232 results on '"environmental surveillance"'
Search Results
2. Wastewater Surveillance for Poliovirus in Selected Jurisdictions, United States, 2022–2023
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Erin R. Whitehouse, Nancy Gerloff, Randall English, Stacie K. Reckling, Mohammed A. Alazawi, Meghan Fuschino, Kirsten St George, Daniel Lang, Eli S. Rosenberg, Enoma Omoregie, Jennifer B. Rosen, Alyse Kitter, Colin Korban, Massimo Pacilli, Trisha Jeon, Joseph Coyle, Russell A. Faust, Irene Xagoraraki, Brijen Miyani, Charles Williams, James Wendt, Sarah M. Owens, Rosemarie Wilton, Rachel Poretsky, Lynn Sosa, Kathy Kudish, Manisha Juthani, Elizabeth F. Zaremski, Susan E. Kehler, Nagla S. Bayoumi, and Sarah Kidd
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wastewater surveillance ,wastewater-based epidemiological monitoring ,poliovirus ,environmental surveillance ,viruses ,United States ,Medicine ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Abstract
Wastewater testing can inform public health action as a component of polio outbreak response. During 2022–2023, a total of 7 US jurisdictions (5 states and 2 cities) participated in prospective or retrospective testing of wastewater for poliovirus after a paralytic polio case was identified in New York state. Two distinct vaccine-derived poliovirus type 2 viruses were detected in wastewater from New York state and New York City during 2022, representing 2 separate importation events. Of those viruses, 1 resulted in persistent community transmission in multiple New York counties and 1 paralytic case. No poliovirus was detected in the other participating jurisdictions (Connecticut, New Jersey, Michigan, and Illinois and Chicago, IL). The value of routine wastewater surveillance for poliovirus apart from an outbreak is unclear. However, these results highlight the ongoing risk for poliovirus importations into the United States and the need to identify undervaccinated communities and increase vaccination coverage to prevent paralytic polio.
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- 2024
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3. Detection of Human Adenovirus and Rotavirus in Wastewater in Lusaka, Zambia: Demonstrating the Utility of Environmental Surveillance for the Community
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Ngonda Saasa, Ethel M’kandawire, Joseph Ndebe, Mulenga Mwenda, Fred Chimpukutu, Andrew Nalishuwa Mukubesa, Fred Njobvu, Doreen Mainza Shempela, Jay Sikalima, Carol Chiyesu, Bruce Muvwanga, Sarah M. Nampokolwe, Clement Sulwe, Thokozile Khondiwa, Todd Jennings, Ameck Kamanga, Edgar Simulundu, Conceptor Mulube, Wizaso Mwasinga, Jalaimo Mumeka, John Simwanza, Patrick Sakubita, Otridah Kapona, Chilufya Susan Aneta Mulenga, Musole Chipoya, Kunda Musonda, Nathan Kapata, Nyambe Sinyange, Muzala Kapina, Joyce Siwila, Misheck Shawa, Masahiro Kajihara, Ayato Takada, Hirofumi Sawa, Simulyamana A. Choonga, Roma Chilengi, Earnest Muyunda, King S. Nalubamba, and Bernard M. Hang’ombe
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wastewater ,adenovirus ,rotavirus ,environmental surveillance ,concentration methods ,Medicine - Abstract
Enteric infections due to viral pathogens are a major public health concern. Detecting the risk areas requires a strong surveillance system for pathogenic viruses in sources such as wastewater. Towards building an environmental surveillance system in Zambia, we aimed to identify group A rotavirus (RVA) and human adenovirus (HAdV) in wastewater. Convenient sampling was conducted at four study sites every Tuesday for five consecutive weeks. The research team focused on three different methods of viral concentration to determine the suitability in terms of cost and applicability for a regular surveillance system: the bag-mediated filtration system (BMFS), polyethylene glycol-based (PEG) precipitation, and skimmed milk (SM) flocculation. We screened 20 wastewater samples for HAdV and RVA using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and conventional polymerase chain reaction (cPCR). Of the 20 samples tested using qPCR, 18/20 (90%) tested positive for HAdV and 14/20 (70%) tested positive for RVA. For the genetic sequencing, qPCR positives were subjected to cPCR, of which 12 positives were successfully amplified. The human adenovirus was identified with a nucleotide identity range of 98.48% to 99.53% compared with the reference genome from GenBank. The BMFS and SM flocculation were the most consistent viral concentration methods for HAdV and RVA, respectively. A statistical analysis of the positives showed that viral positivity differed by site (p < 0.001). SM and PEG may be the most appropriate options in resource-limited settings such as Zambia due to the lower costs associated with these concentration methods. The demonstration of HAdV and RVA detection in wastewater suggests the presence of the pathogens in the communities under study and the need to establish a routine wastewater surveillance system for the identification of pathogens.
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- 2024
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4. Protocol for detection of pathogenic enteric RNA viruses by regular monitoring of environmental samples from wastewater treatment plants using droplet digital PCR
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Ram Kumar Nema, Surya Singh, Ashutosh Kumar Singh, Devojit Kumar Sarma, Vishal Diwan, Rajnarayan R. Tiwari, Rajesh Kumar Mondal, and Pradyumna Kumar Mishra
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Enteric RNA viruses ,Norovirus GⅡ ,Wastewater treatment plants ,Droplet digital PCR ,Environmental surveillance ,Public health ,Veterinary medicine ,SF600-1100 ,Medicine - Abstract
Background: The present comprehensive protocol is focused on the detection of pathogenic enteric RNA viruses, explicitly focusing on norovirus genogroup Ⅱ (GⅡ), astrovirus, rotavirus, Aichi virus, sapovirus, hepatitis A and E viruses in wastewater treatment plants through droplet digital PCR (ddPCR). Enteric viruses are of significant public health concern, as they are the leading cause of diseases like gastroenteritis. Regular monitoring of environmental samples, particularly from wastewater treatment plants, is crucial for early detection and control of these viruses. This research aims to improve the understanding of the prevalence and dynamics of enteric viruses in urban India and will serve as a model for similar studies in other regions. Our protocol's objective is to establish a novel ddPCR-based methodology for the detection and molecular characterization of enteric viruses present in wastewater samples sourced from Bhopal, India. Our assay is capable of accurately quantifying virus concentrations without standard curves, minimizing extensive optimization, and enhancing sensitivity and precision, especially for low-abundance targets. Methods: The study involves fortnightly collecting and analyzing samples from nine wastewater treatment plants over two years, ensuring comprehensive coverage and consistent data. Our study innovatively applies ddPCR to simultaneously detect and quantify enteric viruses in wastewater, a more advanced technique. Additionally, we will employ next-generation sequencing for detailed viral genome identification in samples tested positive for pathogenic viruses. Conclusion: This study will aid in understanding these viruses’ genetic diversity and mutation rates, which is crucial for developing tailored intervention strategies. The findings will be instrumental in shaping public health responses and improving epidemiological surveillance, especially in localities heaving sewage networks.
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- 2024
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5. Importation and Circulation of Vaccine-Derived Poliovirus Serotype 2, Senegal, 2020–2021
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Martin Faye, Ousmane Kébé, Boly Diop, NDack Ndiaye, Annick Dosseh, Abdoulaye Sam, Aliou Diallo, Hamet Dia, Jean Pierre Diallo, Ndongo Dia, Davy Evrard Kiori, Ousmane Madiagne Diop, Amadou Alpha Sall, and Ousmane Faye
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polio ,vaccine-derived poliovirus serotype 2 ,viruses ,environmental surveillance ,acute flaccid paralysis ,Senegal ,Medicine ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Abstract
Environmental surveillance for poliovirus is increasingly used in poliovirus eradication efforts as a supplement to acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) surveillance. Environmental surveillance was officially established in 2017 in Senegal, where no poliovirus had been detected since 2010. We tested sewage samples from 2 sites in Dakar monthly for polioviruses. We identified a vaccine-derived poliovirus serotype 2 on January 19, 2021, from a sample collected on December 24, 2020; by December 31, 2021, we had detected 70 vaccine-derived poliovirus serotype 2 isolates circulating in 7 of 14 regions in Senegal. Sources included 18 AFP cases, 20 direct contacts, 17 contacts in the community, and 15 sewage samples. Phylogenetic analysis revealed the circulation of 2 clusters and provided evidence on the virus introduction from Guinea. Because novel oral polio vaccine serotype 2 was used for response activities throughout Senegal, we recommend expanding environmental surveillance into other regions.
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- 2022
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6. Burkholderia pseudomallei in Environment of Adolescent Siblings with Melioidosis, Kerala, India, 2019
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Praveena Bhaskaran, Vinitha Prasad, Anusha Gopinathan, Tushar Shaw, Suchitra Sivadas, Chandrasekhar Jayakumar, Soumi Chowdhury, Aparna Dravid, Chiranjay Mukhopadhyay, and Anil Kumar
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Melioidosis ,Burkholderia pseudomallei ,environmental surveillance ,lymphadenitis ,sepsis ,bacteria ,Medicine ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Abstract
In 2019, Burkholderia pseudomallei was isolated from the backyard of 2 siblings with melioidosis in Kerala, India. This finding highlights the value of healthcare providers being aware of risk for melioidosis in febrile patients, of residents taking precautions when outside, and of increasing environmental surveillance for B. pseudomallei in this region.
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- 2022
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7. OCCURENCE OF LEGIONELLA SPP. IN SELECTED PUBLIC FACILITIES IN POLAND IN 2009-2013 AND 2014-2016: A COMPARATIVE STUDY
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Jan Karczewski
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legionella pneumophila ,legionnaire disease ,environmental surveillance ,Medicine - Published
- 2020
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8. Molecular Monitoring of EHV-1 in Silently Infected Performance Horses through Nasal and Environmental Sample Testing
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Nicola Pusterla, Samantha Barnum, Amy Young, Eric Mendonsa, Steve Lee, Steve Hankin, Skyler Brittner, and Carrie J. Finno
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EHV-1 ,equine ,silent shedder ,nasal swab ,environmental surveillance ,qPCR ,Medicine - Abstract
While the main goal in the management of an EHM outbreak focuses on identifying early clinical disease in order to physically separate infected horses, little effort is placed towards monitoring healthy horses. The assumption that EHV-1 shedding parallels clinical disease is erroneous, as subclinical shedders have been shown to be actively involved in viral spread. In an attempt to document the frequency of EHV-1 shedders and their impact on environmental contamination, we collected nasal swabs from 231 healthy horses and 203 environmental samples for the testing of EHV-1 by qPCR. Six horses and 28 stalls tested qPCR-positive for EHV-1. There was no association in the EHV-1 qPCR-positive status between nasal and stall swabs. While testing nasal secretions of healthy at-risk horses can detect active shedding at a specific time point, the testing of stall swabs allows to assess the temporal EHV-1 shedding status of a horse. The study results highlight the risk of subclinical EHV-1 shedders and stalls occupied by these horses as sources of infection for susceptible horses. The testing of individual stalls for the presence of EHV-1 may be a more practical approach than the collection of individual nasal swabs for the monitoring and early detection of the circulating virus. The results also highlight the need to improve the cleanliness and disinfection of stalls utilized by performance horses during show events.
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- 2022
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9. Environmental Monitoring for Enteroviruses in Maputo, Mozambique—2018
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Diocreciano Matias Bero, Sheila António Nhassengo, Ivanildo Pedro Sousa, Silas Oliveira de Sousa, Raiana Scerni Machado, Amanda Meireles Nunes Dias, Cristiane de Sousa Ferreira, Fernanda Marcicano Burlandy, Nilsa de Deus, and Edson Elias da Silva
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environmental surveillance ,enterovirus ,wastewater ,poliovirus ,Medicine - Abstract
Due to the possibility of wild poliovirus importation from endemic regions and the high circulation of vaccine-derived poliovirus type 2 in the African region, Mozambique implemented a surveillance program to monitor the circulation of enteroviruses in the environment. From January to November 2018, a period that immediately preceded the cVDPV outbreak in Africa, 63 wastewater samples were collected from different areas in Maputo city. A total of 25 samples (39.7%) were positive based on cell culture isolation. Non-polio enteroviruses were found in 24 samples (24/25; 96%), whereas 1 Sabin-related poliovirus was isolated. Neither wild nor vaccine-derived poliovirus was detected. High circulation of EVB species was detected. Environmental surveillance in the One Health approach, if effectively applied as support to acute flaccid paralysis, can be a powerful aid to the public health system to monitor poliovirus besides non-polio enteroviruses in polio-free areas.
