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This article reports insights from a 4-day Gathering of Native American Healers at the University of Michigan in October of 2010. This event convened 18 traditional healers, clinically trained service providers, and cross-cultural mental health researchers for a structured group dialogue to advance professional knowledge about the integration of Indigenous healing practices and conventional mental health treatments in community-based mental health services for Native Americans. Our thematic analysis of transcripts from five Roundtable sessions afforded several key insights and understandings pertaining to the integration of Indigenous healing and conventional mental health services. First, with reference to traditional healing, the importance of a rampant relationality, various personal qualities, Indigenous spirituality, and maintenance of traditional life and culture were accentuated by Roundtable participants. Second, for traditional healers to practice effectively, Roundtable participants posited that these individuals must maintain personal wellness, cultivate profound knowledge of healing practices, recognize the intrinsic healing potential within all human beings, and work for the community rather than themselves. In speaking to the possibilities and challenges of collaboration between Indigenous and conventional biomedical therapeutic approaches, Roundtable participants recommended the implementation of cultural programming, the observance of mutuality and respect, the importance of clear and honest communication, and the need for awareness of cultural differences as unique challenges that must be collaboratively overcome.

The logistics involved in obtaining and maintaining large numbers of corals hampers research on the toxicological effects of environmental contaminants for this ecologically and economically important taxon. A method for creating and culturing single-cell suspensions of viable coral cells was developed. Cell segregation/separation was based on specific cell densities and resulting cell cultures were viable for at least 2 mos. Low-density cells lacking symbiotic zooxanthallae and rich in mitochondria were isolated and cultured for toxicity studies. Cells were exposed to differing degrees or concentrations of heat stress, rotenone, cyanide, sulfide, and cuprous oxide. Cells were assayed for mitochondrial membrane potential using the fluorescent probe, JC-9, and for overall viability using the MTT/formazan spectrophotometric viability assay. Significant differences were observed between controls and treatments and the efficacy of this method was validated; only 2 cm(2) of tissue was required for a seven-point concentration-exposure series.

Although autism remains an enigmatic disease, there is mounting evidence that the immune system plays an important role in the pathogenesis. Immune system involvement is apparently widespread as numerous humoral and cellular abnormalities have been reported in both the innate and adaptive responses. Fas (CD95/APO-1) is a type I cell-surface protein from the TNF/NGF-R superfamily present on the surface of many immune related cells. Fas activation is instrumental in starting a complicated chain of events that results in programmed cell death (apoptosis) by DNA fragmentation. Preliminary data is presented, which indicate that subjects with austism have lower levels of Fas on their CD4+ helper T cells (p = .048) than have normal subjects. Data also indicates subjects with autism have significantly higher levels of soluble Fas (p = .01) than have normal subjects. A maturing individual must eliminate cells for proper morphogenesis to occur. Preliminary data suggest that faulty apoptosis may be involved in the pathogenesis of autism.

* BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Tissue Plasminogen Activator (TPA) has been used as an adjunct in the surgical removal of submacular hemorrhage. It is usually used intraoperatively, but may not provide enough time for effective fibrinolysis, especially for a large hemorrhage. The present study was conducted to evaluate the efficiency and safety of preoperative use of TPA for large submacular hemorrhages. * METHODS: Five eyes with large submacular hemorrhage secondary to age-related macular degeneration underwent subretinal injection of TPA in the office 24 hours before surgery. All hemorrhages were less than seven days old and at least 3 mm thick. * RESULTS: Preoperative visual acuity ranged from counting fingers to hand motion (HM). Patient follow-up ranged from 3 months to 24 months (mean, 11 months). Final visual acuity ranged from 20/30 to HM. Four of the five eyes (80%) showed improved visual acuity after surgery and 3/5 (60%) attained visual acuity of 20/200 or better. * CONCLUSION: Preoperative use of TPA for drainage of large submacular hemorrhage appears to be safe and may result in efficient clot removal. The true efficacy of TPA in the treatment of submacular hemorrhage can only be proven by a prospective randomized trial. [Ophthalmic Surg Lasers 1999;30:176-180.]

Echinacea purpurea, a plant originally used by native Americans to treat respiratory infections, was evaluated for its ability to stimulate the production of cytokines by normal human peripheral blood macrophages in vitro. Commercial preparations of echinacea fresh pressed juice and dried juice were tested at concentrations ranging from 10 micrograms/ml to 0.012 microgram/ml and compared to endotoxin stimulated and unstimulated controls. Cytokine production was measured by ELISA after 18 h of incubation for IL-1 and 36 and 72 h for TNF-alpha, IL-6, and IL-10. Macrophages cultured in concentrations of echinacea as low as 0.012 microgram/ml produced significantly higher levels of IL-1, TNF-alpha, IL-6 and IL-10 (P < 0.05) than unstimulated cells. The high levels of IL-1, TNF-alpha, and IL-10 induced by very low levels of echinacea are consistent with an immune activated antiviral effect. Echinacea induced lower levels of IL-6 in comparison to the other cytokines measured. These results demonstrate the immune stimulatory ability of the unpurified fresh pressed juice of Echinacea purpurea and offer some insight into the nature of the resulting immune response as compared to endotoxin.

