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Relevance. Patients with maxillofacial lymphadenitis account for 3.09 % of the total number of hospitalized in specialized departments of maxillofacial surgery, and 5.7% of the number of patients with various inflammatory processes of the maxillofacial region.Aim. Microbiological substantiation of the algorithm of antimicrobial chemotherapy for lymphadenitis and adenophlegmon of the maxillofacial region.Materials and methods. The analysis of the results of microbiological studies and determination of the sensitivity of isolated microorganisms to antibiotics of the material from inflammatory foci in lymphadenitis and adenophlegmon of the maxillofacial region was carried out using a standard protocol of laboratory microbiological studies. Anaerobic bacteria were cultured in the HiAnaerobic System Mark III anaerostat, identification was carried out using Biochemical Identification Test Kits (Himedia Labs).Results. The results of determining the sensitivity of the main pathogens of limphadenitis and adenophlegmon to the most commonly used antibiotics: groups of beta- lactam drugs, macrolides, lincosamides, imidazoles, teracyclines and fluoroquinolones are presented. The priorities of prescribing different treatment regimens are determined, taking into account the international classification of antibiotics AWaRe, adopted by WHO in 2018.Conclusions. Recommended drugs of choice for various forms of lymphadenitis and adenoflegmon include combinations of amoxicillin with clavulanic acid, lincosamides (preferably clindamycin) and fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin), which should be combined with imidazoles in odontogenic limphadenitis and adenophlegmon (for example, tinidazole as part of the complex drug Tsifran ST).

Candidiasis is the most common mycosis. Оral candidiasis occurs in the form of stomatitis, including the so-called prosthetic stomatitis. Somewhat less often, fungi of the genus Candida are detected with gingivitis and periodontitis, manifestations of red lichen planus on the oral mucosa.The purpose of the work: to analyze the results of mycological studies and determine the sensitivity of fungi isolated from the oral cavity in vari-ous oral pathologies to the main antimycotics, as well as the formation on this basis of an algorithm for antimycotic therapy of candidal lesions of the oral mucosa and periodontium.Material and methods. The paper uses the results of studies of patients with candidiasis of the oral mucosa (127 patients), prosthetic stomatitis (136 patients), candida-associated periodontitis (168 patients). Primary inoculation was performed quantitatively on Sabouraud’s medium and duplicated on M1297 chromogenic medium (Himedia Labs, India).To study the biofilm formed on the oral mucosa, fixed preparations of gold-coated scrapings were prepared for scanning electron microscopy, which was performed using a Quanta 200 3D bi-beam microscope (USA). Sensitivity to antimycotics was assessed using the traditional method of disks.The results of the study. When studying the species composition of yeast-like fungi isolated from the material, it was found that the species C. albicans was isolated in 80% of patients, in association with other species: C. Krusei, C. guilliermondii and C. glabrata. The second place was taken by the species C. Krusei, which was detected in 13.3% of patients. Representatives of this genus of yeast fungi are characterized by the formation of a biofilm with a pronounced mantle, which protects the microorganism from aggressive factors, including antimycotics and antiseptics. All the studied preparations showed fungicidal activity against these strains of yeast-like fungi. When registering the results, it was found that the most pronounced sensitivity of yeast-like fungi of this species was to drugs from the group of azole derivatives. The most pronounced antifungal activity was noted by us in voriconazole.Conclusion. Based on the obtained data, an algorithm of systemic antimycotic therapy for oral candidiasis has been developed.

In the article substantiated the choice of antibacterial drugs for antimicrobial chemotherapy in acute and chronic odontogen rhinosynusitis. The algorithm of antimicrobial chemotherapy, prevention of complications of surgical interventions on sinuses and damage associated with sinus perforation in dental interventions is given in accordance with the WHO classification AWaRe (WHO). Antibiotics are divided into drugs of the first and second empirical choice, depending on the need for use.

