responds to rest, it can also be an incidental radiographic finding.

Detection of hoof-on and -off events are essential to gait classification in horses. Wearable sensors have been endorsed as a convenient alternative to the traditional force plate-based method. The aim of this study was to propose and validate inertial sensor-based methods of gait event detection, reviewing different sensor locations and their performance on different gaits and exercise surfaces. Eleven horses of various breeds and ages were recruited to wear inertial sensors attached to the hooves, pasterns and cannons. Gait events detected by pastern and cannon methods were compared to the reference, hoof-detected events. Walk and trot strides were recorded on asphalt, grass and sand. Pastern-based methods were found to be the most accurate and precise for detecting gait events, incurring mean errors of between 1 and 6ms, depending on the limb and gait, on asphalt. These methods incurred consistent errors when used to measure stance durations on all surfaces, with mean errors of 0.1 to 1.16% of a stride cycle. In conclusion, the methods developed and validated here will enable future studies to reliably detect equine gait events using inertial sensors, under a wide variety of field conditions.

Equine pastern vasculitis is an uncommon disorder in horses. Underlying causes are difficult to assess, especially bacterial infections.A 13-year-old French saddle gelding horse presented for evaluation of a six weeks history of pastern dermatitis. Histopathological examination of skin biopsy samples revealed small vessel vasculitis. A pure growth of a multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MRPA) was obtained from a deep skin biopsy. Clinical remission was observed after a six week course of enrofloxacin and lesions did not recur.To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of a pastern vasculitis associated with MRPA and successfully treated with a six week course of enrofloxacin.La vascularite du paturon est une atteinte rare chez le cheval. Les causes sous-jacentes sont difficiles à évaluer, en particulier les infections bactériennes. RÉSUMÉ CLINIQUE: Un cheval de selle français de 13 ans est présenté en consultation pour dermatite des paturons évoluant depuis six semaines. L'examen histopathologique des biopsies cutanées a révélé une vascularite des petits vaisseaux. Une croissance pure de Pseudomonas aeruginosa multi-résistantes (MRPA) a été obtenue à partir des biopsies profondes. Une rémission clinique a été observée après six semaines d'enrofloxacine et les lésions n'ont pas récidivé.A la connaissance des auteurs, ceci est la première description d'une vascularite des paturons associée à MRPA et traitée avec succès avec six semaines d'enrofloxacine.INTRODUCCIÓN: la vasculitis de la cuartilla equina es un trastorno poco frecuente en los caballos. Las causas subyacentes son difíciles de evaluar, especialmente las infecciones bacterianas. RESUMEN CLÍNICO: un caballo castrado francés de silla de 13 años se presentó para evaluación por un historial de seis semanas de dermatitis de la cuartilla. El examen histopatológico de las muestras de biopsia de piel reveló vasculitis de vasos pequeños. Se obtuvo un crecimiento puro de Pseudomonas aeruginosa resistente a múltiples fármacos (MRPA) a partir de una biopsia de piel profunda. Se observó remisión clínica después de un curso de seis semanas de enrofloxacina y las lesiones no volvieron a aparecer. CONCLUSIONES E IMPORTANCIA CLÍNICA: a entender de los autores, este es el primer informe de una vasculitis de cuartilla asociada con MRPA y tratada con éxito con un ciclo de enrofloxacina de seis semanas.Die equine Vaskulitis der Fesselregion ist eine seltene Erkrankung bei Pferden. Zugrundeliegende Ursachen sind schwierig zu beurteilen, vor allem bakterielle Infektionen.Ein 13 Jahre alter Französischer Sattelpferdwallach wurde zur Evaluierung einer sechs Wochen andauernden Fesseldermatitis vorgestellt. Die histopathologische Untersuchung einer Hautbiopsie zeigte eine Vaskulitis der kleinen Blutgefässe. Aus einer tiefen Hautbiopsie wurde reines Wachstum eines multi-resistenten Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MRPA) festgestellt. Es kam nach einer sechs Wochen andauernder Behandlung mit Enrofloxacin zur klinischen Remission und die Veränderungen traten nicht wieder auf.Nach bestem Wissen der Autoren handelt es sich hierbei um den ersten Bericht einer Fesselvaskulitis im Zusammenhang mit MRPA, die erfolgreich mit einer sechs Wochen langen Gabe von Enrofloxacin behandelt wurde.背景: 馬の繋血管炎は、馬では珍しい疾患である。 根本的な原因、特に細菌感染の評価は困難である。 臨床概要: 6週間の繋皸の病歴の評価のために13歳の去勢セルフランセが示された。 皮膚生検サンプルの組織病理学的検査により、小血管血管炎が明らかになった。 多剤耐性緑膿菌(MRPA)の純培養が深在部皮膚生検から得られた。 エンロフロキサシン投与6週間経過後に臨床的寛解が観察され、病変は再発しなかった。 結論と臨床的重要性: 著者の知る限り、MRPAに関連し、6週間のエンロフロキサシンによる治療が成功した馬の繋血管炎の最初の報告である。.背景: 马的系部血管炎是一种罕见的疾病。潜在的原因很难评估,尤其是细菌感染。 临床总结: 一匹13岁法国阉割骑乘马,因六周病史的系部皮炎而就诊。皮肤活检样本的组织病理学检查显示小血管的血管炎。皮肤深部活检样本培养出单纯的多耐药铜绿假单胞菌(MRPA)。经过六周恩诺沙星治疗,可观察到临床症状缓解而且病变没有复发。 结论和临床重要性: 据作者所知,这是第一例MRPA引起系部血管炎,并用六周恩诺沙星治疗达到治愈的报告。.A dermatite de quartela é um distúrbio incomum em cavalos. As causas subjacentes são difíceis de identificar, principalmente nas infecções bacterianas. ACHADOS CLÍNICOS: Um cavalo de sela francês castrado de 13 anos de idade foi apresentado para avaliação de dermatite de quartela com seis semanas de evolução. O exame histopatológico de amostras de biópsia de pele revelou vasculite de pequenos vasos. Houve crescimento de uma colônia pura de Pseudomonas aeruginosa multirresistente (MRPA) a partir de uma biópsia de pele profunda. A remissão clínica foi observada após um curso de seis semanas de enrofloxacina e as lesões não recidivaram. CONCLUSÕES E IMPORTÂNCIA CLÍNICA: De acordo com o conhecimento dos autores, este é o primeiro relato de vasculite de quartela associada à MRPA e tratada com sucesso com um curso de seis semanas de enrofloxacina.