The soybean cyst nematode (SCN, Heterodera glycines Ichinohe) is a major pest of soybeans (Glycine max L. Merrill) in the central and southern United States. Soybean cyst nematode causes stunted top growth, root pruning and symptoms of mineral element deficiency in soybeans. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of two selections of SCN (I selected on PI209332 and IV selected on PI 89772) on macronutrient uptake, translocation, and tissue concentrations of soybean and to determine the elemental composition of cysts isolated from roots. Soybeans were grown in plastic tubes in the greenhouse where the middle one‐third of the Hodge fine sand (Typic Udipsamment) contained 0, 25,000, or 50,000 SCN eggs. After 35 days, plants were harvested and tissue nutrient element concentrations were determined. Plants infested with both SCN selections were smaller and had much less root volume than controls. Dry weight of each plant tissue decreased as SCN population was increased. Root concentra...

Summary Selection and inbreeding of soybean cyst nematodes increased populations' ability to produce cysts on some soybean lines with concurrent decreases in numbers of cysts on other soybean lines: evidence that some alleles for incompatibility were either linked or at the same loci. Some responses could be explained only by linkage of nematode genes for avirulence. Linkage of nematode alleles for incompatibility could be involved when selection increased numbers of cysts on several lines even though the usual interpretation has been that the lines had some of the same genes for resistance. Most of the lines used in this study may have fewer alleles for incompatibility than most “resistant” lines. Use of these lines with fewer genes for resistance should help in the identification of individual alleles for incompatibility necessary for resolving the allelism and/or linkage of these nematode genes.

Summary The objective of this research was to characterise the degree of dominance of a soybean cyst nematode (Heterodera glycines) allele for incompatibility which interacts with a recessive soybean (Glycine max) allele for incompatibility to prevent the formation of cysts. Crosses of inbred nematode populations were made and the F, and F, populations evaluated for the numbers of cysts they could produce on several soybean lines. The nematode gene for avirulence interacts with the one recessive gene for resistance in soybean line PI 88287 and also appears to be recessive. This is the first example of a recessive-recessive gene-for-gene interaction; genes for avirulence and resistance are usually dominant. The difficulties of doing definitive genetic studies with cyst nematodes are discussed.

Fossil pollen of the morphological type “oculata” have been encountered in sediments of Upper Cretaceous and Palaeocene age in Alaska. These Alaskan assemblages contain most of the species described by other authors in the United States, Canada, and the USSR. In addition, several new Alaskan species have been encountered. These taxa are evaluated here morphologically and biostratigraphically, with particular reference to pollen wall and aperture morphology, the Campanian‐Maastrichtian and Maastrichtian‐Palaeocene age boundaries, and regional distribution. All species are allocated to the genera Azonia Samoilovitch 1961, Wodehouseia Stanley 1961, and Singularia Samoilovitch 1961; and the genus Azonia is emended. Ten new species of Azonia and Wodehouseia are described: Azonia cribrata, A. parva, A. sufflata, Wodehouseia avita, W. bella, W. capil‐lata, W. edmontonicola, W. octospina, W. quad‐rispina, and W, vestivirgata. Three new subspecies are described: Azonia fabacea subsp. reticulata, A. fabace...

SK&F 82526 is a potent renal vasodilator in dogs, monkeys, and hypertensive rats. It is orally active and has a specificity for the renal vasculature greater than dopamine. Its activity is owing, at least in part, to stimulation of renal dopamine receptors and has no effect on α- or β-adrenergic receptors. This compound should be valuable in further examining the importance of renal blood flow in essential hypertension.

Dental caries is generally conceded to be the most prevalent pathological condition in our modem civilization. It is a malady which has its inception during childhood and is known to affect the greater portion of the population. An examination of the literature on caries incidence by Kloser (1) demonstrated in over 500,000 German children that 94 per cent were afflicted with the disease. More recent reports in our country by McCall and the extensive survey conducted by the United States Public Health Service (2) indicate that almost 97 per cent of American children are affected. A consideration of the first permanent molar is important in studies of dental caries because its early appearance in the mouth makes it the most vulnerable tooth of the permanent dentition. In fact, subsequent pulpal involvement and extraction is so common that certain investigators have considered it valid to regard the loss of this tooth as indicative of the degree to which an individual is susceptible to the attack of caries. On the basis of the present study, we are in agreement with this concept. The space devoted to the care and retention of the first permanent molar in our newer manuals of pedodontia indicates the growing