Aim. To determine possible alternative algorithms for root canal disinfection through the combined use of chemical and physiotherapeutic irrigation techniques under in vitro conditions.Materials and methods. Single-root teeth removed according to orthodontic indications were used as a substrate for the formation of a biofilm. The formation of a mixed biofilm is carried out in several stages, successively introducing the following strains: Streptococcus sanguinis; Fusobacterium nucleatum; Porphyromonas gingivalis. Cultivation was carried out under fluid conditions under anaerobic conditions, for 168 hours. After the cultivation, the teeth were treated using: a solution of chlorhexidine bigluconate 2%; a solution of sodium hypochlorite 3%; photodynamic exposure with Fotoditazin photosensitizer; 1.0% sodium hypochlorite solution in combination with photodynamic exposure. The results were evaluated using scanning electron microscopy.Results. The results of scanning electron microscopy revealed differences between the samples of the control group and the comparison group. The number of bacterial cells was significantly lower in the comparison group than in the control group, however, in all samples, the presence of microbial biofilm sites was noted with varying degrees of severity. In the samples where standard concentrations were used, there was a change in the ultrastructure of the walls of the dentine tubules with its partial destruction and obturation by its own fragments of the walls with the presence of microbial cells. When using the photodynamic effect of destruction was not observed. The microbial landscape had a similar species composition, and more fragments of biofilm and individual cells were observed only in the case of PDT without a combination with an antiseptic.Conclusions. A comprehensive approach to endodontic treatment using photodynamic therapy together with antiseptic solutions in low concentrations allows us to achieve the best effect of pathogen eradication in comparison with the standard chemomechanical method.

Relevance . The association of chronic periodontitis with type 2 diabetes mellitus is one of the most frequent manifestations of systemic effects that are etiologically associated with periodontopathogenic bacteria in the biofilm of the gingival sulcus. In this regard, the study of the metabolic mechanisms leading to such systemic effects and serving their markers is an urgent problem. Aim . Study of the features of sphingolipid/ceramide metabolism, both produced by etiologically significant microflora, and present in periodontal tissues of patients on the example of the association of chronic periodontitis with type 2 diabetes. Materials and methods . The observation groups included 58 patients with chronic periodontitis in association with type 2 diabetes, 39 patients with chronic periodontitis without concomitant systemic pathology, and 27 conditionally healthy people. All the examined patients underwent molecular genetic studies of the taxonomic and metabolic profiles of the dental sulcus/ periodontal pockets microbiota using 16S sequencing and evaluation of phosphorylated ceramides in saliva by the activity of the ceramid kinase enzyme. Results . It was found that in the Association of chronic periodontitis with type 2 diabetes mellitus, there are features of the taxonomic composition of the dental sulcus/periodontal pockets microbiota, which are combined with a decrease in sphingolipid metabolism. In addition, in these patients, depending on the duration of diabetes mellitus, there was an increasing drop in the saliva of ceramide kinase, which determines the phosphorylation of sphingolipids/ceramides. Conclusion . In the Association of chronic periodontitis with type 2 diabetes mellitus, the systemic effects of the dental sulcus/ periodontal pockets microbiota are manifested by a decrease in sphingolipid metabolism, including a decrease in ceramide kinase in periodontal tissues, which can serve as a marker of the combined pathological process.

This work presents the results of scaling up an analytical technique for supercritical chiral separation of salbutamol to a preparative scale. Chromatographic conditions are determined, and a technique for the preparative separation of the enantiomers by supercritical fluid chromatography is developed, in which the concentration of the R-isomer of salbutamol (enantiomeric purity) is not less than 90% and the yield of the target product is more than 30%.

Human nutrition has changed dramatically over the past few decades. The food industry now offers a huge variety of attractive foods that are high in sugars and acids, and the average human consumption of these soft drinks, snacks and convenience foods has skyrocketed. It has been established that nutrition significantly affects dental health. For example, excessive consumption of sugar and sugar-containing foods significantly increases the development of tooth decay. On the other hand, it has been proven that the mechanical properties of the hardness and elastic modulus of enamel and dentin are a predictor of tissue erosion and cariogenic changes in the structure of teeth and can be considered as diagnostic indicators. In this regard, it seems interesting and timely to review the literature data on the study of the effect of sugar and sweet foods on the hardness of tooth enamel.