A five-year-old Holstein bull became lame after dismount during semen collection. Swelling of the pastern of the left front limb was noted. Radiographic images showed biaxial hyperflexion of the proximal interphalangeal joints in digits III/IV without hyperextension of the metacarpophalangeal joint. Conservative management (stall confinement and NSAIDs) failed to resolve the lameness. External coaptation to stabilise the joint failed to prevent hyperflexion of the joint within the cast and to improve comfort. Pressure sores developed after seven days. Surgical arthrodesis of the PIP joint was performed on each digit by application of a locking compression plate. The bull healed and arthrodesis of the joints progressed over the next 16 weeks. At that time, the bull was walking sound and was returned to semen collection. One year after surgery, the attending veterinarian reported that the bull remained sound at a walk and was still being used for semen collection.

The aim of this pilot study was to document the effects of endurance training at different intensities on heart rate (HR), blood count, serum cortisol, and maximal temperatures of different body locations, namely eye, crown, pastern pasterns, gluteus and longissimus dorsi muscle (mm), measured by infrared thermography technique (IRT) in horses trained for endurance. Possible associations among the studied parameters were also investigated. Our hypothesis was that temperature, measured by IRT after endurance training of different intensities would vary depending on the intensity and would be positively correlated with HR and serum cortisol. Eight horses were tested before and after training of different intensities (low, moderate, and high). The results partially supported our hypothesis, all the studied parameters increased after training (p &lt, 0.05), eye temperature (ET) correlated positively with HR (p &lt, 0.01), and crown temperature (CT) correlated positively with cortisol (p &lt, 0.01). However, only HR and white blood cells increased with the intensity of the exercise (p = 0.0016 and p = 0.0142, respectively). Our findings suggest the evaluation of ET and CT may become a useful non-invasive tool to detect physiological stress during training and to evaluate how the horses cope with the training. Infrared thermography technique may also become a useful tool for the early identification of horses that are not fit to compete or to continue the competition. However, further studies should be conducted on a larger number of horses and during competitions to ascertain our preliminary findings.