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- 2022
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10. TRANSTORNO DA ACUMULAÇÃO NO DISTRITO DE SAÚDE LAPA/PINHEIROS, NO MUNICÍPIO DE SÃO PAULO (SP) ENTRE 2016 E 2019
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Leila Maria Rissi Caverni, Edna Patrícia Cupertino, Mayne Medeiros Maia, Viviane Cristina Mendonça Martins, and Cesar Oscar Polachini
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education.field_of_study ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Environmental surveillance ,Population ,Ethnic group ,Female sex ,Discretion ,Livelihood ,Institutional support ,Geography ,medicine ,Hoarding disorder ,medicine.symptom ,Socioeconomics ,education ,media_common - Abstract
This study analyzes 49 cases of people with hoarding disorder residing in the Administrative Districts of Lapa and Pinheiros both located in the municipality of Sao Paulo and under surveillance of the Environmental Surveillance Department of Technical Health Supervision of Lapa/Pinheiros, between the years 2016 and 2019.The analysis parameters were: race/ color/ethnicity, occupation/ livelihood, housing issues, age, gender, types of collected objects, number of actions performed by public services and amount of material removed in the period. The results show a majority of white individuals, with an inactive lifestyle and residing in their own properties. Discrete majority of cases belonging to the male sex, in relation to the female sex. Most affected people accumulate inanimate objects in comparison to animal accumulators. The volume of material removed, with institutional support, was considerably higher when compared to the scrap left to the individual's discretion. Amore detailed knowledge of the disease brings together possibilities for intervention based on the identification of cases, in the promotion and care for comprehensive health of this population segment and allows for changes in the environment reality in advance.
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- 2021
11. Detection of coronavirus in environmental surveillance and risk monitoring for pandemic control
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Wenhua Zhou, Guibin Jiang, Tailin Xu, Wenting Zhu, Xueji Zhang, Xue-Feng Yu, Guangbo Qu, Jianbo Shi, and Linlin Yao
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Quality Control ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) ,viruses ,Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) ,02 engineering and technology ,Wastewater ,Risk monitoring ,medicine.disease_cause ,03 medical and health sciences ,COVID-19 Testing ,Pandemic ,medicine ,Humans ,Intensive care medicine ,Pandemics ,030304 developmental biology ,Coronavirus ,Aerosols ,Immunoassay ,0303 health sciences ,Sewage ,SARS-CoV-2 ,business.industry ,Environmental surveillance ,Public health ,COVID-19 ,High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing ,virus diseases ,General Chemistry ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Virus detection ,Fomites ,Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization ,0210 nano-technology ,business ,Environmental Monitoring - Abstract
The novel human infectious coronaviruses (CoVs) responsible for severe respiratory syndromes have raised concerns owing to the global public health emergencies they have caused repeatedly over the past two decades. However, the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic induced by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has received unprecedented attention internationally. Monitoring pathogenic CoVs in environmental compartments has been proposed as a promising strategy in preventing the environmental spread and tracing of infectious diseases, but a lack of reliable and efficient detection techniques is still a significant challenge. Moreover, the lack of information regarding the monitoring methodology may pose a barrier to primary researchers. Here, we provide a systematic introduction focused on the detection of CoVs in various environmental matrices, comprehensively involving methods and techniques of sampling, pretreatment, and analysis. Furthermore, the review addresses the challenges and potential improvements in virus detection techniques for environmental surveillance.
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- 2021
12. Validation of the bag‐mediated filtration system for environmental surveillance of poliovirus in Nairobi, Kenya
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Angela Coulliette-Salmond, Benlick Mwangi, Christine S. Fagnant-Sperati, Everardo Vega, Fhatuwani B. Ngwana, Marianne Wolfaardt, Y Ren, R Nzunza, S Jeffries-Miles, A Chepkurui, John Scott Meschke, David S. Boyle, Alexandra L. Kossik, Evans Komen, Peter Borus, Jeffry H. Shirai, Maureen B. Taylor, Nicola K. Beck, Peter N. Matsapola, Nicolette A. Zhou, W.B. Van Zyl, James Nyangao, Joanne Hassan, Silvia Peñaranda, and Cara C. Burns
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Veterinary medicine ,environmental surveillance ,Serogroup ,medicine.disease_cause ,Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology ,03 medical and health sciences ,Public Health/Clinical Microbiology ,medicine ,Humans ,Diagnostic screening ,wastewater ,030304 developmental biology ,filtration ,0303 health sciences ,poliovirus ,Sewage ,030306 microbiology ,business.industry ,Environmental surveillance ,Poliovirus ,ViroCap ,Oral polio vaccine ,Original Articles ,General Medicine ,Kenya ,enteric viruses ,Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral ,Separation method ,Original Article ,business ,Environmental Monitoring ,Poliomyelitis ,Biotechnology - Abstract
Aims This study compared the bag‐mediated filtration system (BMFS) and standard WHO two‐phase separation methods for poliovirus (PV) environmental surveillance, examined factors impacting PV detection and monitored Sabin‐like (SL) PV type 2 presence with withdrawal of oral polio vaccine type 2 (OPV2) in April 2016. Methods and Results Environmental samples were collected in Nairobi, Kenya (Sept 2015–Feb 2017), concentrated via BMFS and two‐phase separation methods, then assayed using the WHO PV isolation algorithm and intratypic differentiation diagnostic screening kit. SL1, SL2 and SL3 were detected at higher rates in BMFS than two‐phase samples (P 0·05), while SL3 was detected less frequently with higher shipment temperatures (P = 0·027). SL2 was detected more frequently before OPV2 withdrawal in BMFS and two‐phase samples (P
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- 2020
13. Global Action for Local Impact: The 11th International Conference on Typhoid and Other Invasive Salmonelloses
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Denise O Garrett, A. Duncan Steele, and Noah Duff
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0301 basic medicine ,Microbiology (medical) ,Burden of disease ,Psychological intervention ,enteric fever ,Supplement Articles ,Drug resistance ,Salmonella typhi ,Typhoid fever ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Environmental health ,Global policy ,medicine ,Humans ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Typhoid Fever ,Child ,invasive nontyphoidal Salmonella disease ,business.industry ,Environmental surveillance ,Typhoid-Paratyphoid Vaccines ,Salmonella Paratyphi ,medicine.disease ,AcademicSubjects/MED00290 ,030104 developmental biology ,Infectious Diseases ,Vietnam ,Salmonella Infections ,Sabin vaccine ,business ,typhoid - Abstract
Typhoid and other invasive salmonelloses continue to cause an estimated 14.8 million cases and > 200 000 deaths annually, largely affecting children in low- and middle-income countries. However, recent strides in global policy have paved the way for accelerated progress with prevention and control efforts. To translate these recent advancements at the global level into real impact in communities at the local level, the Coalition against Typhoid, based at the Sabin Vaccine Institute, convened the 11th International Conference on Typhoid and Other Invasive Salmonelloses in Hanoi, Vietnam, in March 2019. Here, we review the significant topics and research discussed at the conference, including diagnostics, environmental surveillance, drug resistance, burden of disease, and vaccines, as well as additional prevention and control interventions.
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- 2020
14. Review of Methods Suitable for Environmental Surveillance of Salmonella Typhi and Paratyphi
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Lorraine Lillis, J. Scott Meschke, and Graciela Matrajt
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0301 basic medicine ,Microbiology (medical) ,sampling ,Salmonella ,environmental surveillance ,030231 tropical medicine ,030106 microbiology ,Population ,Supplement Articles ,Salmonella typhi ,medicine.disease_cause ,Typhoid fever ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Enteric disease ,Environmental health ,Paratyphoid Fever ,Humans ,Medicine ,Typhoid Fever ,education ,education.field_of_study ,business.industry ,Transmission (medicine) ,Novel Tools for Detection of Enteric Fever ,Environmental surveillance ,Salmonella Paratyphi ,medicine.disease ,AcademicSubjects/MED00290 ,Infectious Diseases ,Salmonella paratyphi A ,business ,Environmental Monitoring - Abstract
Typhoid fever is an enteric disease caused by the pathogens Salmonella Typhi and Salmonella Paratyphi. Clinical surveillance networks are lacking in many affected areas, thus presenting a need to understand transmission and population prevalence. Environmental surveillance (ES) has been suggested as a potentially effective method in the absence of (or in supplement to) clinical surveillance. This review summarizes methods identified in the literature for sampling and detection of typhoidal Salmonella from environmental samples including drinking water, wastewater, irrigation water, and surface waters. Methods described use a trap or grab sampling approach combined with various selective culture and molecular methods. The level to which the performance of identified methods is characterized for ES in the literature is variable, thus arguing for the optimization and standardization of ES techniques.
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- 2020
15. Environmental Survey of Rotavirus in Sewage Water within Maiduguri Metropolis, Nigeria
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Idris Nasir Abdullahi, Peter Elisha Ghamba, Fatima Aminu Dauda, Hauwa S Bello, and Aisha Muhammad Kadai
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Rotavirus Antigen ,Veterinary medicine ,Treated water ,Computer Networks and Communications ,business.industry ,Environmental surveillance ,Food consumption ,Sewage ,medicine.disease_cause ,Hardware and Architecture ,Rotavirus ,medicine ,Environmental science ,business ,Surface water ,Software ,Contaminated food - Abstract
Background and study aim: Inadequately treated water supply and unhygienic food consumption are the major sources of contracting feco-orally transmitted viral pathogens, including Rotavirus. This prospective study aimed to assess the presence of Rotavirus in sewage, underground and surface waters collected from different locations within Maiduguri Metropolis, Nigeria. Materials and Methods: A total of 170 sewage and water samples (underground and surface waters) were collected from various sources in high-density and low-density areas of the Maiduguri metropolis. A modified adsorption- elution method for concentration of enteric viruses in sewage and water samples and detection of the presence of rotavirus (if present) was done using Enzyme linked immune-sorbent assay (ELISA). The viruses in water were concentrated by negatively charged membrane filtration, eluted with 0.05M Glycine at pH 11.5, and re-concentrated by centrifugation at 12,000rpm for one hour. Results: Out of the 60 domestic sewage samples collected from high-density areas, 8.3% were positive for rotavirus antigen, whereas none of the samples from low-density areas were positive. In addition, rotavirus antigen was not detected in underground and surface water samples. The temperature range of the 5 rotavirus positive samples was 23-30oC. All the 5 positive samples had alkaline pH that ranged between 8 and 9. Conclusion: This study has demonstrated the persistence of rotavirus in sewage and its possible transmission through contaminated food and poor treated water
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- 2020
16. Characteristics of wipe sampling methods for antineoplastic drugs in North America: comparison of six providers
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Jean-François Bussières and Claire Chabut
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Pharmacology ,business.industry ,Environmental surveillance ,environmental surveillance ,Hazardous drugs ,Pharmacy ,RM1-950 ,030226 pharmacology & pharmacy ,wipe sampling ,antineoplastic drugs ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,030220 oncology & carcinogenesis ,Environmental health ,Antineoplastic Drugs ,medicine ,Pharmacology (medical) ,Therapeutics. Pharmacology ,HD9665-9675 ,business ,hazardous drugs ,Wipe sampling ,Pharmaceutical industry ,medicine.drug - Abstract
Objectives Several societies have published guidelines to limit the occupational exposure of workers. Several of these guidelines recommend periodic (once or twice a year) environmental monitoring of specific sites where antineoplastic drugs are prepared and administered. However, most of the guidelines provide no guidance concerning which antineoplastic drugs should be monitored, the preferred sampling sites, appropriate test methods or limits of detection. The aim of this study was to characterize providers that quantify antineoplastic drug measured on surfaces. Methods This was a cross-sectional descriptive study. To identify service providers offering environmental monitoring tests, we searched the PubMed database and used the Google search engine. We contacted each service provider by email between June 3rd and June 15th, 2020. We specified the objective of our study and described the information needed and the variables of interest with standardized questions. Additional questions were sent by emails or via teleconferences. No statistical analyses were performed. Results We identified six providers offering services to Canadian hospitals, either based in Canada or in the United States. Five of these providers were private companies and one was a public organization. Each service provider was able to measure trace contamination of 3–17 antineoplastic drugs. Five of the providers quantified drugs using ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MSMS), which allowed for lower LODs. The sixth provider offered quantification by immunoassay, which has higher LODs, but offers near real-time results; the surface area to be sampled with this method was also smaller than with UPLC-MSMS. The services offered varied among the service providers. The information about LODs supplied by each provider was often insufficient and the units were not standardized. A cost per drug quantified could not be obtained, because of variability in the scenarios involved (e.g. drug selection to be quantified, number of samples, nondisclosure of ancillary costs). Four of the six service providers were unable to report LOQ values. Conclusions Few data are available from Canadian service providers concerning the characteristics of wipe sampling methods for antineoplastics. This study identified six north-American providers. Their characteristics were very heterogeneous. Criteria to consider when choosing a provider include the validation of their analytical method, a low limit of detection, the choice of drugs to be quantified and the sites to be sampled, obtaining details about the method and understanding its limits, and price. This should be part of a structured multidisciplinary approach in each center.
