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Background: There have been some cases where abnormal histopathologic findings could not be found in the kidney could even with proper specimen collection through percutaneous renal biopsy (PRB) in accordance with its indication. We analyzed the incidence and clinical outcomes of children who showed normal histopathological findings in their PRBs.Methods: The medical records of 552 pediatric subjects who underwent PRB between 2005 and 2016 were reviewed. Twenty-six subjects were excluded because allograft biopsy was performed in nine subjects, and the age at biopsy was greater than 18 years in 17 subjects. Finally, 526 subjects were enrolled in this study.Results: Of the 526 pediatric patients, 32 (6.1%) showed no histopathological abnormalities in their PRBs. The male-to-female ratio of the patients was 1.9:1, and the mean ages at the first visit and at biopsy were 10.6 ± 4.1 and 11.4 ± 3.8 years, respectively. In accordance with the biopsy indications, recurrent gross hematuria showed the highest incidence rate, but combined hematuria and proteinuria had the lowest incidence rate regarding normal renal histopathology among all the subjects. At a mean follow-up of 35.5 ± 23.6 months, urinary abnormalities had improved in more than 50% of the subjects with normal renal histopathology, and none of the patients showed progression to end-stage renal disease or required rebiopsy due to symptom worsening during the follow-up period.Conclusion: The clinical outcomes of children with normal PRB histopathologic findings are generally good. Further studies to evaluate their long-term outcomes are needed.

Objectives This study sought to investigate the impact of low tube voltage scanning heterogeneity of coronary luminal attenuation on plaque quantification and characterization with coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA). Background The impact of low tube voltage and coronary luminal attenuation on quantitative coronary plaque remains uncertain. Methods A total of 1,236 consecutive patients (age: 60 ± 9 years; 41% female) who underwent serial CCTA at an interval of ≥2 years were included from an international registry. Patients with prior revascularization or nonanalyzable coronary CTAs were excluded. Total coronary plaque volume was assessed and subclassified based on specific Hounsfield unit (HU) threshold: necrotic core, fibrofatty plaque, and fibrous plaque and dense calcium. Luminal attenuation was measured in the aorta. Results With increasing luminal HU ( 500 HU), percent calcified plaque was increased (16%, 27%, and 40% in the median; P Conclusions Low tube voltage usage affected plaque morphology, mainly through an increase in luminal HU with a resultant increase in calcified plaque and a reduction in fibrofatty and necrotic core. These findings should be considered as CCTA-based plaque measures are being used to guide medical management and, in particular, when being used as a measure of treatment response. (Progression of Atherosclerotic Plaque Determined by Computed Tomographic Angiography Imaging [PARADIGM]; NCT02803411 )

Although acute coronary syndrome culprit lesions occur more frequently in the proximal coronary artery, whether the proximal clustering of high-risk plaque is reflected in earlier-stage atherosclerosis remains unclarified. We evaluated the longitudinal distribution of stable atherosclerotic lesions on coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) in 1,478 patients (mean age, 61 years; men, 58%) enrolled from a prospective multinational registry of consecutive patients undergoing serial CCTA. Of 3,202 coronary artery lesions identified, 2,140 left lesions were classified (based on the minimal lumen diameter location) into left main (LM, n = 128), proximal (n = 739), and other (n = 1,273), and 1,062 right lesions were classified into proximal (n = 355) and other (n = 707). Plaque volume (PV) was the highest in proximal lesions (median, 26.1 mm3), followed by LM (20.6 mm3) and other lesions (15.0 mm3, p

Background: Pain and autonomic dysfunction are prominent symptoms in some patients with carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS). Infrared thermography (IRT) has been used to evaluate CTS by measuring the cutaneous temperature and sympathetic vasomotor function.Methods: This study enrolled the 66 hands of 33 subjects, some of which had clinical CTS and the others were healthy. The enrolled patients completed the Boston Carpal Tunnel Questionnaire (BCTQ) and Historical-Objective scale, and underwent nerve conduction studies (NCSs) and IRT. Skin temperature was measured at the fingertips and the thenar and hypothenar regions in each hand. We analyzed (1) the correlations between self-reported severity, physician-assessed severity, and test results, and (2) the sensitivity and specificity of IRT in diagnosing CTS.Results: No significant correlation was observed between the results of the BCTQ, NCS, and IRT. IRT had a low sensitivity and high specificity in diagnosing CTS.Conclusions: IRT cannot replace NCS in diagnosing CTS, nor did it provide an advantage in combination with NCS. However, lower temperatures at the median nerve in some hands with moderate-to-severe CTS suggested the involvement of sympathetic nerve fiber function. Follow-up studies with a larger-scale and complementary design are required to elucidate the relationships.

Quantifying the spin–orbit torque (SOT) efficiency with changing the layer thickness is crucial for understanding the physical background of SOT. This study investigates the Nb-thickness-dependent SOT efficiency of two types of layered heterostructures: Ta/Nb/CoFeB and Pt/Nb/CoFeB. We find that the Nb thickness dependence of the SOT efficiency in the two samples is quite different. In the Pt/Nb series, the SOT sign changes according to the thickness variation because Pt and Nb have different spin–orbit coupling signs. We observe the resulting reversal in switching polarity through current-induced SOT switching experiments. However, due to the same spin–orbit coupling signs of Ta and Nb, no such polarity reversal was observed in Ta/Nb series. Further, we extract the spin diffusion length of Nb in each heterostructure. These results provide a systematic understanding of the material- and thickness-dependent SOT characteristics.

Purpose The aim of this study was to show that bariatric surgery (BS) is more effective than medical therapy (MT) in Asian obese patients. Methods In this prospective, multicenter, nonrandomized, controlled trial, obese patients with body mass index of ≥35 kg/m2 or 30.0–34.9 kg/m2 with obesity-related comorbidities were assigned to undergo BS, such as laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy and Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, or MT. Patients who underwent BS were evaluated 4, 12, 24, and 48 weeks after surgery, whereas patients who received MT were monitored at a hospital every 6 weeks for 1 year. At each visit, weight, waist and hip circumference, and blood pressure were measured, and patients underwent physical examination and laboratory testing. Health-related quality of life (HQOL) was investigated using Euro QOL-5 Dimension, Impact of Weight on Quality of Life questionnaire-Lite and Obesity-related Problems scale. Results The study included 264 patients from 13 institutions; of these, 64 underwent BS and 200 received MT. Of the patients who underwent BS, 6.3% experienced early complications. Relative weight changes from baseline to 48 weeks were significantly greater in the BS than in the MT group (26.9% vs. 2.1%, P < 0.001), as were the rates of remission of diabetes (47.8% vs. 16.7%, P = 0.014), hypertension (60.0% vs. 26.1%, P < 0.001), and dyslipidemia (63.2% vs. 22.0%, P < 0.001). HQOL was better in the BS than in the MT group at 48 weeks. Conclusion BS was safe and effective in Korean obese patients, with greater weight reduction, remission of comorbidities, and quality of life improvement than MT.