The research was conducted on 10 stallions and 31 mares of the Lipizzaner breed in the stud “Vucijak” Prnjavor. In general, 28 morphometric measures of stallions and mares were taken. Morphometric characterization shows that the “Vucijak” stud farm owns Lipizzaner with smaller body form comparing to other Lipizzaner around Europe. The body of the Lipizzaner from “Vucijak” has a rectangle shape which is in acBcordance with the appearance of the majority of Lipizzaner in Europe. Based on these measures, it is confirmed that there is a statistically significant difference between stallions and mares in: withers height, width of lower jaw, length of neck and shoulders, length of radius, width of chest, length and width of pelvis, volume of front leg tibia, and length of hind leg long pastern (proximal phalanx). Out of all named, in comparison to stallions, mares have bigger morphometric measures of length of shoulders, width of pelvis and length of hind leg long pastern (proximal phalanx). In the remaining 18 measures stallions and mares of the “Vucijak” stud show certain homogeny.

Synovitis of the navicular bursa is common in performance horses. The objective of this study was to describe an ultrasound-guided technique to inject a distended navicular bursa and to evaluate its feasibility for use by a clinician not trained in the technique. Twenty distal limbs of horses of various breeds and sizes were used. To produce synovial distension, the navicular bursa of each limb was injected with contrast medium using a lateral approach and radiography was performed to confirm that the contrast medium was distending the bursa. The digit was positioned with the distal interphalangeal joint in hyperextension. A microconvex ultrasound probe was placed in the hollow of the pastern, palmar to the middle phalanx and the region was assessed in a transverse plane slightly oblique to the horizontal plane. The ultrasound probe was rotated to visualize both the lateral and medial recesses and to select which side was more distended to inject. A 21G 0.8 × 50 mm needle was inserted abaxially to the probe in the plane of the ultrasound beam into the proximal recess of this navicular bursa and a methylene blue solution was injected. Following injection, dissection was performed to assess whether the navicular bursa had been successfully injected. This ultrasound-guided technique was reliably performed with a success rate of 68%. The success of injection is influenced by hyperextension of the foot, quality of ultrasound images and degree of distension of the bursa.

Sarah Logie, AWCF, discusses the ‘ideal’ and the implications for the horse when it is not

The case of a 4.5-year-old Colombian Creole female equine was brought to the clinic with suspected transverse and vertical comminuted fracture of the second phalanx in the right forelimb with three days of evolution. Upon clinical examination, claudication of the affected limb was observed, categorized as 4/5, presenting inflammation and swelling related to the coronary impeller. An orthogonal radiographic study was performed at the pastern level in the affected limb, finding a comminuted vertical fracture related to the dorsal aspect of the second phalanx and a transverse fracture in the palmar portion. It was decided to perform orthopedic surgery to reduce de fracture and to apply osteosynthesis material. The patient responded satisfactorily to surgical treatment. Orthopedic clinical follow-up was performed for two months, obtaining complete recovery of the patient., Se reporta el caso de un equino hembra de raza criollo colombiano de 4.5 años edad y peso de 312 kg que llega a consulta con sospecha de fractura transversa y vertical conminuta de la segunda falange en el miembro anterior derecho con tres días de evolución. Al examen clínico se observa claudicación del miembro afectado categorizada en 4/5, presentando inflamación y tumefacción relacionado al rodete coronario. Se realiza un estudio radiográfico ortogonal a nivel de la cuartilla en el miembro afectado, encontrando una fractura vertical conminuta relacionada al aspecto dorsal de la segunda falange y fractura transversa en la porción palmar. Se decide realizar cirugía ortopédica para la reducción de la fractura y aplicación de material de osteosíntesis. La paciente respondió satisfactoriamente al tratamiento quirúrgico. Se realizó seguimiento clínico ortopédico durante dos meses, obteniendo la recuperación completa del paciente.