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- 2020
17. Clinical and Environmental Surveillance of Rotavirus Common Genotypes Showed High Prevalence of Common P Genotypes in Egypt
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Nabil A. Mohsen, Waled M. El-Senousy, Amel S. M. Abu Senna, Nagwa M. Sidkey, and Seham F. Hasan
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0301 basic medicine ,Diarrhea ,Male ,Rotavirus ,Veterinary medicine ,Genotype ,Epidemiology ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,030106 microbiology ,Sewage ,010501 environmental sciences ,Biology ,medicine.disease_cause ,01 natural sciences ,Group A ,Rotavirus Infections ,Non-silent mutation ,03 medical and health sciences ,Common P and G genotypes ,Virology ,medicine ,Human rotavirus group A ,Prevalence ,Humans ,Child ,Phylogeny ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Recombination, Genetic ,Original Paper ,Molecular Epidemiology ,High prevalence ,Surveillance ,Phylogenetic tree ,business.industry ,Environmental surveillance ,Infant, Newborn ,Infant ,Child, Preschool ,Egypt ,Female ,medicine.symptom ,business ,Food Science ,Environmental Monitoring - Abstract
The objective of this study was to compare the prevalence of human rotavirus group A common G and P genotypes in human Egyptian stool specimens and raw sewage samples to determine the most common genotypes for future vaccine development. From 1026 stool specimens of children with acute diarrhea and using nested RT-PCR, 250 samples (24.37%) were positive for human rotavirus group A. Using multiplex RT-PCR, rotavirus common P and G genotypes were detected as 89.20% and 46.40% of the positive clinical specimens respectively. This low percentage of common G genotypes frequency may affect the efficiency of the available live attenuated oral rotavirus vaccines [Rotarix® (human rotavirus G1P[8]) and RotaTeq® (reassortant bovine–human rotavirus G1-4P[5] and G6P[8])], however the percentage of clinical specimens which were negative for common G genotypes but positive for P[8] genotype was 12.00%. From 24 positive raw sewage samples for rotavirus group A VP6 collected from Zenin and El-Gabal El-Asfar wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), 21 samples (87.50%) were typeable for common P genotypes while 13 samples (54.17%) were typeable for common G genotypes. Phylogenetic analysis of a VP8 partial gene of 45 P-typeable clinical isolates and 20 P-typeable raw sewage samples showed high similarity to reference strains and the majority of mutations were silent and showed lower to non-significant similarity with the two vaccine strains. This finding is useful for determining the most common antigens required for future vaccine development. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s12560-020-09426-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
- Published
- 2020
18. Evidence of Saffold virus circulation in Italy provided through environmental surveillance
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Pamela Mancini, G. Bonanno Ferraro, David Brandtner, Marcello Iaconelli, Carolina Veneri, G. La Rosa, and Elisabetta Suffredini
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0106 biological sciences ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Gastrointestinal Diseases ,Population ,01 natural sciences ,Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology ,Virus ,03 medical and health sciences ,010608 biotechnology ,Epidemiology ,Cardiovirus Infections ,Prevalence ,medicine ,Humans ,Typing ,education ,Respiratory Tract Infections ,0303 health sciences ,education.field_of_study ,Cardiovirus ,Sewage ,biology ,030306 microbiology ,Environmental surveillance ,Saffold virus ,biology.organism_classification ,Virology ,Geographic distribution ,Italy ,Capsid Proteins ,Environmental Monitoring - Abstract
Saffold virus (SAFV) is an emerging human cardiovirus associated with respiratory and gastrointestinal infection, and, more recently, to symptoms related to the endocrine, cardiovascular, and neurological systems. Information about SAFV circulation in Italy is scarce. In order to provide insights into the epidemiology of SAFV in Italy, 141 raw sewage samples collected throughout Italy were tested using broad-range nested RT-PCR primers targeting the 5'-NC region. Seven samples (5·0%) were confirmed as SAFV in samples collected in North, Centre and Southern Italy. Typing was attempted through amplification of the VP1 coding region, using both published and newly designed primers, and one sample was characterized as SAFV-2. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Prevalence, genetic diversity and geographic distribution of SAFV in Italy is currently unknown. This study represents the first detection of SAFV in sewage samples in Italy, suggesting that it is circulating in the population despite lack of clinical reporting. Whether the virus is associated with asymptomatic cases or with undetected gastroenteritis or respiratory illness is unknown. Further studies are needed to investigate on the occurrence and persistence of SAFV in water environments and its waterborne transmission potential.
- Published
- 2019
19. Wastewater monitoring, surveillance and epidemiology: a review of terminology for a common understanding
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Brittany L. Kmush, Hyatt C. Green, Mary B. Collins, and David A. Larsen
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medicine.medical_specialty ,AcademicSubjects/SCI01150 ,Public health ,wastewater tracing ,environmental surveillance ,Common ground ,Context (language use) ,General Medicine ,Review ,Terminology ,wastewater-based epidemiology ,Microbes and Disease ,wastewater surveillance ,Wastewater ,Pandemic ,Epidemiology ,wastewater monitoring ,medicine ,wastewater tracking ,Business ,Discipline ,Environmental planning - Abstract
Response to the COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) pandemic saw an unprecedented uptake in bottom-up efforts to incorporate community wastewater testing to inform public health. While not a new strategy, various specialized scientific advancements were achieved to establish links between wastewater concentrations of SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) and public health outcomes. Maximizing public health benefit requires collaboration among a broad range of disciplinary experts, each bringing their own historical context to the central goal of protecting human health. One challenge has been a lack of shared terminology. Standardized terminology would provide common ground for this rapidly growing field. Based on the review herein, we recommend categorical usage of the term ‘wastewater-based epidemiology’ to describe the science of relating microbes, chemicals or other analytes in wastewater to public health. We further recommend the term ‘wastewater surveillance’ to describe continuous monitoring of health outcomes (either microbes or chemicals) via wastewater. We suggest that ‘wastewater tracking’ and ‘wastewater tracing’ be used in more narrow ways, specifically when trying to find the source of a health risk. Finally, we suggest that the phrase ‘wastewater monitoring’ be abandoned, except in rare circumstances when ensuring wastewater discharge is safe from a public health perspective., Number of articles per year referenced in PubMed by various terminologies related to wastewater-based epidemiology.
- Published
- 2021
20. Advances in Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring Using Sensors and Biosensors: A Review
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Ilaria Palchetti, Eduardo C. Reynoso, Serena Laschi, and Eduardo Torres
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Susceptibility testing ,business.industry ,medicine.drug_class ,Environmental surveillance ,antibiotic susceptibility test ,phenotypic technique ,Antibiotics ,QD415-436 ,Antimicrobial ,biosensor ,genotypic technique ,Biochemistry ,Analytical Chemistry ,Antibiotic resistance ,Risk analysis (engineering) ,sensor ,Medicine ,antimicrobial resistance ,Physical and Theoretical Chemistry ,business - Abstract
The indiscriminate use and mismanagement of antibiotics over the last eight decades have led to one of the main challenges humanity will have to face in the next twenty years in terms of public health and economy, i.e., antimicrobial resistance. One of the key approaches to tackling antimicrobial resistance is clinical, livestock, and environmental surveillance applying methods capable of effectively identifying antimicrobial non-susceptibility as well as genes that promote resistance. Current clinical laboratory practices involve conventional culture-based antibiotic susceptibility testing (AST) methods, taking over 24 h to find out which medication should be prescribed to treat the infection. Although there are techniques that provide rapid resistance detection, it is necessary to have new tools that are easy to operate, are robust, sensitive, specific, and inexpensive. Chemical sensors and biosensors are devices that could have the necessary characteristics for the rapid diagnosis of resistant microorganisms and could provide crucial information on the choice of antibiotic (or other antimicrobial medicines) to be administered. This review provides an overview on novel biosensing strategies for the phenotypic and genotypic determination of antimicrobial resistance and a perspective on the use of these tools in modern health-care and environmental surveillance.
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- 2021
21. Wastewater Sample Site Selection to Estimate Geographically Resolved Community Prevalence of COVID‐19: A Sampling Protocol Perspective
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Daymond Talley, Aruni Bhatnagar, Rochelle H. Holm, Ted Smith, Ray Yeager, K. Saurabh, and Joshua L Fuqua
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medicine.medical_specialty ,Informatics ,Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) ,Epidemiology ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,environmental surveillance ,Population ,Site selection ,Sample (statistics) ,Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law ,Environmental protection ,SARS‐CoV‐2 ,COVID‐19 ,Environmental health ,TD169-171.8 ,medicine ,education ,wastewater ,Waste Management and Disposal ,Water Science and Technology ,Protocol (science) ,Global and Planetary Change ,education.field_of_study ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Geospatial ,Sampling (statistics) ,Geohealth ,GIS ,Pollution ,GIS science ,Geography ,Wastewater ,Public Health ,The COVID‐19 pandemic: linking health, society and environment ,Research Article - Abstract
Wastewater monitoring for virus infections within communities can complement conventional clinical surveillance. Currently, most SARS‐CoV‐2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) clinical testing is voluntary and inconsistently available, except for a few occupational and educational settings, and therefore likely underrepresents actual population prevalence. Randomized testing on a regular basis to estimate accurate population‐level infection rates is prohibitively costly and is hampered by a range of limitations and barriers associated with participation in clinical research. In comparison, community‐level fecal monitoring can be performed through wastewater surveillance to effectively surveil communities. However, epidemiologically defined protocols for wastewater sample site selection are lacking. Herein, we describe methods for developing a geographically resolved population‐level wastewater sampling approach in Jefferson County, Kentucky, and present preliminary results. Utilizing this site selection protocol, samples (n = 237) were collected from 17 wastewater catchment areas, September 8 to October 30, 2020 from one to four times per week in each area and compared to concurrent clinical data aggregated to wastewater catchment areas and county level. SARS‐CoV‐2 RNA was consistently present in wastewater during the studied period, and varied by area. Data obtained using the site selection protocol showed variation in geographically resolved wastewater SARS‐CoV‐2 RNA concentration compared to clinical rates. These findings highlight the importance of neighborhood‐equivalent spatial scales and provide a promising approach for viral epidemic surveillance, thus better guiding spatially targeted public health mitigation strategies., Key Points Epidemiologically defined protocols for wastewater sample site selection are lackingDemographically distinct catchment areas were selected with high spatial resolutionOur protocol may inform disease surveillance for geographically targeted scales
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- 2021
22. Environmental Surveillance for Risk Assessment in the Context of a Phase 2 Clinical Trial of Type 2 Novel Oral Polio Vaccine in Panama
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Hanen Belgasmi, Mark S. Oberste, Kimberly Wong, Fabian Grimoldi, Everardo Vega, Ricardo Rüttimann, Leanna Sayyad, Magda Rojas-Bonilla, and Angela Coulliette-Salmond
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0301 basic medicine ,Panama ,030106 microbiology ,polio ,environmental surveillance ,Phases of clinical research ,Context (language use) ,medicine.disease_cause ,Microbiology ,Risk Assessment ,Article ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Virology ,Environmental health ,medicine ,Humans ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Risk management ,Vaccines ,novel OPV2 ,Sewage ,business.industry ,Poliovirus ,Environmental surveillance ,poliovirus ,medicine.disease ,QR1-502 ,Poliomyelitis ,Clinical trial ,Infectious Diseases ,Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral ,Risk assessment ,business ,Environmental Monitoring - Abstract
Environmental surveillance was recommended for risk mitigation in a novel oral polio vaccine-2 (nOPV2) clinical trial (M5-ABMG) to monitor excretion, potential circulation, and loss of attenuation of the two nOPV2 candidates. The nOPV2 candidates were developed to address the risk of poliovirus (PV) type 2 circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus (cVDPV) as part of the global eradication strategy. Between November 2018 and January 2020, an environmental surveillance study for the clinical trial was conducted in parallel to the M5-ABMG clinical trial at five locations in Panama. The collection sites were located upstream from local treatment plant inlets, to capture the excreta from trial participants and their community. Laboratory analyses of 49 environmental samples were conducted using the two-phase separation method. Novel OPV2 strains were not detected in sewage samples collected during the study period. However, six samples were positive for Sabin-like type 3 PV, two samples were positive for Sabin-like type 1 PV, and non-polio enteroviruses NPEVs were detected in 27 samples. One of the nOPV2 candidates has been granted Emergency Use Listing by the World Health Organization and initial use started in March 2021. This environmental surveillance study provided valuable risk mitigation information to support the Emergency Use Listing application.