Objective To investigate the relationship between polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in Korean women. Design Longitudinal case-control study. Setting Not applicable. Patient(s) PCOS patients aged 15 to 44 years (n = 1,136) and control individuals (n = 5,675), matched 1:5 by age group, income, and region of residence. Intervention(s) Not applicable. Main Outcome Measure(s) The occurrence of T2DM. Result(s) In the PCOS and control groups, 15.7% and 14.4%, respectively, were obese (body mass index ≥25 kg/m2). The incidence rate of T2DM was 15.84/1,000 and 5.80/1,000 person-years in the PCOS and control groups, respectively. The unadjusted hazard ratio (HR) of T2DM in women with PCOS was 2.6-fold higher than that in control individuals. Women with PCOS still had a higher HR of T2DM than did control individuals after adjustment for body mass index, family history of T2DM, physical exercise level, and total cholesterol. PCOS was significantly associated with T2DM in women both with and without obesity. Conclusion(s) PCOS is independently associated with an increased incidence of T2DM in both obese and nonobese women. Screening for T2DM should be considered for both obese and nonobese women with PCOS in Korea.

Lead (Pb) is a major heavy metal that augments environmental pollution and is a health risk to living organisms. This study was performed to investigate the effect of lead on characteristics of planarian, Dugesia japonica. Briefly, planarians were cultivated in water containing different concentrations (0–400 mg/L) of Pb, and incubated for varying durations (1, 3, and 5 hr). After termination of the incubation time, motility and seizure-like behaviors (c-like, head-bop, snake-like, and screw-like) of the planarians were counted in fresh water. Results showed that increasing Pb concentration and time resulted in decreased motility of the planarians (p

Aims Despite well‐established benefits of sacubitril/valsartan for cardiac reverse remodelling and the prognosis of patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), there are some patients with limited therapeutic response, even with optimal therapy. We assessed the treatment response to sacubitril/valsartan in patients with HFrEF, focusing on the association between reverse remodelling and the prognosis. Methods and results Using a retrospective cohort of consecutive patients with HFrEF treated with sacubitril/valsartan, we compared the time trajectory of cardiac function in 415 patients (1258 echocardiograms), according to the occurrence of cardiovascular death and hospitalization for HF during a median follow‐up of 19.1 (interquartile range, 10.9–27.6) months. A higher sacubitril/valsartan dose was associated with a better prognosis, whereas advanced age, diabetes, left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy, left atrial enlargement, and pulmonary hypertension were associated with a worse prognosis. Patients without an event (n = 337; 81.2%) showed LV reverse remodelling (LV ejection fraction ≥45% or LV end‐systolic volume reduction by 15% from baseline), which was typically observed within 6 months of sacubitril/valsartan treatment. Reverse remodelling achievement was significantly associated with a better prognosis. However, patients without reverse remodelling had a worse prognosis, as poor as that in patients with HFrEF not treated with sacubitril/valsartan. Conclusions In patients with HFrEF treated with sacubitril/valsartan, LV reverse remodelling reflects the treatment response and predicts the prognosis, whereas a lack of reverse remodelling indicates the lack of treatment benefits. Prediction and assessment of reverse remodelling may facilitate the selection of patients with greater benefits by sacubitril/valsartan.

Anatomical differences between the renal cortex and medulla may influence inflam matory responses. Owing to the difficulty in diagnosing rejections from the medulla, rejection is usually diagnosed through the cortex. However, previous studies have shown that there are no significant differences in renal cortical and medullary lesions in acute allograft rejection. A 60-year-old man with a history of diabetic nephropathy underwent kidney transplant from a living unrelated donor at our hospital in August 2019. Three days after surgery, his urine output suddenly decreased, whereas the serum creatinine levels increased. A kidney biopsy showed only medullary lesions with positive C4d-stain ing and a Banff score of PTC grade 3. He was diagnosed with acute antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) and treatment was initiated. He did not respond to conventional treat ments, including plasma exchange and intravenous immunoglobulin, but his general condition improved after bortezomib administration. There have been a few cases of acute AMR limited to medullary lesions. We consider that rejection cannot be excluded even if the lesions are confined to the medulla.

OBJECTIVE High blood pressure (BP) increases the risk of dementia; however, few studies have reported on the risk of dementia in patients with low-risk, early-grade hypertension. We investigated the protective effect of controlled BP on risk of dementia in treated, low-risk, grade 1 hypertensive patients from the entire National Health Insurance Service National Health Examinee cohort. METHODS We selected grade 1 hypertension (140-159/90-99 mmHg) patients with low risk, diagnosed in 2005-2006. All patients (N = 128 665) were classified into controlled (average BP

Background/Aims We evaluated changes in the ascending aorta dimension post-transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) in bicuspid aortic valve (BiAV) and tricuspid aortic valve (TAV) patients. Methods Patients with severe aortic stenosis undergoing TAVR at Seoul National University Hospital were consecutively recruited. Patients with less than 12 months’ follow-up and/or with an ascending aorta size larger than 50 mm were excluded. The ascending aorta size was measured on a parasternal long axis view using transthoracic echocardiography. Results Among the 67 patients who were included (age: 76.5 ± 6.5 years; male: 52.2%; AV area: 0.67 ± 0.15 cm2), 19 (28.4%) had BiAV; 48 (71.6%) had TAV. The median (interquartile ranges) follow-up duration was 398 days (361 to 451). BiAV patients were younger (73.2 ± 7.2 vs. 77.8 ± 5.8, p = 0.008), and had lower incidences of chronic renal disease (5.3% vs. 35.4%, p = 0.014) and history of coronary intervention (15.8% vs. 50.0%, p = 0.013), than TAV patients. On pre-procedural echocardiography, the ascending aorta dimensions in BiAV patients were larger than those in TAV patients (40.5 ± 3.8 mm vs. 35.9 ± 4.2 mm, p < 0.005). The ascending aorta dimension changed minimally during follow-up; post-TAVR, the ascending aorta’s growth rate was –0.11 ± 1.9 and 0.26 ± 1.8 mm/yr in patients with BiAV and TAV, respectively (p = 0.50). Progression of the ascending aorta’s dimension postTAVR was not clinically significant in BiAV patients. Conclusions The concern about the progression of aortopathy in BiAV patients post-TAVR may not be a clinical issue. This should be confirmed in studies with a larger population and with a longer follow-up duration.