Neurolytic compounds are widely used by equine practitioners for the management of lameness, mostly related to the foot. The present study aimed to evaluate the neurotoxicity of 2% ammonium chloride (2% AC) applied adjacent to the palmar digital nerves in six miniature horses. The 2% AC and 0.9% saline solution were randomly injected into three and one palmar digital nerve of each horse, respectively. Nerve samples were collected by neurectomy performed under general anesthesia at 5, 12, 19, 35, 47, and 62 days after treatment, with one horse per day of surgery. The inflammatory reaction to perineural injection was evaluated by an increase of pastern superficial skin temperature through thermography 24 hours after treatments. Histological lesions were classified as absent, mild, moderate, and severe Wallerian degeneration. An increase of 2.43 ± 0.79°C and 1.69 ± 0.55°C was observed in the 2% AC and control groups, respectively (P > .05). Moreover, histologic lesions were observed after perineural injection of 2% AC (severe, n = 5/18; moderate, n = 4/18; mild, n = 5/18; and absent, n = 4/18) and saline solution (moderate, n = 3/6; mild, n = 1/6; and absent, n = 2/6) (P = .46). The 2% AC demonstrated to be as safe as 0.9% saline solution, producing mild to severe Wallerian degeneration for up to 62 days after injection with no interference in further neurectomy.

In order to improve the four-beat-rhythm and forelimb action of the tolt in Icelandic horses (ICE), special shoeing techniques are applied particularly in the front hooves by increasing hoof length and height, or by adding weight to the distal limbs. Although regulations limit dorsal hoof wall length (LDHW) in competition ICE, their shoeing often deviates from a biomechanically optimal distal limb conformation. This study aimed to qualitatively and quantitatively describe current shoeing practices of ICE in competition. Moreover, the influence of LDHW on the occurrence of deviations from a standard hoof conformation, as well as on tolt performance was investigated. At four European competition sites, hoof dimensions of 133 randomly selected ICE were measured manually, and limb conformation and hoof balance were described. Dorsopalmar/-plantar and lateromedial radiographs of the left front and hind hooves were taken of each horse. Various parameters related to hoof dimensions and balance were measured on radiographs using the Metron-Hoof-Pro software. Flares of the dorsal hoof wall had the highest prevalence of all investigated hoof deformities. Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that longer LDHW was associated with the occurrence of toe flares (P = 0.045), a broken hoof pastern axis (P = 0.003), and asymmetry of the quarter wall heights (P = 0.015). However, horses with a longer LDHW achieved higher scores in competition. In spite of its positive effect on tolt performance, a long LDHW is not recommendable as it may be associated with a higher prevalence of certain hoof deformities.

Alteration of limb sensitivity is forbidden in equine sports but difficult to enforce. We aimed to develop an objective field method to assess mechanical nociceptive threshold (MNT) in endurance horses.A remotely controlled pneumatic actuator (1 mm tip) was used to measure forelimb pastern MNT in 108 endurance horses.Median (IQR) MNT at rest was 1.9 N (0.9-3.5). Icing had no significant effect on limb sensitivity. MNT measured at weekly intervals increased from week 1 (1.2 N (0.6-1.8)) to week 3 (1.9 N (1.2-2.8)) (P0.05). In 17 horses without impaired sensitivity, MNT increased from 1.2 N (0.6-2.3) before to 2.4 N (1.2-5.2) after racing (P=0.0017). In desensitised horses, MNT after racing was higher (8 limbs-23.1 N (21.4 to25)) than in horses without impaired sensitivity (42 limbs-2.2 N (1.2-4.3)) (P0.0001). Desensitisation with mepivacaine increased MNT to above the safety cut-off (25 N) at 10 minutes; sensitivity return to baseline varied between individuals but was restored by 330 minutes. None of the horses became averse to the technique.MNT was practical, non-traumatic, repeatable and well tolerated under field conditions in endurance horses. The technique differentiated postracing MNT in horses with normal sensitivity from those with impaired sensitivity.