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- 2021
23. Rapid Increase of SARS-CoV-2 Variant B.1.1.7 Detected in Sewage Samples from England between October 2020 and January 2021
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Manasi Majumdar, Thomas Wilton, Martin Fritzsche, Erika Bujaki, Javier Martin, Dimitra Klapsa, Maria Zambon, and Ryan Mate
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Antigenicity ,Lineage (genetic) ,Physiology ,Population ,environmental surveillance ,Sewage ,Biology ,medicine.disease_cause ,Biochemistry ,Microbiology ,Virus ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,vaccine ,Genetics ,medicine ,sewage ,education ,B.1.1.7 ,Molecular Biology ,wastewater ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,030304 developmental biology ,variant B.1.1.7 ,0303 health sciences ,Mutation ,education.field_of_study ,Transmission (medicine) ,business.industry ,SARS-CoV-2 ,COVID-19 ,Vaccine efficacy ,Virology ,QR1-502 ,Computer Science Applications ,Modeling and Simulation ,surveillance ,next-generation sequencing ,direct detection ,business ,variant of concern ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,Research Article - Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 variants with multiple amino acid mutations in the spike protein are emerging in different parts of the world, raising concerns regarding their possible impact on human immune response and vaccine efficacy against the virus. Recently, a variant named lineage B.1.1.7 was detected and shown to be rapidly spreading across the UK since November 2020. As surveillance for these SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs) becomes critical, we have investigated the use of environmental surveillance (ES) for the rapid detection and quantification of B.1.1.7 viruses in sewage as a way of monitoring its expansion that is independent on the investigation of identified clinical cases. Next-generation sequencing analysis of amplicons synthesized from sewage concentrates revealed the presence of B.1.1.7 mutations in viral sequences, first identified in a sample collected in London on 10 November 2020 and shown to rapidly increase in frequency to >95% in January 2021, in agreement with clinical data over the same period. We show that ES can provide an early warning of VOCs becoming prevalent in the population and that, as well as B.1.1.7, our method can detect VOCs B.1.351 and P.1, first identified in South Africa and Brazil, respectively, and other viruses carrying critical spike mutation E484K, known to have an effect on virus antigenicity. Although we did not detect such mutation in viral RNAs from sewage, we did detect mutations at amino acids 478, 490, and 494, located close to amino acid 484 in the spike protein structure and known to also have an effect on antigenicity. IMPORTANCE The recent appearance and growth of new SARS-CoV-2 variants represent a major challenge for the control of the COVID-19 pandemic. These variants of concern contain mutations affecting antigenicity, which raises concerns on their possible impact on human immune response to the virus and vaccine efficacy against them. Here, we show how environmental surveillance for SARS-CoV-2 can be used to help us understand virus transmission patterns and provide an early warning of variants becoming prevalent in the population. We describe the detection and quantification of variant B.1.1.7, first identified in southeast England in sewage samples from London (UK) before widespread transmission of this variant was obvious from clinical cases. Variant B.1.1.7 was first detected in a sample from early November 2020, with the frequency of B.1.1.7 mutations detected in sewage rapidly increasing to >95% in January 2021, in agreement with increasing SARS-CoV-2 infections associated with B.1.1.7 viruses.
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- 2021
24. Can Alternative Anatomical Sites and Environmental Surveillance Replace Perianal Screening for Multidrug-Resistant Organisms in Nursing Homes?
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Kristen Gibson, Kyle J. Gontjes, Lona Mody, Bonnie Lansing, and Marco Cassone
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Microbiology (medical) ,Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Epidemiology ,Healthy participant ,030501 epidemiology ,medicine.disease_cause ,Article ,Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Internal medicine ,Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial ,Gram-Negative Bacteria ,medicine ,Humans ,Mass Screening ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Prospective Studies ,Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections ,Infection Control ,Environment surveillance ,business.industry ,Environmental surveillance ,Bacterial Infections ,biochemical phenomena, metabolism, and nutrition ,Staphylococcal Infections ,bacterial infections and mycoses ,Drug Resistance, Multiple ,Nursing Homes ,Multiple drug resistance ,Infectious Diseases ,Anatomical sites ,Staphylococcus aureus ,0305 other medical science ,Nursing homes ,business ,Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections ,Biological Monitoring ,Environmental Monitoring - Abstract
Perianal screening can be intrusive. The sensitivities of multianatomical, nonperianal surveillance were 92.3% for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), 58.7% for vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE), and 54.9% for resistant Gram-negative bacilli (R-GNB). Sensitivities improved upon adding environmental surveillance (95.5%, 82.9%, and 67.9%, respectively). Multianatomical, nonperianal screening and room environment surveillance may replace perianal screening and reduce healthy participant bias in nursing homes.
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- 2021
25. Building-Level Wastewater Monitoring for COVID-19 Using Tampon Swabs and RT-LAMP for Rapid SARS-Cov-2 RNA Detection
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Devin North, Erin K. Lipp, Marlee Shaffer, Wu Z, Lott M, Kyle Bibby, and Aaron Bivins
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Wastewater ,Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) ,business.industry ,Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) ,Environmental surveillance ,other ,Medicine ,RNA ,business ,Virology ,Passive sampling - Abstract
Community-level wastewater monitoring for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) RNA has demonstrated useful correlation with both coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) case numbers and clinical testing positivity. Wastewater monitoring on college campuses has demonstrated promising predictive capacity for the presence and absence of COVID-19 cases. However, to date, such monitoring has largely relied upon composite or grab samples and reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) techniques, which limits the accessibility and scalability of wastewater monitoring. In this study, we piloted a workflow that uses tampons as passive swabs for collection and reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) to detect SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater. Results for the developed workflow were available same day, with a time to result following tampon swab collection of approximately three hours. The RT-LAMP 95% limit of detection (76 gene copies reaction-1) was greater than RT-droplet digital PCR (ddPCR; 3.3 gene copies reaction-1). Nonetheless, during a building-level wastewater monitoring campaign conducted in the midst of weekly clinical testing of all students, the workflow demonstrated a same-day positive predictive value (PPV) of 33% and negative predictive value (NPV) of 80% for incident COVID-19 cases. The NPV is comparable to that reported by wastewater monitoring using RT-qPCR. These observations suggest that even with lower analytical sensitivity the tampon swab and RT-LAMP workflow offers a cost-effective and rapid approach that could be leveraged for scalable same-day building-level wastewater monitoring for COVID-19.
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- 2021
26. Challenges and Opportunities Presented by Current Techniques for Detecting Schistosome Infections in Intermediate Host Snails: A Scoping Review
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John J O Mogaka, Onyekachi Esther Nwoko, and Moses J. Chimbari
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Web of science ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,FAMILY PLANORBIDAE ,Snails ,030231 tropical medicine ,Fresh Water ,Review ,030308 mycology & parasitology ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,nucleic-acid amplification ,Environmental health ,schistosomiasis ,medicine ,diagnostics ,Animals ,Humans ,Schistosoma ,conventional ,0303 health sciences ,biology ,Transmission (medicine) ,Environmental surveillance ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Intermediate host ,Neglected Diseases ,Tropical disease ,medicine.disease ,biology.organism_classification ,immunological ,Search terms ,intermediate host snails ,Medicine ,eDNA - Abstract
Schistosomiasis, a neglected tropical disease (NTD), causes morbidity and mortality in over 250 million people globally. And 700 million people are at risk of contracting it. It is caused by a parasite of the genus Schistosoma. Freshwater snails of the family Planorbidae are of public health significance as they are intermediate hosts of these highly infective flukes. Accurate diagnostic techniques to detect schistosome infections in intermediate host snails (IHS) and environmental surveillance are needed to institute measures for the interruption of transmission and eventual elimination. We carried out a systematic review of the literature to assess advantages and limitations of different diagnostic techniques for detecting schistosome infections in snails. Literature from Scopus, Web of Science, and PubMed databases from 2008 to 2020 were searched using combinations of predefined search terms with Boolean operators. The studies revealed that conventional diagnostics are widely used, although they are labor-intensive, have low specificity and sensitivity levels, and cannot detect prepatent infections. Whereas more advanced techniques such as immunological, nucleic-acid amplification, and eDNA diagnostics have high sensitivity and specificity levels, they are costly, hence, not suitable for field applications and large-scale surveys. Our review highlights the importance of designing and developing innovative diagnostics that are high in specificity and sensitivity as well as affordable and technically feasible for use in field laboratories and for large-scale surveys.
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- 2021
27. Field Performance of Two Methods for Detection of Poliovirus in Wastewater Samples, Mexico 2016–2017
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M. Steven Oberste, Gloria Rey-Benito, Herlinda Garcı́a-Lozano, Elda E. Pérez-Sánchez, Concepcion F. Estivariz, Katy V. Castillo-Montufar, Anita Bahena, Cara C. Burns, Howard E. Gary, Raúl S. Nava-Acosta, Irma López-Martínez, John Scott Meschke, Silvia Peñaranda, and José Alberto Díaz-Quiñonez
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0301 basic medicine ,Epidemiology ,viruses ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,030106 microbiology ,Wastewater ,010501 environmental sciences ,medicine.disease_cause ,complex mixtures ,01 natural sciences ,03 medical and health sciences ,Virology ,medicine ,Mexico ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Chromatography ,Sewage ,Environmental surveillance ,Poliovirus ,Environmental science ,Enterovirus ,Filtration ,Environmental Monitoring ,Food Science - Abstract
To enhance our ability to monitor poliovirus circulation and certify eradication, we evaluated the performance of the bag-mediated filtration system (BMFS) against the two-phase separation (TPS) method for concentrating wastewater samples for poliovirus detection. Sequential samples were collected at two sites in Mexico; one L was collected by grab and ~ 5 L were collected and filtered in situ with the BMFS. In the laboratory, 500 mL collected by grab were concentrated using TPS and the sample contained in the filter of the BMFS was eluted without secondary concentration. Concentrates were tested for the presence of poliovirus and non-poliovirus enterovirus (NPEV) using Global Poliovirus Laboratory Network standard procedures. Between February 16, 2016, and April 18, 2017, 125 pairs of samples were obtained. Collectors spent an average (± standard deviation) of 4.3 ± 2.2 min collecting the TPS sample versus 73.5 ± 30.5 min collecting and filtering the BMFS sample. Laboratory processing required an estimated 5 h for concentration by TPS and 3.5 h for elution. Sabin 1 poliovirus was detected in 37 [30%] samples with the TPS versus 24 [19%] samples with the BMFS (McNemar’s mid p value = 0.004). Sabin 3 poliovirus was detected in 59 [47%] versus 49 (39%) samples (p = 0.043), and NPEV was detected in 67 [54%] versus 40 [32%] samples (p
- Published
- 2019
28. Environmental Surveillance for Polioviruses in Haïti (2017–2019): The Dynamic Process for the Establishment and Monitoring of Sampling Sites
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Mary M. Alleman, Cara C. Burns, Angela Coulliette-Salmond, Gloria Rey-Benito, Hanen Belgasmi-Wright, Everardo Vega, Kimberly Wong, Pierre Wilnique, Robert Barrais, Edmund Gue, and Leanna Sayyad
- Subjects
Veterinary medicine ,viruses ,030231 tropical medicine ,environmental surveillance ,lcsh:QR1-502 ,Wastewater ,medicine.disease_cause ,vaccine-derived polioviruses ,complex mixtures ,lcsh:Microbiology ,Article ,Sampling Studies ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Vaccine strain ,Virology ,Poliomyelitis eradication ,medicine ,Humans ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Disease Eradication ,Poliovirus type ,Sewage ,enterovirus ,Poliovirus ,Environmental surveillance ,Sampling (statistics) ,wild poliovirus ,medicine.disease ,Haiti ,Poliomyelitis ,Infectious Diseases ,Geography ,Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral ,Enterovirus ,Environmental Monitoring ,polio eradication - Abstract
Haïti is at risk for wild poliovirus (WPV) importation and circulation, as well as vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV) emergence. Environmental surveillance (ES) for polioviruses was established in Port au Prince and Gonaïves in 2016. During 2017–2019, initial ES sites were re-evaluated, and ES was expanded into Cap Haïtien and Saint Marc. Wastewater samples and data on weather, hour of collection, and sample temperature and pH were collected every 4 weeks during March 2017–December 2019 (272 sampling events) from 21 sites in Cap Haïtien, Gonaïves, Port au Prince, and Saint Marc. Samples were processed for the detection of polio and non-polio enteroviruses using the two-phase and “Concentration and Filter Elution” methodologies. Polioviruses were serotyped and underwent intra-typic characterization. No WPV or VDPVs were isolated. Sabin-like polioviruses (oral vaccine strain) of serotypes 1 and 3 were sporadically detected. Five of six (83%), one of six (17%), five of six (83%), and two of three (67%) sites evaluated in Cap Haïtien, Gonaïves, Port au Prince, and Saint Marc, respectively, had enterovirus isolation from >, 50% of sampling events, these results and considerations, such as watershed population size and overlap, influence of sea water, and excessive particulates in samples, were factors in site retention or termination. The evaluation of 21 ES sampling sites in four Haïtian cities led to the termination of 11 sites. Every-four-weekly sampling continues at the remaining 10 sites across the four cities as a core Global Polio Eradication Initiative activity.