Aims Although there is increasing evidence supporting coronary atherosclerosis evaluation by coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA), no data are available on age and sex differences for quantitative plaque features. The aim of this study was to investigate sex and age differences in both qualitative and quantitative atherosclerotic features from CCTA prior to acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Methods and results Within the ICONIC study, in which 234 patients with subsequent ACS were propensity matched 1:1 with 234 non-event controls, our current subanalysis included only the ACS cases. Both qualitative and quantitative advance plaque analysis by CCTA were performed by a core laboratory. In 129 cases, culprit lesions identified by invasive coronary angiography at the time of ACS were co-registered to baseline CCTA precursor lesions. The study population was then divided into subgroups according to sex and age ( Conclusion Our data underline the importance of age- and sex-related differences in coronary atherosclerosis presentation, which should be considered during CCTA-based atherosclerosis quantification.

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between extracellular volume fraction (ECV), a noninvasive parameter that quantifies the degree of diffuse myocardial fibrosis on cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR), and left ventricular diastolic dysfunction (LVDD) in patients with aortic stenosis (AS).Myocardial fibrosis on invasive myocardial biopsy is associated with LVDD. However, there is a paucity of data on the association between noninvasively quantified diffuse myocardial fibrosis and the degree of LVDD and how these are related to symptoms and long-term prognosis in patients with AS.Patients with moderate or severe AS (n = 191; mean age 68.4 years) and 30 control subjects without cardiovascular risk factors underwent CMR. LVDD grade was evaluated using echocardiography according to the 2016 American Society of Echocardiography/European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging guidelines. Clinical outcomes were defined as a composite of all-cause mortality or hospitalization for heart failure aggravation.Patients in higher ECV quintiles had a significantly higher prevalence of LVDD. Higher ECV was particularly associated with decreased myocardial relaxation (septal e' 7 cm/s) and increased LV filling pressure (E/e' ratio ≥15). Although both impaired diastolic function and higher ECV were significantly associated with a worse degree of dyspnea, patients with higher ECV showed greater dyspnea within the same grade of LVDD. During a median follow-up period of 5.6 years, 37 clinical events occurred. Increased ECV, as well as lower septal e' and higher E/septal e' ratio, were independent predictors of clinical events, irrespective of age, AS severity, aortic valve replacement, and left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction. ECV provided incremental prognostic value on top of clinical factors and LV systolic and diastolic function.Diffuse myocardial fibrosis, assessed using ECV on CMR, was associated with LVDD in patients with AS, but both ECV and LV diastolic function parameters provided a complementary explanation for dyspnea and clinical outcomes. Concomitant assessment of both LVDD and diffuse myocardial fibrosis may further identify patients with AS with greater symptoms and worse prognosis.

Self-management has become the dominant care model for chronic disease management. This study aimed to investigate the effect of changes in self-management strategies on the clinical outcomes of chronic diseases. Two hundred ninety-seven patients with one or more chronic disease (diabetes, dyslipidemia, or hypertension) were registered and followed in this prospective cohort study. We compared differences in the changes in clinical outcomes from baseline to 6 months according to the improvement of self-management strategies by analysis of covariance. Diabetic patients with improved self-management strategies showed a significantly greater change in HbA1c levels compared to patients without improvement of self-management strategies (group difference in HbA1c = 0.51%). In hypertensive patients, systolic and diastolic blood pressure (BP) showed a significant decline in the patients with improved self-management strategies (group difference in systolic BP = 6.2 mmHg and in diastolic BP = 5.5 mmHg). Clinical outcomes improved significantly when self-management strategies improved in people with a poor self-management strategy at baseline. This study suggests that improvements in self-management strategies are associated with an improvement in clinical outcomes among patients with chronic diseases, especially for those with an initially poor self-management strategy.

Exposure of the angle of His (AOH) with liver retraction is one of the key processes during laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG). A new internal liver retractor, the LiVac (LiVac, Pty Ltd.) has recently been introduced. This study was conducted to evaluate the feasibility of the LiVac in LSG. We applied the LiVac in 20 patients who received LSG. The feasibility was assessed by exposure of the AOH, operation time, complications, and changes of aspartate transaminase and alanine transaminase. In all 20 patients, exposure of the AOH was successful. The mean operation time was 88 minutes. The changes in preoperative and postoperative aspartate transaminase and alanine transaminase levels were 18.6 and 9.1 U/L, respectively. There were no related morbidities. In LSG, exposure of the AOH using the LiVac was technically feasible.

Ebstein anomaly is a rare congenital heart malformation typically involving the tricuspid valve and the right ventricle that has a wide range of anatomical and pathophysiological presentations. Various surgical repair techniques for Ebstein anomaly have been report-ed because of its near-infinite anatomical variability. Cone repair for Ebstein anomaly can achieve nearly anatomical reconstruction of the tricuspid valve with promising outcomes. In this article, the surgical techniques for cone repair in adult patients with Ebstein anom-aly are described in detail, and clinical experiences and technically challenging cases are presented.

Background Multilevel dysvascular injury of the hand can be treated with replantation or revision amputation. The authors compared both modalities regarding functional outcomes, patient-reported outcomes, and required resources, as relevant studies are scarce. Methods In this retrospective review of consecutive case series (replantation, n = 8; revision amputation, n = 11), clinical results and functional outcomes (including grip strength, range of motion, sensory recovery, and grip or pinch ability) were assessed. Patient-reported outcomes, required hospital resources, and treatment cost until 1 year after surgery were compared between both groups. Results Six patients used passive prostheses, two used body-powered prostheses, and three did not use a prosthesis in the revision amputation group. All patients in the replantation group could grip objects and had restored hands, with protective sensory recovery and substantial wrist motion, whereas six patients in the revision amputation group were unable to grip or pinch objects. Replantation was associated with superior patient-reported outcomes, but required more hospital resources and treatment costs. Conclusions This study suggests that in the treatment of multilevel dysvascular injury of the hand, the surgical method should be chosen on a case-by-case basis. For better functional and patient-reported outcomes, replantation is preferred. Revision amputation can be performed in the absence of sufficient hospital resources and to reduce treatment cost. These findings can aid in the preoperative counseling of patients with multilevel dysvascular injury of the hand. Clinical question/level of evidence Therapeutic, III.

