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Background: Leonardo de Vinci contributed several observations and drawings on facial proportion and the lower one third of the face. Many facial and body measurements to determine vertical dimension at occlusion. These facial measurements can be implemented in construction of complete denture patients. Aim: This study aims to correlate the vertical dimension at occlusion to 13 anthropometric measurements. Then correlating, which measurement is more accurate to the vertical dimension at occlusion. Methodology: 20 male and female subjects were selected. Vertical dimension at occlusion and 12 anthropometric parameters were measured. Results and Conclusion: Twice the length of the eye and distance between the tip of the thumb and tip of the index finger is closest to the vertical dimension at occlusion in male patients and that vertical distance from the pupil to corner of the mouth, vertical height of the ear is closest to the vertical dimension at occlusion in female patients.

The aim of this study is to demonstrate the use and the effectiveness of cephalometry and golden proportions analysis of the face in planning prosthetic treatments in totally edentulous patients. In order to apply this method, latero-lateral and posterior-anterior X-rays must be performed in addition to the common procedure. Two main concerns for totally edentulous patients are the establishment of the vertical dimension and the new position of the occlusal plane. The divine proportion analysis was carried out by the use of a golden divider. The prosthetic protocol was divided into three steps and a case was selected for better understanding. Referring to the golden relations, if the distance from the chin to the wing of the nose is 1.0, the distance from the nose to eye is 0.618. This proportion is useful and effective in determining the correct prosthetic vertical dimension. The incisal margin of the lower incisor must be positioned between Point A (A) and protuberance menti (Pm) according to the gold ratio 0.618 of the total height A-Pm. Posteriorly the occlusal plane must be placed 2 mm below the divine occlusal plane (traced from the incisal margin of lower incisors to Xi point). A prosthesis made in accordance with cephalometric parameters and divine proportions of the face helps to improve the patient’s aesthetics, function and social personality.

Background Throughout history, the perception and defini- tion of beauty and attractiveness have changed and have been influenced by cultural norms. This article analyzes the concept of B facial normality ^ (faces that are considered normal by 90% of respondents and, therefore, do not require esthetic surgery) among Spaniards of Caucasian ancestry. We also sought to determine the relationship between faces that are considered B normal ^ and the golden ratio. Methods We surveyed 54 respondents (equal numbers of women and men) between the ages of 18 and 60. The surveys followed the visual analog scale (VAS) protocol, and 13,514 responses were obtained. The respondents were asked to evaluate up to nine photographed faces according to their degree of attractiveness. Results According to the data obtained, B facial normality ^ or facial beauty can be defined by the following characteristics: (a) the sizes of the three facial segments (equal in proportion), (b) the width of the nose (narrow in women and average in men), and (c) the profile (straight or slightly retracted in women and straight or slightly prominent in men). In addition, five specific facial proportions were directly related to the golden ratio. Thus, the concept of B normal ^ can be applied to 90% of faces whose proportions fall within distinct ranges that en- compass the value of the golden ratio. Conclusions We conclude that a standard perception of B facial normality ^ and facial beauty does exist. We also ob- served a general correlation between specific facial propor- tions and the golden ratio. Level of Evidence: Not ratable. Preprint

This study was designed to aesthetically assess class III patients before and after surgical treatment according to the divine proportion. Class III or mesio-occlusion, is characterized by the mesial relationship of the mandibular dental arch with respect to the maxillary dental arch taking as reference the mesial buccal cusp of the upper fi rst molar which occludesmesial to groove of the lower fi rst molar. This pathology greatly compromises facial esthetics and psychosocial status and adversely affects the self-esteem of those who suffer from it. It is one of the most diffi cult challenges that the clinician can face; if left untreated it can progress to a degree so severe, that in most cases, the only treatment option is orthognathic surgery in adulthood. Surgical techniques had their origin in the twentieth century from then on, they have been modified into versatile and predictable methods for the correction of maxillofacial malformations. The aesthetic problem is the main reason for consultation in orthodontics. The divine proportion is being studied more and more every day for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes related to facial aesthetics. Materials and methods: Twenty patients were included in the sample for this study. Pre and post-treatment cephalograms and photographs (scale 1.1) were obtained. Seven angular measurements were taken from the pre/post-treatment cephalograms and seven linear measurements were obtained from frontal photographs. Results: An inter-class correlation coeffi cient was conducted as calibration analysis in the measured proportions as well as a Student’s t-test for related samples. Conclusions: It was considered that in twenty-eight studied measurements, sixteen presented a statistically signifi cant difference approximating to the golden number after surgical treatment in class III patients. Key words: Divine proportion, class III patients, surgical treatment.