Background Dermatophilus congolensis is a facultative anaerobic actinomycete that causes papular to exudative dermatitis with crusting in horses. This organism is frequently implicated as a cause of pastern dermatitis, but few data are available validating the organism's association with this disease. Hypothesis/objectives The aim of this study was to evaluate if D. congolensis is associated with pastern dermatitis in horses utilizing RT-qPCR. Animals Fifteen client-owned horses diagnosed with pastern dermatitis and eight client-owned unaffected control horses were utilized for this study. Methods A cross-sectional study was performed. History and physical examination findings were recorded, and samples were collected and tested for D. congolensis utilizing cytological evaluation and RT-qPCR. Dermatophyte culture and superficial skin scrapings were also performed. Results Ten of 15 horses with pastern dermatitis had feathered pasterns. Dermatophilus congolensis was identified by RT-qPCR from one nonfeathered horse but none with feathered pasterns. Cytological evaluation identified bacteria in all horses but failed to identify organisms resembling D. congolensis in any horse. Four of 15 horses, all feathered, were positive for Chorioptes mites. Fungal culture was negative for dermatophytes in all horses. All test results were negative for the eight control horses. Conclusions and clinical importance Dermatophilus congolensis was uncommonly associated with pastern dermatitis in horses in this population. However, chorioptic mange was commonly associated with pastern dermatitis in feathered horses and represented an important differential diagnosis for this clinical presentation.

Objectives Digital cryotherapy is commonly used for laminitis prophylaxis and treatment. Currently validated methods for distal limb cryotherapy involve wet application or compression technology. There is a need for a practical, affordable, dry cryotherapy method that effectively cools the digit. The objective of this study was to evaluate the hoof wall surface temperatures (HWSTs) achieved with a novel dry cryotherapy technology. Design Repeated-measures in vivo experimental study. Setting Experimental intervention at a single site. Participants 6 systemically healthy horses (3 mares, 3 geldings). Interventions Cryotherapy was applied to six horses for eight hours with a commercially available rubber and rubber and welded fabricice boot, which extended proximally to include the foot and pastern. Reusable malleable cold therapy packs were secured against the foot and pastern with the three built-in hook-and-loop fastener panels. Primary and secondary outcome measures HWST and pastern surface temperature of the cryotherapy-treated limb, HWST of the control limb and ambient temperature were recorded every five minutes throughout the study period. Results Results were analysed with mixed-effects multivariable regression analysis. The HWST (median 11.1°C, interquartile range 8.6°C–14.7°C) in the cryotherapy-treated limb was significantly decreased compared with the control limb (median 29.7°C, interquartile range 28.9°C–30.4°C) (P≤0.001). Cryotherapy limb HWST reached a minimum of 6.75°C (median) with an interquartile range of 4.1°C–9.3°C. Minimum HWST was achieved 68 minutes after cryotherapy pack application. Conclusions Dry application of cryotherapy significantly reduced HWST and reached minimums below the therapeutic target of 10°C. This cryotherapy method might offer an effective alternative for digital cooling.

Summary Diffusion of local anaesthetic solution after a mid-pastern ring block has not previously been investigated. The aim of this study was to demonstrate potential distribution of local anaesthetic solution following injection of radiodense contrast medium as performed for a mid-pastern ring block. Twelve mature horses were used and 1.5 ml radiodense contrast medium injected over the medial or lateral palmar digital nerve at the level of the proximal aspect of the ungular cartilages. A dorsal ring block was performed on the ipsilateral side, 1.5 cm proximal to the palpable palmar aspect of the proximal eminence of the middle phalanx, using 2 or 5 ml contrast medium. Both forelimbs were injected on 2 days (48 injections). Four standard radiographic views of the pastern were obtained immediately, 10 and 20 min after injections. Images were analysed subjectively and objectively. After dorsal injections, the contrast medium was distributed in a diffuse patch over the ipsilateral half of the proximal phalanx (P1), extending proximally over the half of the length of P1 in all limbs (greatest proximal extension: 89.0% of the length of P1 [from distal] after 2 ml, 94.2% after 5 ml). There was significant proximal diffusion in the first 10 min after injection and significant dorsal diffusion between all time points (P

Summary This report describes a case of chronic lameness secondary to an extraskeletal osseous mass located in the plantaromedial aspect of the right hind pastern in a mature Welsh Section D mare. The lesion was confirmed to represent metabolically active osseous tissue in close apposition with the adjacent plantar digital neurovascular bundle and digital flexor tendons. Surgical resection of the mass resulted in a complete resolution of lameness and return to previous level of activity. Histopathological examination classified the mass as a focal osseous metaplasia, which was most likely to be the result of previous trauma causing local haemorrhage, which resulted in subsequent dystrophic mineralisation and eventually osseous metaplasia. Similar lesions have been described in man, but have not been previously reported in the horse.