Cell labeling technologies are required to monitor the fate of transplanted cells in vivo and to select target cells for the observation of certain changes in vitro. Human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) have been transplanted for the treatment of heart injuries or used in vitro for preclinical cardiac safety assessments. Cardiomyocyte (CM) labeling has been used in these processes to facilitate target cell monitoring. However, the functional effect of the labeling agent on hiPSC-CMs has not been studied. Therefore, we investigated the effects of labeling agents on CM cellular functions. 3’-Dioctadecyloxacarbocyanine perchlorate (DiO), quantum dots (QDs), and a DNA plasmid expressing EGFP using Lipo2K were used to label hiPSC-CMs. We conclude that the hiPSC-CM labeling with DiO and QDs does not induce arrhythmogenic effects but rather improves the mRNA expression of cardiac ion channels and Ca2+ influx by L-type Ca2+ channels. Thus, DiO and QD labeling agents may be useful tools to monitor transplanted CMs, and further in vivo influences of the labeling agents should be investigated in the future.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Severe aortic stenosis (AS) with left ventricular systolic dysfunction (LVSD) is a class I indication for aortic valve replacement (AVR) but this recommendation is not well established in those at the stage of moderate AS. We investigate the clinical impact of AVR among patients with moderate AS and LVSD. METHODS From 2001 to 2017, we consecutively identified patients with moderate AS and LVSD, defined as aortic valve area 1.0-1.5 cm² and left ventricular ejection fraction

Background The effects of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor (SGLT2i) on cardiac function are not fully understood. We investigated the changes in cardiac function in diabetic patients according to the presence and types of heart failure (HF). Methods We retrospectively identified 202 diabetic patients who underwent echocardiography before, and 6 to 24 months after the initiation of SGLT2i. After propensity score matching with diabetic patients without SGLT2i, the study population (n = 304) were categorized into group 1 (without HF nor SGLT2i; n = 76), group 2 (without HF and received SGLT2i; n = 78), group 3 (with HF but without SGLT2i; n = 76), and group 4 (with HF and received SGLT2i; n = 74). Changes in echocardiographic parameters were compared between these 4 groups, and between HF patients with reduced versus preserved ejection fraction (EF). Results After a median 13 months of follow-up, HF patients with SGLT2i showed a significant decrease in left ventricular end-diastolic dimension (LV-EDD; from 57.4 mm [50.0–64.9] to 53.0 mm [48.0–60.0]; p Conclusions Use of SGLT2i improved cardiac function in diabetic patients, regardless of the presence of HF. The improvements were more prominent in HF patients, especially in those with HFrEF. These improvements in cardiac function would contribute to the clinical benefit of SGLT2i.

This case-control cohort study analyzes patients with suspected coronary atherosclerosis and control patients to identify the factors associated with higher or lower risks for adverse cardiovascular events and acute coronary syndrome.Key PointsQuestionIs the density of coronary calcified plaque associated with future development of acute coronary syndrome? FindingsIn this case-control study of 189 patients who experienced vs 189 control individuals who did not experience an acute coronary syndrome after baseline coronary computed tomography angiography imaging, the volume of plaque with more than 1000 Hounsfield unit (termed 1K plaque) was associated with lower risk for acute coronary syndrome. The specific acute coronary syndrome precursor culprit lesion had less 1K plaque compared with the most stenotic lesion in control individuals. MeaningThis study's findings suggest that 1K plaque detected by coronary computed tomography angiography is associated with lower risk of future occurrence of acute coronary syndrome.ImportancePlaque morphologic measures on coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) have been associated with future acute coronary syndrome (ACS). However, the evolution of calcified coronary plaques by noninvasive imaging is not known. ObjectiveTo ascertain whether the increasing density in calcified coronary plaque is associated with risk for ACS. Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis multicenter case-control cohort study included individuals enrolled in ICONIC (Incident Coronary Syndromes Identified by Computed Tomography), a nested case-control study of patients drawn from the CONFIRM (Coronary CT Angiography Evaluation for Clinical Outcomes: An International Multicenter) registry, which included 13 study sites in 8 countries. Patients who experienced core laboratory-verified ACS after baseline CCTA (n=189) and control individuals who did not experience ACS after baseline CCTA (n=189) were included. Patients and controls were matched 1:1 by propensity scores for age; male sex; presence of hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and diabetes; family history of premature coronary artery disease (CAD); current smoking status; and CAD severity. Data were analyzed from November 2018 to March 2019. ExposuresWhole-heart atherosclerotic plaque volume was quantitated from all coronary vessels and their branches. For patients who underwent invasive angiography at the time of ACS, culprit lesions were coregistered to baseline CCTA lesions by a blinded independent reader. Low-density plaque was defined as having less than 130 Hounsfield units (HU); calcified plaque, as having more than 350 HU and subcategorized on a voxel-level basis into 3 strata: 351 to 700 HU, 701 to 1000 HU, and more than 1000 HU (termed 1K plaque). Main Outcomes and MeasuresAssociation between calcium density and future ACS risk. ResultsA total of 189 patients and 189 matched controls (mean [SD] age of 59.9[9.8] years; 247 [65.3%] were male) were included in the analysis and were monitored during a mean (SD) follow-up period of 3.9 (2.5) years. The overall mean (SD) calcified plaque volume (>350 HU) was similar between patients and controls (76.4 [101.6] mm(3) vs 99.0 [156.1] mm(3); P=.32), but patients who experienced ACS exhibited less 1K plaque (>1000 HU) compared with controls (3.9 [8.3] mm(3) vs 9.4 [23.2] mm(3); P=.02). Individuals within the highest quartile of 1K plaque exhibited less low-density plaque, as a percentage of total plaque, when compared with patients within the lower 3 quartiles (12.6% [10.4%] vs 24.9% [20.6%]; P

Background It remains unknown whether the noninvasive evaluation of the degree of amyloid deposition in the myocardium can predict the prognosis of patients with light chain (AL) cardiac amyloidosis. Objectives The purpose of this study was to demonstrate that 11C-Pittsburgh B compound positron emission tomography (11C-PiB PET) is useful for prognostication of AL cardiac amyloidosis by noninvasively imaging the myocardial AL amyloid deposition. Methods This study consecutively enrolled 41 chemotherapy-naive AL cardiac amyloidosis patients. The amyloid deposit was quantitatively assessed with amyloid P immunohistochemistry in endomyocardial biopsy specimens and was compared with the degree of myocardial 11C-PiB uptake on PET. The primary endpoint was a composite of all-cause death, heart transplantation, and acute decompensated heart failure. Results The degree of myocardial 11C-PiB PET uptake was significantly higher in the cardiac amyloidosis patients compared with normal subjects and correlated well with the degree of amyloid deposit on histology (R2 = 0.343, p Conclusions These proof-of-concept results show that noninvasive evaluation of myocardial amyloid load by 11C-PiB PET reflects the degree of amyloid deposit and is an independent predictor of clinical outcome in AL cardiac amyloidosis patients.

Rationale: Diagnosis and monitoring of patients with pulmonary artery hypertension (PAH) is currently difficult.Objectives: We aimed to develop a noninvasive imaging modality for PAH that tracks th...