The effect of FDT on the processes of mucosal immunity, in particular, the cytokine profile, remains practically unstudied.Objective:clinical and immunological assessment of the effectiveness of FDT in the complex treatment of periimplantitis at the initial stage of the relief of the inflammatory process.Materials and research methods.The study included patients who contacted the dental institutions of the Republic of Dagestan and the clinic of the Department of Surgical Dentistry of Moscow State Medical University aged 20 to 49 years with a diagnosis of periimplantitis, a total of 61 people. 33 patients received the ABT (the main group 1), 28 patients received the PDT (the main group 2). The control group consisted of 76 patients with stable implants without signs of inflammation or periodontitis (intact periodontium). The concentration of cytokines TNF, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-17A in the oral fluid was determined by ELISA twice using the INFINITE F50 analyzer (TECAN, Austria) and test systems (Vector-Best, Novosibirsk, Russia). Results. Differences in the state of the cytokine profile in ABT (amoxicillin / sodium clavulanate at 825/125 mg 2 times a day for 7 days) and PDT (FotoSan 350 apparatus, photosensitizer toluidine blue: 4 sessions every 1 day for 40 sec) were found. The maximum cytokine response was observed in the evaluation of IL-1β (137–139 pg/ml) and IL-17A (161–172 pg/ml). After 1 month, statistically significant differences were revealed between the groups of patients with periimplantitis receiving different treatment options. The level of TNF-α decreased by 2.5 times and corresponded to the norm in the case of PDT, but with ABT it remained significantly higher, although we also observed a downward trend. The level of IL-17A showed a statistically significant decrease in PDT, while in ABT, the decrease was not significant. 3 months after treatment, complete normalization of the levels of TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-17A was observed in both compared groups, with the exception of IL-1β, which remained elevated: 8.6 times with PDT and 25 times with ABT.Conclusion.The cytokine profile of gingival fluid in periimplantitis is an important diagnostic marker for the severity of inflammation, which can confirm the presence of periimplantitis and predict the course. The content of IL-1β and IL-17 A reflects the severity of the process. Restoring normal levels of IL-1β is slower than IL-17 A.

Periodontal diseases, especially those with polymicrobial etiology, are often associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus, proceeding more severely and affecting the course of diabetes mellitus. Recently, this feature has been associated with the ability of periodontopathogen microflora to cause not only a local infectious process in the oral cavity, but also to interact with the human immune system and induce various systemic effects. We investigated changes in the salivary cytokine profile of patients with chronic periodontitis, associated and not associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus. We observed a statistically significant decrease of MCP-1/CCL2, GM-CSF, IL-5, IL-6, and IFN- in the saliva of patients with chronic periodontitis associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus in comparison with patients with chronic periodontitis only. All of these cytokines are associated with macrophage activation. These data are an important contribution to the elucidation of the mechanism of periodontopathogens involvement in the manifestation of the systemic effects of type 2 diabetes.

Means of antiseptic effects on the microflora of the oral cavity in the treatment of periodontitis are constantly being improved in connection with the non-guaranteed treatment results and the polyetiology of the disease. A microbiological study was conducted to substantiate the antimicrobial effect of the drug Krezacin denta of different concentrations in relation to a number of periodontopathogens and fungi of the genus Candida. The active substances of Krezacin dent are Krezacin 3% or 5% and metronidazole. The study was conducted in a bioreactor with automatic determination of the optical density of the culture of periodontopathogens in the presence of drugs. An identical study was conducted using the drug Metrogil dent. It was found that Metrogil denta has practically no effect on the culture of Candida albicans, while Krezacin denta inhibits the growth of Candida albicans at a concentration of 0.5% and 1.5% by 13.6%, and in more pronounced concentrations - up to 26, 6% Regarding S.aureus, Metrogil denta reduces the optical density of the culture of the indicated periodontopathogen by 34.7%, Krezacin denta by 49.8% at a concentration of 5.0%. S. Constellatus decreased its concentration in the presence of Metrogyl dent by 12.4%, while in the presence of Krezacin dent by 30.9%, starting from a concentration of 3%. Thus, we can state a more pronounced antimicrobial effect of Krezacin dent in comparison with Metrogil dent.