In the last 30 years the amount of white markings in the population of Franches-Montagnes horses (FM) has more than doubled which has led to some controversy, particularly in respect to the health of the horses. The objective of this study was to investigate if the coat colour and white markings have an impact on selected skin diseases and hoof horn abnormalities. To this purpose 974 three-year-old FM were subjected to a clinical examination during the field and station tests organized by the FM breeding association. In 16.9% of the horses, one or several equine sarcoids were detected, 15.2% of the horses showed clinical signs of pastern dermatitis, 1.1% of insect bite hypersensitivity and 18.0% of dermatitis of other aetiology. Abnormalities of the hoof horn were found in 20.1% of the horses. The prevalence of pastern dermatitis was 2.6 times higher in legs with white markings than in legs with pigmented skin (p

Summary Limited information exists on distribution of local anaesthetic solution following palmar digital nerve blocks. The aim of this study was to demonstrate potential distribution of local anaesthetic solution following perineural injection of the palmar digital nerves using 2 different volumes of contrast medium and 2 different injections sites. Twelve mature horses were used. Perineural injection of the palmar digital nerves were performed at the level of or 2 cm proximal to the proximal aspect of the ipsilateral ungular cartilage, using 1.5 or 2.5 ml radiopaque contrast medium. In total, 96 injections were performed. Four standard radiographic views of the pastern were obtained immediately after injections and 10 and 20 min later. Images were analysed subjectively and objectively. After distal injections, the contrast medium was more localised around the injection site; after proximal injections the contrast patch had greater proximal–distal length. The greatest proximal diffusion was to 31.7% of the length of the proximal phalanx (from the level of the proximal interphalangeal joint) after distal injections and to 70% after proximal injections. The larger volume resulted in significantly greater proximal diffusion than the smaller volume at the distal, but not at the proximal injection site (P

Summary This case report describes the clinical and ultrasonographic findings and performance outcome of distal tendonitis of the superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) in Standardbred racehorses. Cases with distal tendonitis of the SDFT in isolation (not associated with a metacarpal lesion) were reviewed retrospectively. The clinical and ultrasonographic findings and performance outcome were reviewed. The injury was located on the left forelimb in 67% (10/15) of horses and on the right forelimb in 33% (5/15). None of the horses were affected bilaterally. The lateral branch was involved in 80% of the cases (12/15) and medial branch in 20% (3/15). None of the horses were affected biaxially. Mean time between injury and first start ± s.d. was 302 ± 142 days. Returning to racing was observed in 93% of the horses (14/15), with a reinjury rate of 22% (2/9). For horses which raced after the injury, the number of starts, shows and wins was not significantly different before and after injury, regardless of the location of the lesion. Tendonitis of branches of the SDFT in isolation carries a good prognosis in Standardbred racehorses. A higher return to racing and a lower reinjury rate may be expected compared to lesions in the metacarpal region.

Reasons for performing study: Digital hypothermia may be effective for laminitis prophylaxis and therapy, but the efficacy of cooling methods used in clinical practice requires evaluation. Objectives: To use hoof wall surface temperature (HWST) to compare several cooling methods used in clinical practice. Study design: Experimental crossover design with a minimum washout period of 72 h. Methods: Seven cooling methods (commercially available ice packs, wraps and boots) and one prototypical dry-sleeve device were applied to a single forelimb in 4 horses for 8h, during which HWST of the cooled forelimb and the uncooled (control) forelimb was recorded hourly. Results were analysed descriptively. Results: The median (range) HWST from 2-8h was lowest for the ice and water immersion methods that included the foot and extended proximally to at least include the pastern: 5.2°C (range: 4.8-7.8°C) for the fluid bag and 2.7°C (2.4-3.4°C) for the ice boot. An ice boot that included the distal limb but not the foot resulted in a median HWST of 25.7°C (20.6-27.2°C). Dry interface applications (ice packs) confined to the foot only resulted in a median HWST of 21.5°C (19.5-25.5°C) for the coronet sleeve and 19.8°C (17.6-23°C) for a commercial ice pack. For the dry interface applications that included the foot and distal limb, the median HWST was much higher for the ice pack device, 19.9°C (18.7-23.1°C), compared with the perfused cuff prototype of 5.4°C (4.2-7°C). Conclusions: Immersion of the foot and at least the pastern region in ice and water achieved sustained HWST