Aims The relationship between dyspnoea, coronary artery disease (CAD), and major cardiovascular events (MACE) is poorly understood. This study evaluated (i) the association of dyspnoea with the severity of anatomical CAD by coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) and (ii) to which extent CAD explains MACE in patients with dyspnoea. Methods and results From the international COronary CT Angiography EvaluatioN for Clinical Outcomes: An InteRnational Multicenter (CONFIRM) registry, 4425 patients (750 with dyspnoea) with suspected but without known CAD were included and prospectively followed for ≥5 years. First, the association of dyspnoea with CAD severity was assessed using logistic regression analysis. Second, the prognostic value of dyspnoea for MACE (myocardial infarction and death), and specifically, the interaction between dyspnoea and CAD severity was investigated using Cox proportional-hazard analysis. Mean patient age was 60.3 ± 11.9 years, 63% of patients were male and 592 MACE events occurred during a median follow-up duration of 5.4 (IQR 5.1–6.0) years. On uni- and multivariable analysis (adjusting for age, sex, body mass index, chest pain typicality, and risk factors), dyspnoea was associated with two- and three-vessel/left main (LM) obstructive CAD. The presence of dyspnoea increased the risk for MACE [hazard ratio (HR) 1.57, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.29–1.90], which was modified after adjusting for clinical predictors and CAD severity (HR 1.26, 95% CI: 1.02–1.55). Conversely, when stratified by CAD severity, dyspnoea did not provide incremental prognostic value in one-, two-, or three-vessel/LM obstructive CAD, but dyspnoea did provide incremental prognostic value in non-obstructive CAD. Conclusion In patients with suspected CAD, dyspnoea was independently associated with severe obstructive CAD on CCTA. The severity of obstructive CAD explained the elevated MACE rates in patients presenting with dyspnoea, but in patients with non-obstructive CAD, dyspnoea portended additional risk.

Aim Obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD) in proximal coronary segments is associated with a poor prognosis. However, the relative importance of plaque location regarding the risk for major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) in patients with non-obstructive CAD has not been well defined. Methods and results From the Coronary CT Angiography Evaluation for Clinical Outcomes: An International Multicenter (CONFIRM) registry, 4644 patients without obstructive CAD were included in this study. The degree of stenosis was classified as 0 (no) and 1–49% (non-obstructive). Proximal involvement was defined as any plaque present in the left main or the proximal segment of the left anterior descending artery, left circumflex artery, and right coronary artery. Extensive CAD was defined as segment involvement score of >4. During a median follow-up of 5.2 years (interquartile range 4.1–6.0), 340 (7.3%) MACE occurred. Within the non-obstructive CAD group (n = 2065), proximal involvement was observed in 1767 (85.6%) cases. When compared to non-obstructive CAD patients without proximal involvement, those with proximal involvement had an increased MACE risk (log-rank P = 0.033). Multivariate Cox analysis showed when compared to patients with no CAD, proximal non-obstructive CAD was associated with increased MACE risk [hazard ratio (HR) 1.90, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.47–2.45, P < 0.001] after adjusting for extensive CAD and conventional cardiovascular risk factors; however, non-proximal non-obstructive CAD did not increase MACE risk (HR 1.26, 95% CI 0.79–2.01, P = 0.339). Conclusions Independent of plaque extent, proximal coronary involvement was associated with increased MACE risk in patients with non-obstructive CAD. The plaque location information by coronary computed tomography angiography may provide additional risk prediction over CAD extent in patients with non-obstructive CAD.

본 연구는 2018년 실시 된 산업안전보건 실태조사 자료를 이용하여 제조업 및 서비스업 사업장에서 수행하는 안전보건관리 조직현황과 교육현황 및 활동자료를 분석하였다. 포아송 회귀분석을 이용하여 안전보건활동이 2017년 산업재해에 미치는 영향을 연구하였다. 제조업 및 서비스업 모두 규모가 큰 사업체가 규모가 작은 사업체보다 사고율이 낮게 나타났다. 특히, 제조업은 산업안전보건위원회가 설치된 사업체와 근로자 안전행동수준이 높은 사업체인 경우 상대적으로 산업재해율이 낮게 나타났으며 서비스업의 경우 보건관리자 선임형태가 전담이며 산업안전위원회가 설치된 사업체가 산업재해율이 낮게 나타났다. 또한 안전교육점수가 높은 사업체가 산업재해율이 높게 나타났다. 본 연구결과가 업종별 안전보건활동에 따른 산업재해 발생원이 규명의 기초자료로 활용되기 기대한다.

The 2018 American College of Cardiology (ACC)/American Heart Association (AHA) cholesterol management guideline recommends risk enhancers in the borderline-risk and statin recommended/intermediate-risk groups. We determined the risk reclassification by the presence and severity of coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA)-visualized coronary artery disease (CAD) according to statin eligibility groups. Of 35,281 individuals who underwent CCTA, 1,303 asymptomatic patients (age 59, 65% male) were identified. Patients were categorized as low risk, borderline risk, statin recommended/intermediate risk or statin recommended/high risk according to the guideline. CCTA-visualized CAD was categorized as no CAD, nonobstructive, or obstructive. Major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) were defined as a composite outcome of all-cause mortality, nonfatal myocardial infarction, and late coronary revascularization (>90 days). We tested a reclassification wherein no CAD reclassifies downward, and the presence of any CAD reclassifies upward. During a median follow-up of 2.9 years, 93 MACE events (7.1%) were observed. Among the borderline-risk and statin-recommended/intermediate-risk groups eligible for risk enhancers, the presence or absence of any CCTA-visualized CAD led to a net increase of 2.3% of cases and 22.4% of controls correctly classified (net reclassification index [NRI] 0.27, 95% CI 0.13 to 0.41, p = 0.0002). The NRI was not significant among low- or statin-recommended/high-risk patients (all p > 0.05). The presence or absence of CCTA-visualized CAD, including both obstructive and nonobstructive CAD, significantly improves reclassification in patients eligible for risk enhancers in 2018 ACC/AHA guidelines. Patients in low- and high-risk groups derive no significant improvement in risk reclassification from CCTA. (C) 2019 Published by Elsevier Inc.

Aims To investigate the change in atherosclerotic plaque volume in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and declining renal function, using coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA). Methods and results In total, 891 participants with analysable serial CCTA and available glomerular filtration rate (GFR, derived using Cockcroft–Gault formulae) at baseline (CCTA 1) and follow-up (CCTA 2) were included. CKD was defined as GFR Conclusion Decline in renal function was associated with more rapid plaque progression, whereas the presence of CKD was not.