Although the inhibition of dental caries by fluorine has been demonstrated in endemic areas1, 2 and in laboratory rats fed on a caries-producing diet3, 4 the mechanism by which the action takes place has not yet been adequately demonstrated. Armstrong and Brekhus5 found a higher fluorine content of sound enamel than in carious and offered the hypothesis that this may be the factor responsible for the inhibition. In this report we have attempted a further investigation of this mechanism. Since the enamel of the molar teeth of the animals used was fully formed before fluorine was applied it would appear that the action of fluorine must be due to its being held in the region of the tooth surface or, as far as the dentin is concerned, to the possibility of fluorine reaching it through the circulation.Previous studies are inclined to disregard the ability of fluorine becoming incorporated into the tooth surface after formation and thus causing an increased resistance to the mechanism responsible for decalcific...

By using the carbon-13 NMR technique, it is shown that there are no cis-1,4-trans-1,4 linkages in an n-BuLi-catalyzed poly (butadiene). The polymer consists of “blocks” of cis-1,4 units and trans-1,4 units separated by isolated vinyl units. Preliminary evidence suggests this might also be true for other types of 1,3-diene polymerization. Some of the implications of this finding on the mechanism of polymerization are discussed. Tacticity triad distributions are readily determined in poly(butadiene)s with high 1,2 addition contents.

ConclusionsDisturbance of normal salivary flow in the rat results in an increased incidence of experimental caries. The effect is most marked in rats with retained mucous saliva on a caries-producing diet and is in direct proportion to the amount of serous saliva removed. Caries production has even been observed in operated rats deprived of their serous saliva when fed a diet known to produce minimal dental destruction. The lower ratio of fracture to carious lesions in rats with such saliva indicates that the rate of development of carious lesions in these groups is very rapid.

Isolated cells of Necturus gastric mucosa were prepared with a simple method using pronase digestion and shaking. In dye exclusion tests cell suspensions containing more than 80% of oxyntic cells were more than 90% viable. Isolated cells had respiration rates of 0.411 ± 0.043 microatom O2 per mg of protein per hr (mean ± se ). Na and K concentrations in cell water were 44.2 ± 1.8 mEq per liter, and 66.7 ± 2.2 mEq per liter respectively. The transmembranal potential of isolated cells was 44 ± 3 mv. similar to that obtained for intact mucosa.

Average measurements of the human teeth, which were determined by G. V. Black (1), have been standard data available in textbooks for many years. A review of the dental literature, however, does not disclose a study of the weights of the permanent teeth. Occasional reports have been published, but these do not present a sufficient number of weights on each tooth type to allow the establishment of average figures. The present study was designed to provide such data. Following the determination of the individual tooth weights, representative specimens were selected, grouped according to tooth type, and separated into (a) enamel and (b) dentin and cementum portions. These fractions were then weighed. Such data is likewise provided in the present study.

The material presented and discussed in this report serves to correlate and supplement our knowledge of angiomatous tumors. The characteristics of the endothelioma are pointed out, and the differential criteria and growth characteristics of the hemangio-endothelioma are described. Three case reports of oral hemangio-endotheliomas are presented in detail. According to the interpretation which is placed upon the histogenesis of the endothelial cell, the endothelial tumor may be regarded as a structure of mesoblastic origin. The histogenetic classification of angiomatous tumors, however, is less useful than the morphologic because it is difficult to demonstrate the actual origin of endothelial cells. It is preferable to study the morphologic characteristics of the cell for identification. The number and character of cells and spaces are important diagnostic aids in the classification of blood tumors. Among others, the vacuolization of cells and the formation of abortive capillary spaces are distinguishing features of the hemangio-endothelioma. Clinically, the hemangio-endothelioma is a relatively benign growth, but it should be regarded as possessing malignant possibilities. The relative chronicity in the course of the neoplasm is considered, but this should not be an absolute factor in determining benignity. It is difficult to remove a hemangio-endothelioma because of its manner of infiltrative growth. Dense relatively avascular types are indicative of greater metastasizing ability. Trauma seems to play an important role in its growth, and repeated unsuccessful attempts at removal are known to invite metastatic lesions. The hemangio-endothelioma is amenable to proper surgery. This method of treatment seems to be the most acceptable. Even though the tumor is a relatively avascular growth, however, the danger from hemorrhage should not be taken lightly. In the future, roentgen and radium therapy may prove of benefit, but for the present neither has been extensively used nor given a satisfactory trial.