The objective was to compare the degree of cartilage destruction obtained with three different drilling techniques for minimally invasive arthrodesis of the equine pastern joint. Three drilling techniques were randomly tested on 36 cadaver distal limbs (six front and six hind limbs in each group). The basic drilling pattern consisted of several passes in a dorsopalmar and/or plantar direction across the joint space (group 1) and was either supplemented with one additional pass in a lateromedial and/or mediolateral direction (group 2) or two additional passes in a distodorsal–proximopalmar and/or plantar direction (group 3). After drilling, the pastern joints were disarticulated, the articular surfaces of P1 and P2 were digitally photographed, and the area of removed cartilage was measured using planimetry. The mean percentage of cartilage removed in the entire pastern joint was significantly lower in group 1 (34.1 ± 4.0%) compared with groups 2 and 3 (45.0 ± 5.2% and 43.0 ± 4.0%, respectively; P < .001). There was significantly more cartilage removed in the hind (47.1 ± 4.4%) versus the forelimbs (42.0 ± 5.0%) of group 2 (P = .003), whereas in group 3, there was significantly more cartilage removed in the forelimbs (44.6 ± 3.0%) compared with the hind limbs (40.6 ± 3.0%) (P = .039). The technique of group 2 gave significantly more cartilage destruction compared with technique 1 while being practical to perform. Therefore, this technique seems to be the most promising for further evaluation in a clinical situation.

An 18-month-old warmblood filly was 4/5 lame on the front right limb at referral and showed severe swelling of the right shoulder region and pain during manipulation of the shoulder region. Radiography revealed a roundish 5 × 7 cm radiolucent area with defined borders within the greater tubercle and the presence of a fracture of the lateral tubercle associated with the cyst. Cellular blood count was 27,500 WBC/μL and serum biochemical analyses revealed fibrinogen of 855 mg/dL. The fractured bone was removed surgically; the cyst debrided and filled with autologous cancellous bone graft. Three and five weeks after surgery the filly was reoperated on because of an osseous sequestrum and a periostal defect on the distal dorsolateral aspect of the pastern of the right hind limb and a septic synovitis of the DFTS of the left hind limb. Fifteen month after surgery the filly was not lame and was introduced to training. Unicameral bone cysts (UBC) are well described lesions, often associated to pathologic fracture in the proximal humerus of children but, until present, no scientific report exists of UBC in the foal. The prompt surgical management had a favorable outcome.

The purpose of this study was to create a lower forelimb model of the Thoroughbred horse for measuring the force in the superficial and deep digital flexor tendons (SDFT and DDFT), and the suspensory ligament (SL) during a trot. The mass, centers of gravity, and inertial moments in the metacarpus, pastern, and hoof segments were measured in 4 Thoroughbred horses. The moment arms of the SDFT, DDFT, and SL in the metacarpophalangeal (fetlock) and distal interphalangeal (coffin) joints were measured in 7 Thoroughbred horses. The relationship between the fetlock joint angle and the force in the SL was assessed in 3 limbs of 2 Thoroughbred horses. The forces in the SDFT, DDFT, and SL during a trot were also measured in 7 Thoroughbred horses. The mass of the 3 segments, and the moment arms of the SDFT and DDFT in the fetlock joint of the Thoroughbred horses were smaller than those of the Warmblood horses, whereas the other values were almost the same in the 2 types. The calculated force in the SDFT with this Thoroughbred model reached a peak (4,615 N) at 39.3% of the stance phase, whereas that in the DDFT reached a peak (5,076 N) at 51.2% of the stance phase. The force in the SL reached a peak (11,957 N) at 49.4% of the stance phase. This lower forelimb model of the Thoroughbred can be applied to studying the effects of different shoe types and change of hoof angle for the flexor tendon and SL forces.