Question Is statin therapy associated with atherosclerotic plaque progression as assessed across a range of density measurements by coronary computed tomography angiography? Findings In this cohort study assessing serial coronary computed tomography angiographic images of 2458 coronary lesions among 857 patients, untreated coronary lesions progressed in volume for all 6 compositional plaque types-low attenuation (-30 to 75 Hounsfield units [HU]), fibro-fatty (76-130 HU), fibrous (131-350 HU), low-density calcium (351-700 HU), high-density calcium (701-1000 HU), and 1K (>1000 HU) plaque-whereas statin therapy was associated with decreases in low-attenuation and fibro-fatty plaque and with greater progression of high-density calcium and 1K plaque. Statin therapy was not associated with a change in calcified plaque but with a transformation toward more dense calcium, which was associated with slower overall plaque progression. Meaning These results suggest an association of statin use with greater rates of transformation of coronary atherosclerosis toward high-density calcium, supporting the concept of reduced atherosclerotic risk with increased densification of calcium.This cohort study uses coronary computed tomography angiography to investigate whether statin therapy is associated with alterations in the volume or calcium density of 6 compositional atherosclerotic plaque types in patients with coronary artery disease.Importance The density of atherosclerotic plaque forms the basis for categorizing calcified and noncalcified morphology of plaques. Objective To assess whether alterations in plaque across a range of density measurements provide a more detailed understanding of atherosclerotic disease progression. Design, Setting, and Participants This cohort study enrolled 857 patients who underwent serial coronary computed tomography angiography 2 or more years apart and had quantitative measurements of coronary plaques throughout the entire coronary artery tree. The study was conducted from 2013 to 2016 at 13 sites in 7 countries. Main Outcomes and Measures The main outcome was progression of plaque composition of individual coronary plaques. Six plaque composition types were defined on a voxel-level basis according to the plaque attenuation (expressed in Hounsfield units [HU]): low attenuation (-30 to 75 HU), fibro-fatty (76-130 HU), fibrous (131-350 HU), low-density calcium (351-700 HU), high-density calcium (701-1000 HU), and 1K (>1000 HU). The progression rates of these 6 compositional plaque types were evaluated according to the interaction between statin use and baseline plaque volume, adjusted for risk factors and time interval between scans. Plaque progression was also examined based on baseline calcium density. Analysis was performed among lesions matched at baseline and follow-up. Data analyses were conducted from August 2019 through March 2020. Results In total, 2458 coronary lesions in 857 patients (mean [SD] age, 62.1 [8.7] years; 540 [63.0%] men; 548 [63.9%] received statin therapy) were included. Untreated coronary lesions increased in volume over time for all 6 compositional types. Statin therapy was associated with volume decreases in low-attenuation plaque (beta, -0.02; 95% CI, -0.03 to -0.01; P = .001) and fibro-fatty plaque (beta, -0.03; 95% CI, -0.04 to -0.02; P < .001) and greater progression of high-density calcium plaque (beta, 0.02; 95% CI, 0.01-0.03; P < .001) and 1K plaque (beta, 0.02; 95% CI, 0.01-0.03; P < .001). When analyses were restricted to lesions without low-attenuation plaque or fibro-fatty plaque at baseline, statin therapy was not associated with a change in overall calcified plaque volume (beta, -0.03; 95% CI, -0.08 to 0.02; P = .24) but was associated with a transformation toward more dense calcium. Interaction analysis between baseline plaque volume and calcium density showed that more dense coronary calcium was associated with less plaque progression. Conclusions and Relevance The results suggest an association of statin use with greater rates of transformation of coronary atherosclerosis toward high-density calcium. A pattern of slower overall plaque progression was observed with increasing density. All findings support the concept of reduced atherosclerotic risk with increased densification of calcium.

Objectives: To investigate potential differences in plaque progression (PP) between in East Asians and Caucasians as well as to determine clinical predictors of PP in East Asians. Background: Studies have demonstrated differences in cardiovascular risk factors as well as plaque burden and progression across different ethnic groups. Methods: The study comprised 955 East Asians (age 60.4 +/- 9.3 years, 50.9% males) and 279 Caucasians (age 60.4 +/- 8.6 years, 74.5% males) who underwent two serial coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) studies over a period of at least 24 months. Patients were enrolled and analyzed from the PARADIGM (Progression of AtheRosclerotic PlAque DetermIned by Computed TomoGraphic Angiography IMaging) registry. After propensity-score matching, plaque composition and progression were compared between East Asian and Caucasian patients. Within East Asians, the plaque progression group (defined as plaque volume at follow-up CCTA minus plaque volume at baseline CCTA> 0) was compared to the no PP group to determine clinical predictors for PP in East Asians. Results: In the matched cohort, baseline volumes of total plaque as well as all plaque subtypes were comparable. There was a trend towards increased annualized plaque progression among East Asians compared to Caucasians (18.3 +/- 24.7 mm(3)/year vs 16.6 mm(3)/year, p = 0.054). Among East Asians, 736 (77%) had PP. East Asians with PP had more clinical risk factors and higher plaque burden at baseline (normalized total plaque volume of144.9 +/- 233.3 mm(3) vs 36.6 +/- 84.2 mm(3) for PP and no PP, respectively, p < 0.001). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that baseline normalized plaque volume (OR: 1.10, CI: 1.10-1.30, p < 0.001), age (OR: 1.02, CI: 1.00-1.04, p = 0.023) and body mass index (OR: 2.24, CI: 1.01-1.13, p = 0.024) were all predictors of PP in East Asians. Clinical events, driven mainly by percutaneous coronary intervention, were higher among the PP group with a total of 124 (16.8%) events compared to 22 (10.0%) in the no PP group (p = 0.014). Conclusion: East Asians and Caucasians had comparable plaque composition and progression. Among East Asians, the PP group had a higher baseline plaque burden which was associated with greater PP and increased clinical events.

Bariatric surgery is known to be the most effective treatment for weight loss in obese patients and for the rapid remission of obesity-related comorbidities. These short-term improvements result from not only limited digestion or absorption but also dynamic changes in metabolism throughout the whole body. However, short-term metabolism studies associated with bariatric surgery in Asian individuals have not been reported. The aim of this study was to investigate the short-term metabolome changes in the serum promoted by laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (SG) and Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and to determine the underlying mechanisms that affect obesity-related comorbidities. Serum samples were collected from Korean patients who underwent RYGB or SG before and 4 weeks after the surgery. Metabolomic and lipidomic profiling was performed using UPLC-Orbitrap-MS, and data were analyzed using statistical analysis. Metabolites mainly related to amino acids, lipids (fatty acids, glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids, glycerolipids) and bile acids changed after surgery, and these changes were associated with the lowering of risk factors for obesity-related diseases such as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), type 2 diabetes (T2D) and atherosclerosis. Interestingly, the number of significantly altered metabolites related to the lipid metabolism were greater in SG than in RYGB. Furthermore, the metabolites related to amino acid metabolism were significantly changed only after SG, whereas bile acid changed significantly only following RYGB. These differences could result from anatomical differences between the two surgeries and could be related to the gut microbiota. This study provides crucial information to expand the knowledge of the common but different molecular mechanisms involved in obesity and obesity-related comorbidities affected by each bariatric procedure.