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- 2021
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29. Method Development for Enteric Virus Recovery from Primary Sludge
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Joanna Ciol Harrison, David S. Boyle, John Scott Meschke, Christine S. Fagnant-Sperati, Nicola K. Beck, Alexandra L. Kossik, and Yarrow S. Linden
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0301 basic medicine ,Flocculation ,food.ingredient ,Sodium ,030106 microbiology ,environmental surveillance ,lcsh:QR1-502 ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Viral Plaque Assay ,010501 environmental sciences ,medicine.disease_cause ,Solid Waste ,01 natural sciences ,lcsh:Microbiology ,Article ,03 medical and health sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,food ,Virology ,Skimmed milk ,medicine ,Enterovirus Infections ,Humans ,Centrifugation ,Food science ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,environmental monitoring ,Virus quantification ,Sewage ,poliovirus ,Poliovirus ,Viral Load ,Gastroenteritis ,Infectious Diseases ,sludge ,chemistry ,Wastewater ,enteric viruses ,disease surveillance ,Citric acid ,Water Microbiology ,Poliomyelitis - Abstract
Enteric viruses, such as poliovirus, are a leading cause of gastroenteritis, which causes 2–3 million deaths annually. Environmental surveillance of wastewater supplements clinical surveillance for monitoring enteric virus circulation. However, while many environmental surveillance methods require liquid samples, some at-risk locations utilize pit latrines with waste characterized by high solids content. This study’s objective was to develop and evaluate enteric virus concentration protocols for high solids content samples. Two existing protocols were modified and tested using poliovirus type 1 (PV1) seeded into primary sludge. Method 1 (M1) utilized acid adsorption, followed by 2 or 3 elutions (glycine/sodium chloride and/or threonine/sodium chloride), and skimmed milk flocculation. Method 2 (M2) began with centrifugation. The liquid fraction was filtered through a ViroCap filter and eluted (beef extract/glycine). The solid fraction was eluted (beef extract/disodium hydrogen phosphate/citric acid) and concentrated by skimmed milk flocculation. Recovery was enumerated by plaque assay. M1 yielded higher PV1 recovery than M2, though this result was not statistically significant (26.1% and 15.9%, respectively). M1 was further optimized, resulting in significantly greater PV1 recovery when compared to the original protocol (p<, 0.05). This method can be used to improve understanding of enteric virus presence in communities without liquid waste streams.
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- 2021
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30. Distribution of Avian Influenza Viruses According to Environmental Surveillance During 2014-2017, China
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Hong Bo, Ye Zhang, Jie Dong, Dayan Wang, Libo Dong, Yuelong Shu, Zi Li, Xiang Zhao, and Xiyan Li
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Geography ,business.industry ,Environmental surveillance ,medicine ,Zoology ,Distribution (economics) ,China ,medicine.disease_cause ,business ,Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 - Abstract
Background Avian influenza viruses persist in animal hosts and continue to cause human infections in China. It is important to analyse the geographic and seasonal distributions of avian influenza viruses and compare the subtypes and their prevalence among sample sites in environment.MethodsA total of 329,276 environmental samples were collected from locations associated with poultry and wild birds from 2014 to 2017. Viral RNA was extracted from the environmental samples. Real-time PCR assays for influenza A, and the H5, H7, and H9 subtypes were performed on all the samples. Virus isolation was performed on the influenza A-positive samples detected by real-time PCR. Whole-genome sequencing was then performed on an Illumina sequencer.ResultsThe proportions of samples that tested positive for total influenza A and the H5, H9 and H7 subtypes varied among different geographical regions and seasons. Significantly higher proportions of influenza A- and H5-, H9-, and H7-positive samples were collected from live poultry markets and poultry slaughtering locations. Influenza A positivity rates in sewage and chopping board swab samples were higher than those in other sample types. Multiple subtypes related to avian influenza viruses, including 9 HA and 7 NA subtypes, were detected in environmental samples.ConclusionsThese findings indicate that multiple subtypes of avian influenza A viruses continuously coexist in environments associated with poultry and increase the risk of reassortment and transmission, highlighting the need for environmental surveillance in China.
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- 2021
31. High Diversity of Human Non-Polio Enterovirus Serotypes Identified in Contaminated Water in Nigeria
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Kader Ndiaye, Maria Dolores Fernandez-Garcia, Adefunke Olufunmilayo Oyero, Temitope Oluwasegun Cephas Faleye, Dimitra Klapsa, Manasi Majumdar, Erika Bujaki, Johnson Adekunle Adeniji, Javier Martin, Thomas Wilton, and Moses Olubusuyi Adewumi
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,Serotype ,030106 microbiology ,environmental surveillance ,lcsh:QR1-502 ,Nigeria ,Genome, Viral ,next generation sequencing (NGS) ,Biology ,medicine.disease_cause ,Serogroup ,DNA sequencing ,lcsh:Microbiology ,Article ,03 medical and health sciences ,Virology ,medicine ,Humans ,sewage ,wastewater ,Phylogeny ,Enterovirus ,Whole genome sequencing ,Recombination, Genetic ,Phylogenetic tree ,Transmission (medicine) ,Outbreak ,medicine.disease ,recombination ,Poliomyelitis ,030104 developmental biology ,Infectious Diseases ,whole-genome sequencing ,RNA, Viral ,Capsid Proteins ,Water Microbiology ,Environmental Monitoring ,human enterovirus - Abstract
Human enteroviruses (EVs) are highly prevalent in sewage and have been associated with human diseases with complications leading to severe neurological syndromes. We have used a recently developed molecular method to investigate the presence of EVs in eight samples collected in 2017–2018 from water streams contaminated by drainage channels in three different locations in Nigeria. A total of 93 human EV strains belonging to 45 different serotypes were identified, far exceeding the number of strains and serotypes found in similar samples in previous studies. Next generation sequencing analysis retrieved whole-capsid genomic nucleotide sequences of EV strains belonging to all four A, B, C, and D species. Our results further demonstrate the value of environmental surveillance for the detection of EV transmission of both serotypes commonly associated with clinical syndromes, such as EV-A71, and those that appear to circulate silently but could eventually cause outbreaks and disease. Several uncommon serotypes, rarely reported elsewhere, were detected such as EV-A119, EV-B87, EV-C116, and EV-D111. Ten EV serotypes were detected in Nigeria for the first time and two of them, CV-A12 and EV-B86, firstly described in Africa. This method can be expanded to generate whole-genome EV sequences as we show here for one EV-D111 strain. Our data revealed phylogenetic relationships of Nigerian sewage strains with EV strains reported elsewhere, mostly from African origin, and provided new insights into the whole-genome structure of emerging serotype EV-D111 and recombination events among EV-D serotypes.
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- 2021
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32. Vaccine-Derived Polioviruses, Central African Republic, 2019
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Ionela Gouandjika-Vasilache, Marco Vignuzzi, Joël Wilfried Doté, Maël Bessaud, Nicksy Gumede, Marie-Line Joffret, Populations virales et Pathogenèse - Viral Populations and Pathogenesis, Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Pasteur de Bangui, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), WHO, Regional Office for Africa [Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo], We are indebted to Charlotte Balière and Aurelia Kwasiborski for Sanger sequencing., and Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
- Subjects
Microbiology (medical) ,oral polio vaccine ,Epidemiology ,030231 tropical medicine ,lcsh:Medicine ,Biology ,medicine.disease_cause ,lcsh:Infectious and parasitic diseases ,Disease Outbreaks ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Vaccine strain ,eradication ,medicine ,Humans ,lcsh:RC109-216 ,viruses ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Vaccine-Derived Polioviruses, Central African Republic, 2019 ,Child ,Poliovirus ,Environmental surveillance ,lcsh:R ,Dispatch ,Outbreak ,Oral polio vaccine ,medicine.disease ,Virology ,3. Good health ,Poliomyelitis ,Central African Republic ,Infectious Diseases ,Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral ,Capital city ,[SDV.MP.VIR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Virology ,vaccine-derived poliovirus ,Vaccine derived poliovirus ,poliomyelitis - Abstract
International audience; Since May 2019, the Central African Republic has experienced a poliomyelitis outbreak caused by type 2 vaccine-derived polioviruses (VDPV-2s). The outbreak affected Bangui, the capital city, and 10 districts across the country. The outbreak resulted from several independent emergence events of VDPV-2s featuring recombinant genomes with complex mosaic genomes. The low number of mutations (
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- 2021
33. An interactive online IT tool to aim the environmental surveillance of veterinary antibiotics in agriculture and pasture lands
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Antonio Rodríguez and Ana de la Torre
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geography.geographical_feature_category ,surveillance ,environmental impact assessment ,business.industry ,Agroforestry ,medicine.drug_class ,Environmental surveillance ,Antibiotics ,General Engineering ,Pasture ,pasture ,Geography ,Agriculture ,medicine ,Environmental impact assessment ,Antimicrobial ,business ,agriculture - Abstract
The undermining of the therapeutic effectiveness of antibiotics by their widespread use is causing the emergence of antimicrobial resistance, which is a major threat for both animal and human health. Since most veterinary antibiotics employed in livestock production are excreted essentially unaltered, they have been identified as major contributors of environmental contamination. However, the efforts of monitoring antimicrobial effects are focused on humans and livestock, neglecting the environment. The European Union institutions recognized this gap in the appreciation of the issue, and adopted an approach that includes to prioritize environmental tracking and to build the tools to make it economically accessible. This abstract has three main targets. Firstly, to fill the gap applying the IT methodological approach (the soil vulnerability map to antibiotic contamination) developed by De La Torre et al. (2012). Secondly, to identify the main livestock species and scenarios (agriculture and pasture) to be prioritized in surveillance efforts. Finally, to implement the code of agriculture practices and the stocking rates of grazing animals based on high vulnerability areas for antibiotic contamination. To facilitate the implementation of this risk evaluation procedure, we developed an interactive tool that allows to obtain downloadable maps of soil vulnerability to contamination for several land use (agriculture and pasture) and livestock (cattle, pig and chicken) scenarios for any veterinary antibiotics. Additionally, the tool allows to obtain a plot of the mean vulnerability of each considered administrative unit. We implemented the European Union countries as an example, but the tool could be applied to individual countries or even regional or sub-national scales.
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- 2021
34. Combating Antimicrobial Resistance Through Student-Driven Research and Environmental Surveillance
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Erica R. Fuhrmeister, Jennifer R. Larson, Adam Kleinschmit, Carol A. Bascom-Slack, James E. Kirby, and Amy J. Pickering
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Microbiology (medical) ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Modern medicine ,antibiotic resistance ,Environmental Science and Management ,media_common.quotation_subject ,CURE (course-based undergraduate research experience) ,environmental surveillance ,lcsh:QR1-502 ,Resistance (psychoanalysis) ,Science education ,Microbiology ,lcsh:Microbiology ,03 medical and health sciences ,Antibiotic resistance ,citizen science ,medicine ,antimicrobial resistance ,One Health ,030304 developmental biology ,Pace ,media_common ,CURE ,0303 health sciences ,business.industry ,Public health ,05 social sciences ,050301 education ,Public relations ,biochemical phenomena, metabolism, and nutrition ,Infectious Diseases ,Emerging Infectious Diseases ,Good Health and Well Being ,Perspective ,Soil Sciences ,Business ,science education ,Antimicrobial Resistance ,Infection ,0503 education ,Diversity (politics) - Abstract
Emerging resistance to all classes of antimicrobials is one of the defining crises of the 21st century. Many advances in modern medicine, such as routine surgeries, are predicated on sustaining patients with antimicrobials during a period when their immune systems alone cannot clear infection. The development of new antimicrobials has not kept pace with the antimicrobial resistance (AR) threat. AR bacteria have been documented in various environments, such as drinking and surface water, food, sewage, and soil, yet surveillance and sampling has largely been from infected patients. The prevalence and diversity of AR bacteria in the environment, and the risks they pose to humans are not well understood. There is consensus that environmental surveillance is an important first step in forecasting and targeting efforts to prevent spread and transmission of AR microbes. However, efforts to date have been limited. The Prevalence of Antibiotic Resistance in the Environment (PARE) is a classroom-based project that engages students around the globe in systematic environmental AR surveillance with the goal of identifying areas where prevalence is high. The format of PARE, designed as short classroom research modules, lowers common barriers for institutional participation in course-based research. PARE brings real-world microbiology into the classroom by educating students about the pressing public health issue of AR, while empowering them to be partners in the solution. In turn, the PARE project provides impactful data to inform our understanding of the spread of AR in the environment through global real-time surveillance.