WOS: 000408383500007 PubMed ID: 28451737 The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of malocclusions on facial attractiveness and to determine if it was correlated with the divine proportion. Standard frontal facial photos were taken from 335 subjects in natural head position. Facial attractiveness of the subjects was evaluated by 10 dental students using a 10-point visual analog scale (VAS). All of the evaluations were arranged in order, and 30 attractive subjects with the highest score and 30 nonattractive subjects having the lowest score were chosen. On the frontal photos of these subjects, 13 landmarks were determined and 12 ratios were measured. Two way ANOVA was used to determine the effects of malocclusions on facial attractiveness, Student's t test was used to compare the facial proportions of the attractive and nonattractive subjects, and one sample t test was used to define the relationships between the divine proportion and facial ratios. No statistically significant difference was found between malocclusion groups in terms of facial attractiveness. Of the 12 facial ratios, significant differences were found between attractive and nonattractive subjects regarding trichion-menton/nasion-menton, subnasale-menton/stomion-menton, nasion-subnasale/stomion-menton, nasion-subnasale/nasal width, and trichion-menton/right-left frontotemporale ratios. All of the ratios except nasion-subnasale/stomion-menton in the attractive group and subnasale-menton/stomion-menton and nasion-menton/nasion-trichion in the nonattractive group were found to be different from the divine proportion. Sagittal skeletal malocclusions evaluated by ANB angle are not effective on facial attractiveness. Facial ratios used in this study have little effect on attractiveness, and are different from the divine proportion.

Submitted by Guilherme Lemeszenski (guilherme@nead.unesp.br) on 2013-08-22T18:45:18Z No. of bitstreams: 1 S2176-94512012000300018.pdf: 194962 bytes, checksum: 557dcbc719920d76cdbbe16a6bc6de48 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-22T18:45:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 S2176-94512012000300018.pdf: 194962 bytes, checksum: 557dcbc719920d76cdbbe16a6bc6de48 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-06-01 Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-30T19:34:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S2176-94512012000300018.pdf: 194962 bytes, checksum: 557dcbc719920d76cdbbe16a6bc6de48 (MD5) S2176-94512012000300018.pdf.txt: 34367 bytes, checksum: ebe6381719dcf77738c50d419e778e91 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-06-01 Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-20T15:09:18Z No. of bitstreams: 2 S2176-94512012000300018.pdf: 194962 bytes, checksum: 557dcbc719920d76cdbbe16a6bc6de48 (MD5) S2176-94512012000300018.pdf.txt: 34367 bytes, checksum: ebe6381719dcf77738c50d419e778e91 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-20T15:09:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S2176-94512012000300018.pdf: 194962 bytes, checksum: 557dcbc719920d76cdbbe16a6bc6de48 (MD5) S2176-94512012000300018.pdf.txt: 34367 bytes, checksum: ebe6381719dcf77738c50d419e778e91 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-06-01 INTRODUCTION: The study of the Divine Proportion (Φ = 1.618) began with the Greeks, having as main researchers the mathematician Pythagoras and the sculptor Phidias. In Dentistry, Ricketts (1981-82) was an early to study this issue. OBJECTIVE: This study proposed to evaluate how some cephalometric measures are presented in relation to the Divine Proportion, with the total of 52 proportions, formed by 28 cephalometric landmarks. METHODS: Lateral cephalograms of 40 Class II adults patients aging from 17 to 45 years (13 male and 27 female) were evaluated. The linear distances between the landmarks were measured using Radiocef Studio software. RESULTS: After statistical analysis, the data shown an average of 65,48% in the Divine Proportion, 17,5% in the relation Ans-Op/V1S-DM16 and 97,5% in the relations Na-Me/Na-PoNa e Na-PoNa/Na-Gn. CONCLUSION: Among all cephalometric measurements investigated, the lower facial third and the dental arches showed the smallest percentages of Divine Proportion. UNESP School of Dentistry of São José dos Campos UNESP School of Dentistry of São José dos Campos

BACKGROUND Achievement of a well-balanced positioned navel along the longitudinal axis with a pleasing shape and hidden scarring will have a tremendous impact on the overall cosmetic outcome of an abdominoplasty. In this era of navel display, piercing, and tattooing, an increasing attention is paid by people toward navel shape and position. However, in plastic surgery, there is no standardization regarding navel repositioning and plasty during abdominoplasty. The aim of this article is to describe the clinical translation of our observational study on navel surface anatomy by reporting our experience with a new umbilicoplasty technique. MATERIALS AND METHODS Between July 2013 and March 2014, 23 consecutive patients underwent elective deep inferior epigastric perforator free flap breast reconstruction. Patients' mean age was 45.5 years (range, 36-68 years). Ten patients were normal weight, 11 were overweight, and 2 were class-1 obese. All 23 patients underwent the divine proportion ace of spade umbilicoplasty. RESULTS Pleasant looking, depressed, and oval navels with superior hooding were successfully achieved. No infection or necrosis of the navel skin or abdominal skin flaps was experienced. Additionally, no scar constriction, navel distortion, or stenosis occurred. Postoperative results were graded as excellent in 8 cases (36%), very good in 12 (55%), and good in the 2 cases (9%) with mildly hypertrophic scars. Patient satisfaction was high to very high. CONCLUSIONS A Fibonacci caliper might aid in the proper positioning of the umbilicus on the abdominal wall avoiding an undesirable high- or low-riding navel. The "ace of spades" umbilicoplasty restores a natural-looking depressed navel with an oval shape and superior hooding.