Patient-specific phenotyping of coronary atherosclerosis would facilitate personalized risk assessment and preventive treatment. We explored whether unsupervised cluster analysis can categorize patients with coronary atherosclerosis according to their plaque composition, and determined how these differing plaque composition profiles impact plaque progression. Patients with coronary atherosclerotic plaque (n = 947; median age, 62 years; 59% male) were enrolled from a prospective multi-national registry of consecutive patients who underwent serial coronary computed tomography angiography (median inter-scan duration, 3.3 years). K-means clustering applied to the percent volume of each plaque component and identified 4 clusters of patients with distinct plaque composition. Cluster 1 (n = 52), which comprised mainly fibro-fatty plaque with a significant necrotic core (median, 55.7% and 16.0% of the total plaque volume, respectively), showed the least total plaque volume (PV) progression (+ 23.3 mm3), with necrotic core and fibro-fatty PV regression (− 5.7 mm3 and − 5.6 mm3, respectively). Cluster 2 (n = 219), which contained largely fibro-fatty (39.2%) and fibrous plaque (46.8%), showed fibro-fatty PV regression (− 2.4 mm3). Cluster 3 (n = 376), which comprised mostly fibrous (62.7%) and calcified plaque (23.6%), showed increasingly prominent calcified PV progression (+ 21.4 mm3). Cluster 4 (n = 300), which comprised mostly calcified plaque (58.7%), demonstrated the greatest total PV increase (+ 50.7mm3), predominantly increasing in calcified PV (+ 35.9 mm3). Multivariable analysis showed higher risk for plaque progression in Clusters 3 and 4, and higher risk for adverse cardiac events in Clusters 2, 3, and 4 compared to that in Cluster 1. Unsupervised clustering algorithms may uniquely characterize patient phenotypes with varied atherosclerotic plaque profiles, yielding distinct patterns of progressive disease and outcome.

Background: Aortic valve calcification (AVC) is a key feature of aortic stenosis, and patients with aortic stenosis often have coronary-artery disease. Therefore, proving the association between the progression of AVC and coronary atherosclerosis could improve follow-up and treatment strategies.Purpose: To explore the association between the progression of AVC and the progression of total and plaque volume composition from a large multicenter registry of serial coronary CT angiographic examinations.Materials and Methods: A prospective multinational registry (PARADIGM) of consecutive participants who underwent serial coronary CT angiography at intervals of every 2 years or more was performed (January 2003-December 2015). AVC and the total and plaque volume composition at baseline and follow-up angiography were quantitatively analyzed. Plaque volumes were normalized by using the mean total analyzed vessel length of the study population. Multivariable linear mixed-effects models were constructed.Results: Overall, 594 participants (mean age. standard deviation, 62 years. 10; 330 men) were included (mean interval between baseline and follow-up angiography, 3.9 years. 1.5). At baseline, the AVC score was 31 Agatston units. 117, and the normalized total plaque volume at baseline was 122 mm(3)+/- 219. After adjustment for age, sex, clinical risk factors, and medication use, AVC was independently associated with total plaque volume (standardized. = 0.24; 95% CI: 0.16, 0.32; P..001) and both calcified (beta = 0.26; 95% CI: 0.18, 0.34; P

OBJECTIVES This study sought to identify distinct patient groups and their association with outcome based on the patient similarity network using quantitative coronary plaque characteristics from coronary computed tomography angiography (CTA).BACKGROUND Coronary CTA can noninvasively assess coronary plaques quantitatively.METHODS Patients who underwent 2 coronary CTAs at a minimum of 24 months' interval were analyzed (n = 1,264). A similarity Mapper network of patients was built by topological data analysis (TDA) based on the whole-heart quantitative coronary plaque analysis on coronary CTA to identify distinct patient groups and their association with outcome.RESULTS Three distinct patient groups were identified by TDA, and the patient similarity network by TDA showed a dosed loop, demonstrating a continuous trend of coronary plaque progression. Group A had the least coronary plaque amount (median 12.4 mm(3) [interquartile range (IQR): 0.0 to 39.6 mm(3)]) in the entire coronary tree. Group B had a moderate coronary plaque amount (31.7 mm(3) [IQR: 0.0 to 127.4 mm(3)]) with relative enrichment of fibrofatty and necrotic core (32.6% [IQR: 16.7% to 46.2%] and 2.7% [IQR: 0.1% to 6.9%] of the total plaque, respectively) components. Group C had the largest coronary plaque amount (187.0 mm(3) [IQR: 96.7 to 306.4 mm(3)]) and was enriched for dense calcium component (46.8% [IQR: 32.0% to 63.7%] of the total plaque). At follow-up, total plaque volume, fibrous, and dense calcium volumes increased in all groups, but the proportion of fibrofatty component decreased in groups B and C, whereas the necrotic core portion decreased in only group B (all p< 0.05). Group B showed a higher acute coronary syndrome incidence than other groups (0.3% vs. 2.6% vs. 0.6%; p= 0.009) but both group B and C had a higher revascularization incidence than group A (3.1% vs. 15.5% vs. 17.8%; p < 0.001). Incorporating group information from TDA demonstrated increase of model fitness for predicting acute coronary syndrome or revascularization compared with that incorporating clinical risk factors, percentage diameter stenosis, and high-risk plaque features.CONCLUSIONS The TDA of quantitative whole-heart coronary plaque characteristics on coronary CTA identified distinct patient groups with different plaque dynamics and clinical outcomes. (Progression of AtheRosclerotic PlAque Determined by Computed TomoGraphic Angiography Imaging [PARADIGM]; NCT02803411) (C) 2021 by the American College of Cardiology Foundation.

Various coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines are being developed, which show practical preventive effects. Here, we report a 51-year-old healthy man with nephrotic syndrome secondary to minimal change disease (MCD) after Ad26.COV.2 (Janssen) vaccination. He had no comorbid disease and received Ad26.COV.2 on April 13, 2021. Seven days after vaccination, he developed edema and foamy urine. Edema rapidly aggravated with decreased urine volume. He was admitted to the hospital 28 days after vaccination, and his body weight increased by 21 kg after vaccination. His serum creatinine level was 1.54 mg/dL, and 24-h urinary protein excretion was 8.6 g/day. Kidney biopsy revealed no abnormality in the glomeruli and interstitium of the cortex and medulla under the light microscope. Electron microscopy revealed diffuse effacement of the podocyte foot processes, thus, he was diagnosed with MCD. High-dose steroid therapy was applied, and his kidney function improved three days after steroid therapy. Three weeks after steroid use, his serum creatinine decreased to 0.95 mg/dL, and spot urine protein-to-creatine decreased to 0.2 g/g. This case highlights the risk of new-onset nephrotic syndrome secondary to MCD after vectored COVID-19 vaccination. Although the pathogenesis is uncertain, clinicians need to be careful about adverse renal effects of COVID-19 vaccines., Graphical Abstract