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- 2021
35. Evaluation of a bioaerosol sampler for indoor environmental surveillance of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2
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Jason Stenson, Patrick F. Horve, Dale Northcutt, Kevin Van Den Wymelenberg, and Leslie Dietz
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RNA viruses ,Viral Diseases ,Atmospheric Science ,Veterinary medicine ,Coronaviruses ,Medical Conditions ,Built Environment ,Materials ,Pathology and laboratory medicine ,Virus Testing ,Multidisciplinary ,Dust ,Genomics ,Limiting ,Medical microbiology ,Terrestrial Environments ,Infectious Diseases ,Physical Sciences ,Viruses ,RNA, Viral ,Medicine ,SARS CoV 2 ,Pathogens ,Environmental Monitoring ,Research Article ,Bioaerosol ,SARS coronavirus ,Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) ,Science ,Materials Science ,Genome, Viral ,Microbiology ,Meteorology ,Diagnostic Medicine ,Air change ,Genetics ,Humans ,Aerosols ,Medicine and health sciences ,Biology and life sciences ,SARS-CoV-2 ,Environmental surveillance ,allergology ,Ecology and Environmental Sciences ,Organisms ,Viral pathogens ,COVID-19 ,Covid 19 ,Humidity ,Microbial pathogens ,Aerosol ,Sampling system ,Mixtures ,Earth Sciences ,Room air distribution ,Environmental science - Abstract
The worldwide spread of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has ubiquitously impacted many aspects of life. As vaccines continue to be manufactured and administered, limiting the spread of SARS-CoV-2 will rely more heavily on the early identification of contagious individuals occupying reopened and increasingly populated indoor environments. In this study, we investigated the utility of an impaction-based bioaerosol sampling system with multiple nucleic acid collection media. Heat-inactivated SARS-CoV-2 was utilized to perform bench-scale, short-range aerosol, and room-scale aerosol experiments. Through bench-scale experiments, AerosolSense Capture Media (ACM) and nylon flocked swabs were identified as the highest utility media. In room-scale aerosol experiments, consistent detection of aerosol SARS-CoV-2 was achieved at an estimated aerosol concentration equal to or greater than 0.089 genome copies per liter of room air (gc/L) when air was sampled for eight hours or more at less than one air change per hour (ACH). Shorter sampling periods (75 minutes) yielded consistent detection at ~31.8 gc/L of room air and intermittent detection down to ~0.318 gc/L at (at both 1 and 6 ACH). These results support further exploration in real-world testing scenarios and suggest the utility of indoor aerosol surveillance as an effective risk mitigation strategy in occupied buildings.
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- 2021
36. Essential oils can cause false-positive results of medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency
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Toshio Yamamoto, Yoichi Wada, Tomoe Kanno, Ai Kurihara, Yuko Sato, Yasuko Mikami-Saito, Shigeo Kure, Natsuko Arai-Ichinoi, and Masamitsu Maekawa
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Newborn screening ,Social resource ,Physiology ,FAOD, fatty acid oxidation disorder ,LC-MS/MS, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry ,03 medical and health sciences ,NBS, newborn screening ,0302 clinical medicine ,Endocrinology ,False-positive ,C8, octanoylcarnitine ,Genetics ,Medicine ,C10, decanoylcarnitine ,LC-HRMS/MS, liquid chromatography-high resolution-tandem mass spectrometry ,lcsh:QH301-705.5 ,Molecular Biology ,ACADM ,Octanoylcarnitine ,lcsh:R5-920 ,0303 health sciences ,business.industry ,Environmental surveillance ,MCAD deficiency ,MCAD, medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase ,030305 genetics & heredity ,Decanoylcarnitine ,Medium-Chain Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency ,Public health care ,lcsh:Biology (General) ,Essential oils ,Critical illness ,lcsh:Medicine (General) ,business ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,Research Paper - Abstract
Newborn screening is a public health care program worldwide to prevent patients from critical illness or conditions. Tandem mass spectrometry allows multiplex, inexpensive, and rapid newborn screening. However, mass spectrometry used for newborn screening to date is not able to separate peaks of compounds with similar m/z, which could lead to false-positive results without additional second-tier tests, such as fragmentation. We experienced three neonatal cases with high levels of markers, octanoylcarnitine and octanoylcarnitine/decanoylcarnitine ratio used to pick up possible cases of medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (MCAD) deficiency. The babies were born consecutively in a maternity hospital. Their second acylcarnitine profiles were normal, and the genetic tests for ACADM were negative. Analysis of samples extracted from their first Guthrie cards where blood was not stained also showed peaks equivalent to octanoylcarnitine and decanoylcarnitine, indicating contamination. Environmental surveillance in the maternity ward suggested that essential oils used there might contain the contaminated compound. LC-HRMS/MS and in silico analysis revealed that false-positive results might be due to contamination with the essential oils in Guthrie cards, and causal agents were sphinganine (d17:0) and 2-[2-hydroxyethyl(pentadecyl)amino]ethanol. Thus, health care providers should be cautioned about use of essential oils when collecting blood samples on Guthrie cards. False-positive results can waste costly social resources and cause a physical and psychological burden for children and parents.
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- 2020
37. Final frontiers of the polio eradication endgame
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AlessanRSS Reis, Grace Macklin, and Ananda Bandyopadhyay
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0301 basic medicine ,Microbiology (medical) ,Economic growth ,030106 microbiology ,macromolecular substances ,Global Health ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,SAFER ,Poliomyelitis eradication ,medicine ,Global health ,Humans ,Pakistan ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Disease Eradication ,Chess endgame ,Poliovirus type ,Molecular Epidemiology ,business.industry ,Immunization Programs ,Environmental surveillance ,Afghanistan ,medicine.disease ,Poliomyelitis ,Poliovirus Vaccines ,Poliovirus ,Infectious Diseases ,RNA, Viral ,business - Abstract
Purpose of review Focusing on the key developments since January 2019, this review aims to inform policymakers and clinical practitioners on the latest on evolving global polio epidemiology and scientific advancements to guide strategies for eradication. Recent findings An upsurge in wild poliovirus type 1 cases in Pakistan and Afghanistan and an expansion of type 2 circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus transmission in multiple countries threaten the remarkable progress made over past several decades by the global eradication program. These challenges have also spurred innovation on multiple fronts, including earlier detection, enhanced environmental surveillance and safer and more affordable vaccine options. Summary A concerted effort to adapt program strategies to address context-specific challenges and continued focus on innovations to enhance detection and response capabilities will be the key to achieve and sustain eradication of all types of polioviruses.
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- 2020
38. A low-cost tebuconazole-based screening test for azole-resistant aspergillus fumigatus
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Amelie P Brackin, Thomas R. Sewell, Alireza Abdolrasouli, Matthew C. Fisher, Jennifer M. G. Shelton, Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), and Medical Research Council (MRC)
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Antifungal ,Azoles ,Screening test ,Genotype ,medicine.drug_class ,tebuconazole ,Azole resistance ,Microbial Sensitivity Tests ,Microbiology ,Aspergillus fumigatus ,03 medical and health sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,azole resistance ,Drug Resistance, Fungal ,Virology ,medicine ,030304 developmental biology ,Tebuconazole ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,0303 health sciences ,biology ,030306 microbiology ,business.industry ,Environmental surveillance ,General Medicine ,Triazoles ,biology.organism_classification ,Biotechnology ,Fungicides, Industrial ,chemistry ,Azole ,Parasitology ,business ,fungal diagnostic ,antifungal - Abstract
The global emergence of azole resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus is resulting in health and food security concerns. Rapid diagnostics and environmental surveillance methods are key to understanding the distribution and prevalence of azole resistance. However, such methods are often associated with high costs and are not always applicable to laboratories based in the least-developed countries. Here, we present and validate a low-cost screening protocol that can be used to differentiate between azole-susceptible "wild-type" and azole-resistant A. fumigatus isolates. © 2020 The Authors. Basic Protocol 1: Preparation of Tebucheck multi-well plates Basic Protocol 2: Inoculation of Tebucheck multi-well plates.
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- 2020
39. Environmental Surveillance Complements Case-Based Surveillance of Acute Flaccid Paralysis in Polio Endgame Strategy 2019–2023
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Aiqiang Xu, Zexin Tao, Peng Chen, Xiaojuan Lin, Qing Xu, Feng Ji, Weiyan Zhang, Yao Liu, Haiyan Wang, and Guifang Liu
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China ,medicine.disease_cause ,Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Poliomyelitis eradication ,Environmental health ,medicine ,Paralysis ,Humans ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Enterovirus ,0303 health sciences ,Ecology ,Public and Environmental Health Microbiology ,030306 microbiology ,Transmission (medicine) ,business.industry ,Poliovirus ,Environmental surveillance ,Outbreak ,medicine.disease ,Poliomyelitis ,Population Surveillance ,medicine.symptom ,business ,Environmental Monitoring ,Food Science ,Biotechnology - Abstract
The Polio Endgame Strategy 2019–2023 has been developed. However, more effective and efficient surveillance activities should be conducted with the preparedness of emergence for vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV) or wild poliovirus (WPV). We reviewed the impact of the case-based acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) surveillance (1991 to 2018) and environmental surveillance (2011 to 2018) in polio eradication in Shandong province of China. Clinical characteristics of AFP cases and enterovirus (EV) investigation of research samples were assessed. During the period, 10,224 AFP cases were investigated, and 352 sewage samples were collected. The nonpolio AFP rate sustained at over 2.0/100,000 since 1997. Of 10,224 cases, males and young children experienced a higher risk of severe diseases, and 68.5% suffered lower limb paralysis. We collected 1,707 EVs from AFP cases, including 763 polioviruses and 944 nonpolio enteroviruses (NPEVs). No WPV was isolated since 1992. The AFP surveillance showed high sensitivity in detecting 143 vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis (VAPP) cases and 6 VDPVs. For environmental surveillance, 217 (61.6%) samples were positive for poliovirus, and altogether, 838 polioviruses and 2,988 NPEVs were isolated. No WPV was isolated in environmental surveillance, although one VDPV2 was identified. Phylogenetic analysis revealed environmental surveillance had the capacity to detect a large scope of NPEVs. The case-based AFP surveillance will be indispensable for detecting VAPP cases and VDPV circulation in countries using oral polio vaccine. Environmental surveillance is advantageous in identifying EV circulation and responding to ongoing circulating VDPV outbreaks and should be expanded to complement the AFP surveillance. IMPORTANCE Interrupting wild poliovirus transmission and stopping circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus (cVDPV) outbreaks have been proposed as two global goals by the World Health Organization in the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI). This analysis, based on the 28-year acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) surveillance and 8-year environmental surveillance, provides continued high-quality surveillance performance in achieving the GPEI and detecting the circulation of enterovirus. Given the ongoing cVDPV outbreaks in the world, we present the surveillance capacity of environmental surveillance in capturing enterovirus circulation. The final poliovirus (especially VDPV) elimination has become increasingly complex, and the case-based AFP surveillance alone will lead to difficulties in early detecting dynamics of poliovirus transmission and monitoring the extent of environmental circulation. This study goes beyond previous work to provide a detailed comprehensive evaluation of the enterovirus surveillance and can be used to formulate a set of implementation plan and performance indicators for environmental surveillance.
