1. Estimated dietary sodium intake in Thailand: A nationwide population survey with 24‐hour urine collections
- Author
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Narinphop Chuaykarn, Wichai Aekplakorn, Raweewan Lappichetpaiboon, Apinya Uttarachai, Phassakon Nuntapanich, Krich Ruangchai, Renu Garg, Surasak Kantachuvesiri, Payong Khunsaard, Ananthaya Kunjang, Pattaraporn Charoenbut, Natnapa Sasang, Patthrapon Sonkhammee, Nadchar Yanti, Natthida Boonyagarn, Penmat Sukhonthachit, Sushera Bunluesin, Prin Vathesatogkit, Nintita Sripaiboonkij Thokanit, Fuangfah Rattanakanahutanon, Comsun Thongchai, Wisrut Kwankhoom, and Worawon Chailimpamontree
- Subjects
Adult ,Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism ,Urinary system ,Sodium ,Population ,chemistry.chemical_element ,030204 cardiovascular system & hematology ,Logistic regression ,dietary sodium intake ,Excretion ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Internal Medicine ,Humans ,Medicine ,030212 general & internal medicine ,education ,Urine Specimen Collection ,Original Paper ,education.field_of_study ,business.industry ,24‐hour urinary sodium ,potassium ,Dietary sodium intake ,Sodium, Dietary ,Odds ratio ,Thailand ,Original Papers ,population survey ,Confidence interval ,Cross-Sectional Studies ,chemistry ,Hypertension ,Female ,Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine ,business ,Demography - Abstract
Thailand has committed to reducing population sodium intake by 30% by 2025. However, reliable nationally representative data are unavailable for monitoring progress toward the goal. We estimated dietary sodium consumption using 24‐hour urinary analyses in a nationally representative, cross‐sectional population‐based survey. We selected 2388 adults (aged ≥ 18 years) from the North, South, North‐east, Central Regions, and Bangkok, using multi‐stage cluster sampling. Mean sodium excretion was inflated by 10% to adjust for non‐urinary sources. Multivariate logistic regression was performed to assess factors associated with sodium consumption ≥ 2000 mg. Among 1599 (67%) who completed urine collection, mean age was 43 years, 53% were female, and 30% had hypertension. Mean dietary sodium intake (mg/day) was 3636 (±1722), highest in South (4108 ± 1677), and lowest in North‐east (3316 ± 1608). Higher sodium consumption was independently associated with younger age (Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) 2.81; 95% Confidence interval (CI): 1.53‐5.17; p = .001); higher education (AOR 1.79; 95% CI: 1.19‐2.67; p = .005), BMI ≥ 25 (AOR 1.55; 95% CI: 1.09‐2.21; p=.016), and hypertension (AOR 1.58; 95% CI: 1.02‐2.44; p = .038). Urine potassium excretion was 1221 mg/day with little variation across Regions. Estimated dietary sodium consumption in Thai adults is nearly twice as high as recommended levels. These data provide a benchmark for future monitoring.
- Published
- 2021