BackgroundProton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are known to reduce the risk of upper gastrointestinal bleeding in patients on oral anticoagulants, and patients are increasingly on oral anticoagulants and PPI co-therapy. However, evidence is lacking on the safety and effectiveness of oral anticoagulants when co-administered with PPIs.MethodsAmong patients initiating oral anticoagulants (warfarin and non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants [NOACs], i.e. rivaroxaban, dabigatran, apixaban, and edoxaban) during 2013–2017, those concomitantly prescribed PPIs were identified (n = 19,851). The primary endpoint was hospitalization for major upper gastrointestinal bleeding, and secondary endpoints were death and ischemic stroke.ResultsDuring a mean 1.4 years of follow-up, the primary endpoint occurred in 512 (2.58%) patients. Overall, NOACs were associated with lower upper gastrointestinal bleeding risk after adjustment for age, sex, comorbidities and concomitant medications (adjusted hazard ratio 0.78, 95% confidence interval 0.65–0.94), compared to warfarin. There was no significant difference in upper gastrointestinal bleeding risk among the individual NOACs. This trend of reduced risk for upper gastrointestinal bleeding in NOACs compared to warfarin was consistent for both regular and reduced doses, throughout bleeding risk groups, and other subgroup analyses. NOACs were also associated with lower risk of death compared to warfarin. The risk for ischemic stroke was not significantly different among the oral anticoagulants in patients with atrial fibrillation.ConclusionIn patients on oral anticoagulant and PPI co-therapy, NOACs were associated with lower risk of upper gastrointestinal bleeding and mortality compared to warfarin, while there was no difference among the oral anticoagulants for stroke prevention. In patients on PPI therapy, NOACs may preferred over warfarin for decreasing risk of upper gastrointestinal bleeding and mortality.

Background and aims: The atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) has been suggested as a marker of plasma athe-rogenicity. This study aimed to assess the association between AIP and the rapid progression of coronary atherosclerosis using serial coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA).Methods: A total of 1488 adults (60.9 +/- 9.2 years, 58.9% male) who underwent serial CCTA with a median inter-scan period of 3.4 years were included. AIP was defined as the base 10 logarithm of the ratio of the concen-trations of triglyceride to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Rapid plaque progression (RPP) was defined as the change of percentage atheroma volume (PAV) >1.0%/year. All participants were divided into three groups based on AIP tertiles.Results: Baseline total PAV (median [interquartile range (IQR)]) (%) (group I [lowest]: 1.91 [0.00, 6.21] vs. group II: 2.82 [0.27, 8.83] vs. group III [highest]: 2.70 [0.41, 7.50]), the annual change of total PAV (median [IQR]) (%/year) (group I: 0.27 [0.00, 0.81] vs. group II: 0.37 [0.04, 1.11] vs. group III: 0.45 [0.06, 1.25]), and the incidence of RPP (group I: 19.7% vs. group II: 27.3% vs. group III: 31.4%) were significantly different among AIP tertiles (all p < 0.05). In multiple logistic regression analysis, the risk of RPP was increased in group III (odds ratio: 1.52, 95% confidence interval: 1.02-2.26; p = 0.042) compared to group I after adjusting for clinical factors and baseline total PAV.Conclusions: Based on serial CCTA findings, AIP is an independent predictive marker for RPP beyond traditional risk factors.

Background Identifying predictive markers for future atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases may be helpful to motivate young adults to promote healthy lifestyle. We sought to determine the association between persistently elevated low‐density lipoprotein‐cholesterol (LDL‐C) and/or triglyceride levels and the atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases risks in young adults. Methods and Results We conducted a nationwide population‐based cohort study of 1 887 853 statin‐naive adults aged 20 to 39 years, with LDL‐C Conclusions Persistently elevated LDL‐C and triglyceride levels were associated with atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases risk in young Korean adults without severe hypercholesterolemia. These lipid abnormalities should be considered risk factors in young adults since their effects on lifetime atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases risk may become more pronounced over the life course.

The geographical range of invasive cyanobacteria with high toxigenic potential is widening because of eutrophication and global warming, thus, monitoring their appearance is necessary for safe water quality control. Most invasive cyanobacteria are nostocalean species, and their accurate identification by classical morphological methods may be problematic. In this study, we developed polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers to selectively identify five invasive cyanobacterial genera, namely, Chrysosporum, Cuspidothrix, Cylindrospermopsis, Raphidiopsis, and Sphaerospermopsis, using genetic markers such as rbcLX, rpoB, rpoC1, and cpcBA, and determined the amplification conditions for each pair of primers. The primer performances were verified on single or mixed nostocalean cyanobacterial isolates. The five primers allowed selective identification of all the target genera. In field samples collected during summer, when cyanobacteria flourished in the Nakdong River, the respective PCR product was observed in all samples where the target genus was detected by microscopic analysis. Besides, weak bands corresponding to Sphaerospermopsis and Raphidiopsis were observed in some samples in which these genera were not detected by microscopy, suggesting that the cell densities were below the detection limit of the microscopic method used. Thus, the genus-specific primers developed in this study enable molecular monitoring to supplement the current microscopy-based monitoring.

Clinicians often have a difficulty in determining the presence of mitral regurgitation (MR)-related symptoms because of subjectivity. However, there are few actual measurement data for echocardiographic left ventricular (LV) and left atrial (LA) size related to the severity of MR and the relationship between MR-related symptoms and these echocardiographic parameters. Among patients enrolled in the Asian Valve Registry, we investigated 778 consecutive patients with primary MR showing sinus rhythm. Symptoms were determined by New York Heart Association grade (≤ II or ≥ III). MR severity was mild in 106, moderate in 285, and severe in 387 patients. LA volume index, LV end-diastolic diameter, and LV mass index increased with increasing MR grade [LA volume index: 47.9 (mild), 56.2 (moderate), and 64.9 ml/m2 (severe) (p

Background Limited data exists regarding healthcare utilization, medical expenses, and prognosis of pulmonary hypertension (PH) according to the World Health Organization (WHO) classification. We aimed to investigate mortality risk, healthcare utilization and medical expenditure in patients with PH across the five diagnostic subgroups. Methods We identified 2185 patients with PH, defined as peak tricuspid regurgitation velocity > 3.4 m/sec, among the consecutive patients referred for echocardiography between 2009 and 2015. Using diagnostic codes, medical records, and echocardiographic findings, the enrolled patients were classified according to the five subgroups by WHO classification. Healthcare utilization, costs, and all-cause mortality were assessed. Results Diagnostic subgroups of PH demonstrated significantly different clinical features. During a median of 32.4 months (interquartile range, 16.2–57.8), 749 patients (34.3%) died. Mortality risk was the lowest in group II (left heart disease) and highest in group III (chronic lung disease). The etiologies of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) had significant influence on the mortality risk in group I, showing the worst prognosis in PAH associated with connective tissue disease. Medical expenditure and healthcare utilization were different between the PH subgroups: groups II and V had more hospitalizations and medical expenses than other groups. Regardless of PH subgroups, the severity of PH was associated with higher mortality risk, more healthcare utilization and medical expenditure. Conclusions Significant differences in clinical features and prognostic profiles between PH subgroups reflect the differences in pathophysiology and clinical consequences. Our findings highlight the importance of comprehensive understanding of PH according to the etiology and its severity.