The article presents the results of a microbiological experiment to study the sensitivity of periodontal pathogens to coniferous polyprenols in the preparation of “Solagift”. The optica density of clinical isolates Streptococcus constellatus; Staphylococcus aureus; Fusobacterium nucleatum; Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans during cultivation with the addition of polyprenol concentrate 1:5 was measured during 3-7 days. Comparison criteria: the change in the phase of adaptation (lag-phase), the phase change of geometric growth, the amplitude of the peak phase of geometric growth, the duration of the stationary phase, the period of the withering away of culture. In comparison with the parameters of periodontal pathogens in the control, the presence of coniferous polyprenols led to a significant decrease in the activity of all microbes according to all criteria, especially Staphylococcus aureus, whose growth was completely suppressed.

The paper studies the notion of clinical observation of quite rare сongenital malformation of the heart — anomalous origin of the left coronal artery from a pulmonary barrel. In the article we tried to highlight the features of algorithm execution of radiological methods of diagnostics concerning this little-known pathology, in view of its large clinical interest.

Presents a modern understanding of the role of periodontophatogenic bacteria types: Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans), Tannerella forsythia (Bacteroides forsythus) and Porphyromonas gingivalis as indicators of periodontitis emergence and development risk. Therminological definitions are given of factors, indicators and markers of risk of periodontium inflammatory diseases development that show the level of importance of their association with the disease as well as the quantitative evaluation of these associations.

Diagnosis of the level of halitosis (bad breath) is very important, because this may indicate pathology gastrointestinal tract, upper respiratory tract, endocrine system. The most common cause of its occurrence is oral disease. Objective. To determine the effectiveness of the treatment of periodontal disease, halitosis accompanied by a galimetr apparatus. Materials and Methods. The study involved 118 people with periodontal disease of varying severity, accompanied by periodontitis. In the study group underwent a comprehensive treatment of periodontal disease, accompanied by halitosis, with the inclusion of probiotic complex. The control group consisted of 58 people with periodontitis, accompanied by halitosis, did not receive the probiotic complex. Periodontal status was determined by Silness-Loe index Myullemana index, measuring the depth of periodontal pockets. halitosis level determined by galimetr apparatus. The data were processed using statistical methods. Results. After treatment in both groups showed improvement in the patient's mouth and a statistically significant change in the indicators characterizing it. The average depth of the periodontal pocket of the first group ofpatients has decreased by 2 mm (or 40%) patients of the second group of reduction was 1.9 mm (or 42.2%). After 6 weeks of treatment of halitosis level significantly decreased in both groups. In the first group to 67.7 (6.4 times), the second group - to 157.8 (2.8 times). Level halitosis patients in group 6 weeks after treatment was significantly lower than the patients of the second group of halitosis. The level of halitosis patients of the first group is 2.3 times lower than that of the second group ofpatients, demonstrating the effectiveness of the treatment. Conclusions. The use of probiotic complex in treatment of inflammatory periodontal diseases, accompanied by halitosis increases the efficiency of traditional therapy. A galimetr is a necessary tool to measure and evaluate the level of halitosis.

Biofilm of the gingival sulcus from 22 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and periodontitis, 30 patients with periodontitis not complicated by diabetes mellitus (reference group), and 22 healthy volunteers without signs of gingival disease (control group) was studied by quantitative PCR. Quantitative analysis for the content of P. gingivalis, T. forsythia, A. ctinomycetemcomitans, T. denticola, P. intermedia, F. nucleatum/periodonticum, and P. endodontalis in the dental plaque was performed with a Dentoscreen kit. The presence of other bacterial groups was verified by metagenomic sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene to evaluate some specific features of the etiological factor for periodontitis in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Specimens of the Porphiromonadaceae and Fusobacteriaceae families were characterized by an extremely high incidence in combined pathology. The amount of Sphingobacteriaceae bacteria in the biofilm was shown to decrease significantly during periodontitis. Metagenomic analysis confirmed the pathogenic role of microbiota in combined pathology, as well as the hypothesis on a possible influence of periodontitis on the course and development of type 2 diabetes mellitus.