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- 2020
40. Using Satellites to Track Indicators of Global Air Pollution and Climate Change Impacts: Lessons Learned From a NASA‐Supported Science‐Stakeholder Collaborative
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Arash Mohegh, Jonathan A. Patz, Daven K. Henze, Tracey Holloway, Arlene M. Fiore, Susan C. Anenberg, Iyad Kheirbek, Peter James, Richard Fuller, Daniel L. Goldberg, Jeremy J. Hess, Matilyn Bindl, Katy Walker, Marcia P. Jimenez, Yang Liu, Nick Watts, Daniel Tong, Juan J. Castillo, Xiaomeng Jin, Bryan N. Duncan, Sandra Cavalieri, Ananya Roy, Michael Brauer, Patrick L. Kinney, and J. Jason West
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Civil society ,satellite remote sensing ,Epidemiology ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,lcsh:Environmental protection ,Pollution: Urban, Regional and Global ,air pollution ,environmental surveillance ,Air pollution ,General or Miscellaneous ,Climate change ,Megacities and Urban Environment ,Atmospheric Composition and Structure ,Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law ,medicine.disease_cause ,Biogeosciences ,Remote Sensing ,Public health surveillance ,Commentaries ,medicine ,lcsh:TD169-171.8 ,Waste Management and Disposal ,Air quality index ,Water Science and Technology ,Global and Planetary Change ,business.industry ,Marine Pollution ,Environmental resource management ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Stakeholder ,Remote Sensing and Disasters ,Citizen journalism ,Geohealth ,Aerosols and Particles ,Impacts of Climate Change: Human Health ,Pollution ,public health surveillance ,Oceanography: General ,Pollution: Urban and Regional ,climate change ,Atmospheric Processes ,Commentary ,Environmental science ,Public Health ,business ,Tiger team ,Natural Hazards - Abstract
The 2018 NASA Health and Air Quality Applied Science Team (HAQAST) “Indicators” Tiger Team collaboration between NASA‐supported scientists and civil society stakeholders aimed to develop satellite‐derived global air pollution and climate indicators. This Commentary shares our experience and lessons learned. Together, the team developed methods to track wildfires, dust storms, pollen counts, urban green space, nitrogen dioxide concentrations and asthma burdens, tropospheric ozone concentrations, and urban particulate matter mortality. Participatory knowledge production can lead to more actionable information but requires time, flexibility, and continuous engagement. Ground measurements are still needed for ground truthing, and sustained collaboration over time remains a challenge., Key Points The NASA Health and Air Quality Applied Science Team “Indicators” Tiger Team developed satellite‐based air quality and climate indicatorsParticipatory knowledge production can lead to more useful information for stakeholders but requires continuous engagement and flexibilityGround measurements are still needed, and sustained collaboration between the researchers and stakeholders over time remains a challenge
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- 2020
41. Rotavirus contamination of surface waters from the northwest of Argentina
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Hugo Ramiro Poma, Georgina Gisela Giordano, Silvia Nates, Verónica Emilse Prez, Matías Victoria, Verónica Beatriz Rajal, and Patricia Angelica Barril
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Microbiology (medical) ,Pollution ,Rotavirus ,Veterinary medicine ,Genotype ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Stormwater ,Argentina ,Rotavirus Infections ,Fresh Water ,010501 environmental sciences ,Biology ,medicine.disease_cause ,01 natural sciences ,03 medical and health sciences ,NON-POINT CONTAMINATION ,medicine ,SURFACE WATER ,Humans ,Local population ,Waste Management and Disposal ,Feces ,Phylogeny ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Water Science and Technology ,media_common ,0303 health sciences ,POINT CONTAMINATION ,purl.org/becyt/ford/2.8 [https] ,030306 microbiology ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,WATER QUALITY ,Contamination ,Infectious Diseases ,purl.org/becyt/ford/2 [https] ,ENVIRONMENTAL SURVEILLANCE ,Water quality ,ROTAVIRUS - Abstract
Fecal pollution of water is a serious concern because it is associated with the transmission of pathogens. The aim of this study was to analyze the occurrence of group A rotavirus (RVA) in surface waters from the Arias–Arenales River in Salta, a northern city in Argentina, and to define possible sources of fecal viral pollution. A total of 116 water samples were analyzed and RVA was detected in 3.4% (95% CI: 0.1–7.0%), with concentrations ranging from 1.9 × 105 to 3.8 × 106 genome copies per liter. RVA strains were characterized as G1P[8], G4P[8] and G9P[8], which are common genotypes circulating in the local population. The Arias–Arenales River presented unusual and sporadic contamination by RVA, originated from stormwater discharges and a variety of non-identified sources, and support the essential need of viral indicators for enhanced monitoring of water quality. Fil: Prez, Verónica Emilse. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Virología Dr. J. M. Vanella; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba; Argentina Fil: Poma, Hugo Ramiro. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Salta. Instituto de Investigaciones para la Industria Química. Universidad Nacional de Salta. Facultad de Ingeniería. Instituto de Investigaciones para la Industria Química; Argentina Fil: Giordano, Georgina Gisela. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Virología Dr. J. M. Vanella; Argentina Fil: Victoria, Matías. Universidad de la República. Centro Universitario del Litoral Norte. Centro Universitario de Salto; Uruguay Fil: Nates, Silvia Viviana. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Virología Dr. J. M. Vanella; Argentina Fil: Rajal, Verónica Beatriz. Nanyang Technological University. Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering; Singapur. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Salta. Instituto de Investigaciones para la Industria Química. Universidad Nacional de Salta. Facultad de Ingeniería. Instituto de Investigaciones para la Industria Química; Argentina Fil: Barril, Patricia Angelica. Centro de Investigación y Asistencia Técnica a la Industria; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Confluencia; Argentina
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- 2020
42. Surface Contamination by Antineoplastic Drugs in Two Oncology Inpatient Units
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Jean-François Delisle, Delphine Hilliquin, Jean-François Bussières, Marie Palamini, and Audrey Chouinard
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medicine.medical_specialty ,environmental surveillance ,RM1-950 ,Pharmacy ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Inpatient units ,medicine ,trace contamination ,Pharmacology (medical) ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Pharmaceutical industry ,Pharmacology ,business.industry ,Environmental surveillance ,Hazardous drugs ,occupational exposure ,Contamination ,030210 environmental & occupational health ,Emergency medicine ,Antineoplastic Drugs ,Therapeutics. Pharmacology ,Occupational exposure ,HD9665-9675 ,hazardous drugs ,business ,medicine.drug - Abstract
BackgroundHazardous drugs pose risks to health care workers. To reduce the risk of occupational exposure for all workers, several protective and monitoring measures have been recommended and implemented over the past two decades. This study was undertaken to describe traces contamination with ten antineoplastic drugs in the oncology care unit of two university hospitals.MethodsIn this descriptive interrupted time series study, data was collected in two hospitals (a pediatric hospital and an adult hospital) in two consecutive years (12 December 2017 and 27 March 2018, defined as Period 1; 17 April 2019 and 12 June 2019, defined as Period 2). In both Period 1 and Period 2, 36 sites were sampled in each inpatient care unit to explore the contamination of surfaces with hazardous drugs.ResultsA total of 144 samples from the oncology care unit of the two hospitals were obtained for measurement. Overall, 40 % (58/144) of the sampling sites were positive for at least one hazardous drug. In the pediatric centre, 50 % (18/36) and 36 % (13/36) of the sites sampled in Period 1 and Period 2, respectively, were positive for at least one hazardous drug, whereas in the adult hospital, the percentage of sites that were positive for at least one hazardous drug was 19 % (7/36) in Period 1 and 56 % (20/36) in Period 2.ConclusionThe surfaces of inpatient care units sampled in this study were contaminated with antineoplastic drugs, and contamination was present throughout the care units (including structures, furniture, medical equipment, and office equipment). Hospitals’ environmental surveillance programs should encompass inpatient care units.
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- 2020
43. SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater anticipated COVID-19 occurrence in a low prevalence area
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Pilar Truchado, Ana Allende, Walter Randazzo, Gloria Sánchez, Enric Cuevas-Ferrando, Pedro Simón, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (España), European Commission, Agencia Estatal de Investigación (España), and Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España)
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Veterinary medicine ,Environmental Engineering ,RNA virus ,Swine ,0208 environmental biotechnology ,Pneumonia, Viral ,02 engineering and technology ,010501 environmental sciences ,Wastewater ,medicine.disease_cause ,01 natural sciences ,Virus ,Article ,Betacoronavirus ,Concentration protocol ,medicine ,Prevalence ,Animals ,Humans ,Effluent ,Waste Management and Disposal ,Pandemics ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Coronavirus ,Water Science and Technology ,Civil and Structural Engineering ,biology ,SARS-CoV-2 ,Ecological Modeling ,COVID-19 ,Reclaimed water ,biology.organism_classification ,Pollution ,020801 environmental engineering ,Ecological Modelling ,Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus ,Spain ,RNA ,Influent water ,Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus ,Coronavirus Infections ,Environmental surveillance - Abstract
Preprint disponible en http://hdl.handle.net/10261/209125, Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused more than 200,000 reported COVID-19 cases in Spain resulting in more than 20,800 deaths as of April 21, 2020. Faecal shedding of SARS-CoV-2 RNA from COVID-19 patients has extensively been reported. Therefore, we investigated the occurrence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in six wastewater treatments plants (WWTPs) serving the major municipalities within the Region of Murcia (Spain), the area with the lowest COVID-19 prevalence within Iberian Peninsula. Firstly, an aluminum hydroxide adsorption-precipitation concentration method was validated using a porcine coronavirus (Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus, PEDV) and mengovirus (MgV). The procedure resulted in average recoveries of 10 ± 3.5% and 10 ± 2.1% in influent water (n = 2) and 3.3 ± 1.6% and 6.2 ± 1.0% in effluent water (n = 2) samples for PEDV and MgV, respectively. Then, the method was used to monitor the occurrence of SARS-CoV-2 from March 12 to April 14, 2020 in influent, secondary and tertiary effluent water samples. By using the real-time RT-PCR (RT-qPCR) Diagnostic Panel validated by US CDC that targets three regions of the virus nucleocapsid (N) gene, we estimated quantification of SARS-CoV-2 RNA titers in untreated wastewater waters of 5.4 ± 0.2 log10 genomic copies/L on average. Two secondary water samples resulted positive (2 out of 18) and all tertiary water samples tested as negative (0 out 12). This environmental surveillance data were compared to declared COVID-19 cases at municipality level, revealing that members of the community were shedding SARS-CoV-2 RNA in their stool even before the first cases were reported by local or national authorities in many of the cities where wastewaters have been sampled. The detection of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater in early stages of the spread of COVID-19 highlights the relevance of this strategy as an early indicator of the infection within a specific population. At this point, this environmental surveillance could be implemented by municipalities right away as a tool, designed to help authorities to coordinate the exit strategy to gradually lift its coronavirus lockdown., The study was funded by the projects 20180705 of ESAMUR, 202070E101 of CSIC and “VIRIDIANA” AGL2017-82909 (AEI/FEDER, UE) of MICIU. WR is supported by APOSTD/2018/150 postdoctoral fellowship of Generalitat Valenciana. EC-F is recipient of a predoctoral contract from the MICINN, Call 2018. PT is holder of the RYC2018- 025510-I Ramón y Cajal contract from the MICIU.
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- 2020
44. Environmental surveillance and adverse neonatal health outcomes in foals born near unconventional natural gas development activity
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Kathleen R. Mullen, Renata Ivanek, Kim A. Anderson, Dorothy M. Ainsworth, Brianna N. Rivera, and Lane G. Tidwell
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Male ,Environmental Engineering ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,New York ,010501 environmental sciences ,Natural Gas ,Health outcomes ,Logistic regression ,01 natural sciences ,Article ,Pregnancy ,Environmental health ,Outcome Assessment, Health Care ,Farm water ,Environmental Chemistry ,Medicine ,Animals ,Humans ,Neonatal health ,Horses ,Waste Management and Disposal ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Treatment system ,business.industry ,Environmental surveillance ,Infant, Newborn ,Pennsylvania ,Pollution ,Dysphagia ,Animals, Newborn ,Gestation ,Female ,medicine.symptom ,business ,Environmental Monitoring - Abstract
Studies of neonatal health risks of unconventional natural gas development (UNGD) have not included comprehensive assessments of environmental chemical exposures. We investigated a clustering of dysphagic cases in neonatal foals born between 2014 and 2016 in an area of active UNGD in Pennsylvania (PA),USA. We evaluated equine biological data and environmental exposures on the affected PA farm and an unaffected New York (NY) farm owned by the same proprietor. Dams either spent their entire gestation on one farm or moved to the other farm in late gestation. Over the 21-month study period, physical examinations and blood/tissue samples were obtained from mares and foals on each farm. Grab samples of water, pasture soil and feed were collected; continuous passive sampling of air and water for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons was performed. Dysphagia was evaluated as a binary variable; logistic regression was used to identify risk factors. Sixty-five foals were born, 17 (all from PA farm) were dysphagic. Odds of dysphagia increased with the dam residing on the PA farm for each additional month of gestation (OR = 1.4, 95% CI 1.2, 1.7, p = 6.0E-04). Males were more likely to be born dysphagic (OR = 5.5, 95% CI 1.2, 24.5, p = 0.03) than females. Prior to installation of a water filtration/treatment system, PA water concentrations of 3,6-dimethylphenanthrene (p = 6.0E-03), fluoranthene (p = 0.03), pyrene (p = 0.02) and triphenylene (p = 0.01) exceeded those in NY water. Compared to NY farm water, no concentrations of PAHs were higher in PA following installation of the water filtration/treatment system. We provide evidence of an uncommon adverse health outcome (dysphagia) in foals born near UNGD that was eliminated in subsequent years (2017–2019) following environmental management changes. Notably, this study demonstrates that domestic large animals such as horses can serve as important sentinels for human health risks associated with UNGD activities.