ConclusionsOne may assume either that the progress of tooth decay is discontinuous, or that there are periods of latency prior to the time when a carious area becomes detectible either to clinical or to roentgenologic examination.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the potent vasopressin receptor antagonists, such as SK&F 100398, and demonstrates that they are specific competitive inhibitors of vasopressin binding and adenylate cyclase activation in membranes from pig renal medulla. The diuretic activity of the recently described vasopressin analogs is associated with the inhibition of vasopressin activation of adenylate cyclase, probably at the level of vasopressin receptors located on renal collecting tubules. Contrary to the rat, the analog d(CH 2 ) 5 Tyr(Et)VAVP is only poorly active in the dog. In the rat, it is found that molecules d(CH 2 ) 5 D-PheVAVP and d(CH 2 ) 5 Tyr (Et)VAVP are both potent inhibitors of vasopressin-stimulated adenylate cyclase and potent diuretic agents. Both analogs are potent inhibitors of adenylate cyclase activation by vasopressin in dog renal tissue. However, the low diuretic potency in the dog could be explained by the activation of basal adenylate cyclase activity of dog renal membranes. The chapter concludes that diuretic activity of vasopressin analogs in vivo is associated with (1) potent inhibition of adenylate cyclase activation by vasopressin and (2) with the absence of agonist activity in vitro . Critical differences in the sensitivity of renal vasopressin receptors for antagonists exist among species. The chapter proposes that the specific water losing activity as caused by vasopressin antagonists be termed “aquaretic activity,” as distinguished from the saluretic activity of conventional diuretics.

SummarySome of the factors operative in suppressing rat caries have been tested in this experiment. By using animals in which the salivary glands have been removed it has been possible to test the relative effects of fluorine prenatally incorporated in the teeth. When the caries score of operated rats with mottled or fluorinized teeth are compared with that of nonfluorinized animals without glands there is a measurable reduction in caries. When the percentage of reduction is compared with the caries score of normal animals, however, there is evidence that the saliva offers greater protection than the fluorine in tooth substance.

Triamterene has been found to inhibit the activity of folic acid reductase from murine leukemic cells by 50% at approximately 8 × 10−7 M. The inhibition due to triamterene was competitive with folic acid at low inhibitor concentrations. At all concentrations, the inhibition obtained with triamterene was either partially or completely reversed by increasing the folic acid concentration. At folic acid concentrations above 10−4 M, addition of substrate inhibited folic acid reductase activity. Competition of 9-methylfolic acid and folic acid for folic reductase could not be demonstrated, since 9-methylfolic acid itself is a substrate for murine leukemic folic reductase. Under the experimental conditions employed for the study of reproduction, 9-methylfolic acid administered to rats at varying doses on days 8 and 9 after conception resulted in resorptions (67%), a reduction in live-birth index, and the birth of young with congenital defects including short tail, hydrocephalus, gastroschises with ectopia of the abdominal wall, unilateral and bilateral microphthalmia, and anophthalmia. In contrast, triamterene caused no significant changes in any of the parameters monitored. No physical abnormalities were noted in the progeny, clearly demonstrating that triamterene has no significant antifolic activity in vivo even under experimental conditions sensitive to this liability.

Lactobacillus counts are used widely as an index to the activity of tooth decay. Much of the current philosophy relating to the cause and control of dental caries is based on the premise that the Lactobacillus count of the saliva provides a dependable prediction medium as to whether the individual in question is likely to develop tooth decay within the reasonably near future. Yet few studies have been reported wherein Lactobacillus counts have been correlated individually with the previous and subsequent progress of tooth decay over long periods of time for large numbers of subjects. Studies of that type are needed to show the validity of the Lactobacillus count as a diagnostic or prognostic agent. The study reported herewith was designed to supply evidence as to the significance of the Lactobacillus count to the individual subject.As a part of a larger and more general survey, the Lactobacillus counts from the saliva of 64 teen-aged girls have been compared with the progression of tooth decay observed fo...

Excerpt The purpose of this report is to present analyses of the pressor amine content of two pheochromocytomas and the metabolism of the hypertensive agents in these and a third tumor. Probably no...

We present FlowFox, the first fully functional web browser that implements a precise and general information flow control mechanism for web scripts based on the technique of secure multi-execution. We demonstrate how FlowFox subsumes many ad-hoc script containment countermeasures developed over the last years. We also show that FlowFox is compatible with the current web, by investigating its behavior on the Alexa top-500 web sites, many of which make intricate use of JavaScript. The performance and memory cost of FlowFox is substantial (a performance cost of around 20% on macro benchmarks for a simple two level policy), but not prohibitive. Our prototype implementation shows that information flow enforcement based on secure multi-execution can be implemented in full-scale browsers. It can support powerful, yet precise policies refining the same-origin-policy in a way that is compatible with existing websites. Copyright © 2012 ACM. ispartof: pages:748-759 ispartof: Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security pages:748-759 ispartof: ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security location:Raleigh, NC, USA date:16 Oct - 18 Oct 2012 status: published