The review is devoted to the analysis of modern ideas about the role of bacteria Filifactor alocis in the etiology of chronic periodontitis. The study of these bacteria, discovered in 1985, is complicated by the difficulty of their detection with cultural methods. According to modern researches, the bacteria F.alocis with good reason can be included in the red complex of periodontal pathogens as the most important pathogens of chronic periodontitis. F.alocis is a synergist of such a key pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis, as well as a frequent satellite of Fusobacterium nucleatum and, somewhat less frequently, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. F.alocis is practically not found in healthy people (except for smokers), with a high frequency accompanies the aggressive course of periodontal disease, and also recorded in endodontitis. Due to the ability to participate in the metabolism of arginine, expressed protease activity, a wide range of virulence factors, F.alocis not only colonizes the periodontal tissues, but also significantly affects the formation of the community of periodontal microorganisms (including viruses), contributing to their invasion of epithelial tissues. F. alocis has a number of unique properties, including resistance to oxidative stress conditions in the home defeat, induction of apoptosis of epithelial cells, extracellular matrix degradation of periodontal tissues, activation of proinflammatory cytokines formulation in sites of its presence, suppression of protective reactions of neutrophilic granulocytes, inhibition of the process of complement activation.

The aim of this study was to conduct a clinical and laboratory study and evaluate the effectiveness of endodontic root canal treatment using a self-adapting files system (SAF) in the complex treatment of patients with chronic apical periodontitis. 3% sodium hypochlorite solution was used as irrigation agent in all groups which included 20 patients treated with conventional manual tools, 21 patients receiving treatment with ultrasonic activation of irrigant and 26 patients treated with SAF system. Root canal biofilm structure was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) using a Quantum 3D microscope (USA). Clinical efficiency of the root canal treatment was assessed by complications frequency a year after treatment. SEM revealed the presence of high levels of microbial contamination of dentine tubules in the apical portion of the tooth. In standard method group the percentage of re-treatment and surgery was higher than in the studied groups. Use of SAF irrigation system was associated with a decrease in the number of identified pathogens. However, the study revealed high resistance of Enterococcus spp., Porphyromonas gingivalis, Candida albicans to all types of endodontic treatment, so the improvement of methods of root canal microbial biofilms removing need to be continued.Цель данного исследования - проведение клинико-лабораторного обоснования и оценки эффективности эндодонтической обработки корневых каналов с использованием системы самоадаптирующихся файлов SAF и 3% раствора гипохлорита натрия в процессе комплексного лечения пациентов с хроническим апикальным периодонтитом. В качестве ирриганта во всех группах применяли 3% раствор гипохлорита натрия. В контрольной группе (20 больных) корневые каналы обрабатывали ручными инструментами, в группах сравнения проводили комплексное лечение с ультразвуковой активацией ирриганта (21 больной) и системой SAF (26 больных). Структуру биопленки корневых каналов изучали с помощью сканирующей электронной микроскопии (СЭМ) с использованием микроскопа Quantum 3D (США). Клиническую оценку влияния метода хемомеханической обработки на результат эндодонтического лечения проводили по частоте осложнений спустя год после лечения. При проведении СЭМ установлено наличие высокого уровня микробной контаминации зоны корневого канала и дентинных канальцев в апикальной части зуба. В группах, где использовалась стандартная методика лечения, процент повторного лечения и хирургического вмешательства был выше, чем в опытных группах. По результатам клинико-микробиологических исследований прослеживалась положительная тенденция к уменьшению количества патогенных микроорганизмов при использовании системы ирригации SAF. Однако стоит отметить, что установлена высокая устойчивость к любым использованным видам эндодонтической обработки представителей Enterococcus spp., Porphyromonas gingivalis, Candida albicans, поэтому совершенствование методов устранения микробной биопленки корневых каналов продолжается.Цель данного исследования — проведение клинико-лабораторного обоснования и оценки эффективности эндодонтической обработки корневых каналов с использованием системы самоадаптирующихся файлов SAF и 3% раствора гипохлорита натрия в процессе комплексного лечения пациентов с хроническим апикальным периодонтитом. В качестве ирриганта во всех группах применяли 3% раствор гипохлорита натрия. В контрольной группе (20 больных) корневые каналы обрабатывали ручными инструментами, в группах сравнения проводили комплексное лечение с ультразвуковой активацией ирриганта (21 больной) и системой SAF (26 больных). Структуру биопленки корневых каналов изучали с помощью сканирующей электронной микроскопии (СЭМ) с использованием микроскопа Quantum 3D (США). Клиническую оценку влияния метода хемомеханической обработки на результат эндодонтического лечения проводили по частоте осложнений спустя год после лечения. При проведении СЭМ установлено наличие высокого уровня микробной контаминации зоны корневого канала и дентинных канальцев в апикальной части зуба. В группах, где использовалась стандартная методика лечения, процент повторного лечения и хирургического вмешательства был выше, чем в опытных группах. По результатам клинико-микробиологических исследований прослеживалась положительная тенденция к уменьшению количества патогенных микроорганизмов при использовании системы ирригации SAF. Однако стоит отметить, что установлена высокая устойчивость к любым использованным видам эндодонтической обработки представителей Enterococcus spp., Porphyromonas gingivalis, Candida albicans, поэтому совершенствование методов устранения микробной биопленки корневых каналов продолжается.