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- 2020
45. Rapid and sensitive direct detection and identification of poliovirus from stool and environmental surveillance samples using nanopore sequencing
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Manasi Majumdar, Lubna Rehman, Mehar Angez, Dilip Abraham, Nayab Mahmood, Muhammad Salman, Nicholas C. Grassly, Catherine Troman, Yasir Arshad, Shahzad Shaukat, Alexander G. Shaw, Salmaan Sharif, Ananda S Bandyopadhyay, Gagandeep Kang, Javier Martin, Adnan Khurshid, Ribqa Akthar, Yara Hajarha, Blossom Benny, Andrew Rambaut, Ghulam Mujtaba, Ira Praharaj, Muhammad Masroor Alam, Dimitra Klapsa, Humayun Asghar, Áine O'Toole, and Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
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Microbiology (medical) ,Virus isolation ,viruses ,environmental surveillance ,Biology ,medicine.disease_cause ,Microbiology ,Feces ,03 medical and health sciences ,Virology ,07 Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences ,medicine ,Humans ,Viral rna ,stool ,11 Medical and Health Sciences ,030304 developmental biology ,0303 health sciences ,poliovirus ,enterovirus ,030306 microbiology ,Environmental surveillance ,Poliovirus ,06 Biological Sciences ,3. Good health ,Nanopore Sequencing ,Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral ,nanopore sequencing ,Enterovirus ,Nanopore sequencing ,Nested polymerase chain reaction ,Environmental Monitoring ,Poliomyelitis - Abstract
Global poliovirus surveillance involves virus isolation from stool and environmental samples, intratypic differential (ITD) by PCR, and sequencing of the VP1 region to distinguish vaccine (Sabin), vaccine-derived, and wild-type polioviruses and to ensure an appropriate response. This cell culture algorithm takes 2 to 3 weeks on average between sample receipt and sequencing. Direct detection of viral RNA using PCR allows faster detection but has traditionally faced challenges related to poor sensitivity and difficulties in sequencing common samples containing poliovirus and enterovirus mixtures., Global poliovirus surveillance involves virus isolation from stool and environmental samples, intratypic differential (ITD) by PCR, and sequencing of the VP1 region to distinguish vaccine (Sabin), vaccine-derived, and wild-type polioviruses and to ensure an appropriate response. This cell culture algorithm takes 2 to 3 weeks on average between sample receipt and sequencing. Direct detection of viral RNA using PCR allows faster detection but has traditionally faced challenges related to poor sensitivity and difficulties in sequencing common samples containing poliovirus and enterovirus mixtures. We present a nested PCR and nanopore sequencing protocol that allows rapid (99.9%. This novel method shows promise as a faster and safer alternative to cell culture for the detection and real-time sequencing of polioviruses in stool and environmental samples.
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- 2020
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46. Characterizing environmental surveillance sites in Nigeria and their sensitivity to detect poliovirus and other enteroviruses
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KM Yusuf, Michael F Ayeni, Doris John, Habu Dahiru, Sidhartha Giri, Fiona Braka, Nicholas C. Grassly, Ousmane M. Diop, Gerald Etapelong Sume, Ahmed Mamuda Bello, Abdullateef Jimoh, Mohammed Bonos, Philippe Veltsos, Abdullahi Walla Hamisu, Zainab Aliyu, Angeline Metilda, Theresa E Nwachukwu, Ira Praharaj, Namadi M Lawal, Ananda S Bandyopadhyay, Fatimah Ahmed, Nicksy Gumede-Moeletsi, Isobel M. Blake, Raymond Dankoli, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, and Medical Research Council (MRC)
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0301 basic medicine ,ERADICATION ,030231 tropical medicine ,Population ,Immunology ,Site selection ,Sewage ,Nigeria ,Biology ,medicine.disease_cause ,Logistic regression ,Microbiology ,environmental ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Environmental health ,Poliomyelitis eradication ,medicine ,Enterovirus Infections ,Immunology and Allergy ,Humans ,sewage ,education ,Antigens, Viral ,PROGRESS ,11 Medical and Health Sciences ,Enterovirus ,education.field_of_study ,Science & Technology ,poliovirus ,business.industry ,Environmental surveillance ,Poliovirus ,06 Biological Sciences ,030104 developmental biology ,Infectious Diseases ,surveillance ,business ,Life Sciences & Biomedicine ,Poliomyelitis ,Environmental Monitoring - Abstract
Background Environmental surveillance (ES) for poliovirus is increasingly important for polio eradication, often detecting circulating virus before paralytic cases are reported. The sensitivity of ES depends on appropriate selection of sampling sites, which is difficult in low-income countries with informal sewage networks. Methods We measured ES site and sample characteristics in Nigeria during June 2018–May 2019, including sewage physicochemical properties, using a water-quality probe, flow volume, catchment population, and local facilities such as hospitals, schools, and transit hubs. We used mixed-effects logistic regression and machine learning (random forests) to investigate their association with enterovirus isolation (poliovirus and nonpolio enteroviruses) as an indicator of surveillance sensitivity. Results Four quarterly visits were made to 78 ES sites in 21 states of Nigeria, and ES site characteristic data were matched to 1345 samples with an average enterovirus prevalence among sites of 68% (range, 9%–100%). A larger estimated catchment population, high total dissolved solids, and higher pH were associated with enterovirus detection. A random forests model predicted “good” sites (enterovirus prevalence >70%) from measured site characteristics with out-of-sample sensitivity and specificity of 75%. Conclusions Simple measurement of sewage properties and catchment population estimation could improve ES site selection and increase surveillance sensitivity.
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- 2020
47. Cross-sectional evaluation of surface contamination with 9 antineoplastic drugs in 93 Canadian healthcare centers: 2019 results
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Sébastien Gagné, Nicolas Caron, Jean-François Bussières, and Marie Palamini
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Canada ,Pharmacy ,Antineoplastic Agents ,030226 pharmacology & pharmacy ,Occupational safety and health ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Environmental health ,Occupational Exposure ,Health care ,medicine ,Outpatient clinic ,Humans ,Pharmacology (medical) ,Pharmacies ,business.industry ,Environmental surveillance ,Hazardous drugs ,Contamination ,Hospitals ,Cross-Sectional Studies ,Oncology ,030220 oncology & carcinogenesis ,Antineoplastic Drugs ,Equipment Contamination ,business ,Drug Contamination ,medicine.drug ,Chromatography, Liquid ,Environmental Monitoring - Abstract
Introduction The primary objective was to describe environmental contamination with National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Group 1 hazardous drugs in oncology pharmacies and outpatient clinics in Canada in 2019, as part of an annual surveillance project. Methods In each participating center, 12 standardized sites (6 in the oncology pharmacy and 6 in outpatient clinic) were sampled. Each sample was prepared to allow quantification of six antineoplastic drugs (cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide, methotrexate, gemcitabine, 5-fluorouracil, and irinotecan) by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Samples were also tested for three additional antineoplastic drugs (docetaxel, paclitaxel, and vinorelbine) without quantification. The impact of certain characteristics of the sampling sites was evaluated with a Kolmogorov–Smirnov test for independent samples. Results Ninety-three Canadian centers participated in 2019, with a total of 1045 surfaces sampled. Cyclophosphamide was the drug most often found in the surface samples (32.4% of samples with positive result), followed by gemcitabine (20.3%). The front grille inside the biological safety cabinet (81.5% of samples positive for at least one antineoplastic drug) and the armrest of a treatment chair (75.8%) were the most frequently contaminated surfaces. Centers with more oncology inpatient and outpatient beds, those that prepared more antineoplastic drugs each year, and those that used more cyclophosphamide each year had higher concentrations of cyclophosphamide contamination on the surfaces tested ( p < 0.0001). Conclusion Traces of dangerous drugs were found in oncology pharmacies and oncology outpatient clinics in 93 Canadian hospitals in 2019. However, the quantities measured were very small. Every healthcare worker should consider these work areas to be contaminated and should wear appropriate protective equipment.
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- 2020
48. Nine-Year Nationwide Environmental Surveillance of Hepatitis E Virus in Urban Wastewaters in Italy (2011–2019)
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Simonetta Della Libera, Pamela Mancini, Dario De Medici, Massimo Brambilla, Giuseppina La Rosa, Pietro Schembri, Carolina Veneri, Giusy Bonanno Ferraro, Francesco Bignami, Stefania D'Amato, David Brandtner, Marcello Iaconelli, Elisabetta Suffredini, Roberto Bruni, and Anna Rita Ciccaglione
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medicine.medical_specialty ,Veterinary medicine ,viruses ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,prevalence ,lcsh:Medicine ,Sewage ,hepatitis E virus ,Biology ,Wastewater ,medicine.disease_cause ,Virus ,Article ,03 medical and health sciences ,Hepatitis E virus ,Epidemiology ,medicine ,sewage ,Humans ,Typing ,Phylogeny ,030304 developmental biology ,0303 health sciences ,030306 microbiology ,business.industry ,Environmental surveillance ,lcsh:R ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,typing ,virus diseases ,sequencing ,Italian population ,digestive system diseases ,Hepatitis E ,PCR ,Italy ,RNA, Viral ,business ,Acute hepatitis ,Environmental Monitoring - Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is an emerging causative agent of acute hepatitis worldwide. To provide insights into the epidemiology of HEV in Italy, a large-scale investigation was conducted into urban sewage over nine years (2011&ndash, 2019), collecting 1374 sewage samples from 48 wastewater treatment plants located in all the 20 regions of Italy. Broadly reactive primers targeting the ORF1 and ORF2 regions were used for the detection and typing of HEV, followed by Sanger and next generation sequencing (NGS). Real-time RT-qPCR was also used to attempt quantification of positive samples. HEV RNA detection occurred in 74 urban sewage samples (5.4%), with a statistically significant higher frequency (7.1%) in central Italy. Fifty-six samples were characterized as G3 strains and 18 as G1. While the detection of G3 strains occurred in all the surveillance period, G1 strains were mainly detected in 2011&ndash, 2012, and never in 2017&ndash, 2019. Typing was achieved in 2 samples (3f subtype). Viral concentrations in quantifiable samples ranged from 1.2 ×, 103 g.c./L to 2.8 ×, 104 g.c./L. Our results suggest the considerable circulation of the virus in the Italian population, despite a relatively small number of notified cases, a higher occurrence in central Italy, and a noteworthy predominance of G3 strains.
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- 2020
49. Progress and Challenges of Polio Environmental Surveillance in Indonesia
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Herna, Nelly Puspandari, Sinta Purnamawati, and Nike Susanti
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Geography ,Environmental health ,Poliovirus ,Environmental surveillance ,medicine ,medicine.disease_cause ,medicine.disease ,Poliomyelitis - Published
- 2020
50. Antimicrobial Resistance Paradigm and One-Health Approach
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Kumar Siddharth Singh, Sunny Dholpuria, Jitendra Kumar Sharma, Yogesh S. Shouche, and Santosh Anand
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Human health ,Antibiotic resistance ,One Health ,Health professionals ,business.industry ,Environmental surveillance ,Environmental health ,Medicine ,business ,Antimicrobial - Abstract
The deaths caused due to drug-resistant microbes exceed 50,000 per year worldwide and antimicrobial resistance is now being considered as one of the biggest threat to human health. The emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance warrants immediate attention from health professionals and political heads alike. The complex and multifactorial nature of antimicrobial resistance is not well understood, especially in terms of interplay of humans, animals and the environment. The lack of reliable information, slow development of new antimicrobials and high incidences of horizontal gene transfer has further worsened the situation.
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- 2020
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