Gingivitis and periodontitis are chronic inflammatory diseases of the periodontal tissue in humans caused by both environmental and genetic factors. The human cytokine genes that regulate the immune response may play an important role in the development of these chronic inflammatory diseases. The aim of this study is to analyze the allele status of eight human cytokine genes and to associate it with the inflammation of periodontal tissue in humans. A total of 296 unrelated males of Russian origin were studied. A significant association of the IL1B and IL6 minor alleles and gingivitis was found. In addition, we found a significant association of the OHI-S index with the IL18 gene alleles. The influence of genetic factors on gingivitis may contribute to the understanding of the mechanisms of interaction between genetic and environmental factors in periodontal conditions, and to the identification of risk groups for effective prevention and treatment.

New quinine-based polyfunctional aryl phosphite was synthesized. The phosphorus center in the new compound is characterized by a large cone angle (θ = 190°). The new compound can be used in the Pd-catalyzed enantioselective rearrangement of cyclic O-allylic thiocarbamate into S-allylic thiocarbamate in an optical yield of up to 47% with a quantitative conversion.

New quinine-based polyfunctional aryl phosphite was synthesized. The phosphorus center in the new compound is characterized by a large cone angle (θ = 190°). The new compound can be used in the Pd-catalyzed enantioselective rearrangement of cyclic O-allylic thiocarbamate into S-allylic thiocarbamate in an optical yield of up to 47% with a quantitative conversion.

Standard sources of radiation have not sufficient efficiency at treating spatially extended pathology, especially when pathologic areas involve opposite sides of the human being's body or when they are uneven in shape. The typical examples of such pathology are extensive burns, oedema, inflammatory processes, infectious wounds, actinic keratosis, psoriasis, arthritis and neurological diseases. Superbright LEDs gathered in a matrix and grasping the area of irradiation are the most suitable sources of radiation. This article presents the result of investigation of the effectiveness of various types of the blue-to-infrared spectrum range LED array that allow irradiating a surface with an area from several cm 2 to several thousand cm 2 including the whole human being's body with the intensity varying from 1 to 100 mW/cm 2 . Besides the matrixes, composed of separate light diodes, modular systems with separate monolithic hybrid chips with a high density of positioning the sources of radiation are considered. The peculiarities and results of applying such systems to treat oedema, cancer, weight regulation, neurological diseases, different infections diseases in combination with PDT, stomatitis and paradontosis are analyzed. The parameters of the photomatrix LED for different spectral regions and different geometry from flat shape to semispherical and cylindrical are presented. The perspective combination photomatrix LED with another therapeutical devices including photovacuum and photomagnetic therapy are considered.

In an investigation of the influence of the principal factors on the rate of slip casting quartz ceramics it was established that the density (porosity) of the deposited cast body is the main determining factor in the casting rate. The density of the body depends on the degree of stabilization, the pH, and the granularity of the slip suspension, and on the use of vibration. The casting rate may vary tenfold with the porosity of the casting. The factors which increase the density of the casting reduce the casting rate to the same extent, and vice versa. The casting rate is influenced, moreover, also by the water/plaster ratio of the mold and by the moisture content (density) of the slip suspension.