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Monitoring of the existence of the Javan Leopard (Panthera pardus melas) in the Nusakambangan Timur Nature Reserve, Cilacap Regency, has been carried out in July-November 2020. Monitoring is carried out using the method of collecting signs of animal presence and installing camera traps. Photos / videos caught on camera traps are counted on the encounter rate. The monitoring results obtained 97 videos which were divided into 6 videos of P.p. melas, 15 videos of wild boar (Sus scrofa), 1 video of mouse deer (Tragulus javanicus), 2 videos of mountain squirrels (Tupaia montana), 1 video of mice (Apodemus sp.) 20 videos of human activities, and 47 videos of non detection. The result of the Encounter Rate calculation shows the result of P.p. melas 4.44 / 100 days; wild boar 11.85 / 100 days; Squirrels 1.48 / 100 days; rats and mouse deer 0.74 / 100 days, respectively. Meanwhile, for the trail of P.p. melas found 2 impurities.

The lesser mouse-deer Tragulus kanchil Raffles, 1821 is a small, herbivorous mammal inhabiting regions of Southeast Asia. Unlike other species belonging to the same genus, the lesser mouse-deer is not critically endangered, however the biology and population size of the species are not studied well enough. So far no methods of monitoring of the species condition have been developed and for this reason, an exemplary protocol of the monitoring of lesser mouse-deer is presented in the paper below. The main goal of such studies is to estimate the population size and density, as well as to assess the quality of the habitat occupied by the animals. In order to evaluate the species condition, population and habitat indicators were developed. The methodology of studies is mostly based on counting specimens in transects, together with assessing the habitat quality and availability of food supply. Supplementary methods were suggested, such as genetic testing and using camera traps. Conducting such research is believed to aid in better understanding of the environmental requirements and possible threats, which may have a significant impact on the lesser mouse- -deer population. In the future, methods suggested in this paper can be improved or extended, so that the matter is examined as comprehensively as possible and suitable conservation measures can be applied.

The mouse-deer or chevrotains are the smallest of the ungulates and ruminants. They are characterized by a number of traits which are considered plesiomorphic for the Artiodactyla order. The objective of this study was to examine sleep in the lesser mouse-deer (Tragulus kanchil), which is the smallest in this group (body mass < 2.2 kg). Electroencephalogram, nuchal electromyogram, electrooculogram, and body acceleration were recorded in four adult mouse-deer females using a telemetry system in Bu Gia Map National Park in Vietnam. The mouse-deer spent on average 49.7 ± 3.0% of 24 h in non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. REM sleep occupied 1.7 ± 0.3% of 24 h or 3.2 ± 0.5% of total sleep time. The average duration of REM sleep episodes was 2.0 ± 0.2 min, the average maximum was 5.1 ± 1.1 min, and the longest episodes lasted 8 min. NREM sleep occurred in sternal recumbency with the head held above the ground while 64.7 ± 6.4% of REM sleep occurred with the head resting on the ground. The eyes were open throughout most of the NREM sleep period. The mouse-deer displayed polyphasic sleep and crepuscular peaks in activity (04:00–06:00 and 18:00–19:00). The largest amounts of NREM occurred in the morning (06:00–09:00) and the smallest before dusk (at 04:00–06:00). REM sleep occurred throughout most of the daylight hours (08:00–16:00) and in the first half of the night (19:00–02:00). We suggest that the pattern and timing of sleep in the lesser mouse-deer is adapted to the survival of a small herbivorous animal, subject to predation, living in high environmental temperatures in the tropical forest undergrowth.

The pattern of sleep and circadian activity of the lesser mouse-deer (Tragulus kanchil) that is the smallest (body mass between 1.5 and 2.2 kg) representative of the basal group (Tragulidae) of even-toed ungulates which evolved 40–50 Ma were studied. In naturalistic conditions, a total of 30 days of full-day video of the animal behavior and 15 days of 24-h polysomnographic data were collected in 6 animals. The mouse-deer were active less than 20% of 24 h and were quiescent during 60–80% of the remaining time. Slow wave sleep (SWS) accounted for on average 49.7 ± 3.7% of 24 h and paradoxical (rapid eye movement, REM) sleep accounted for 1.7 ± 0.3% of 24 h. During the majority of SWS (87.0 ± 4.4%) the eyes were open. The most of SWS and REM sleep occurred during the daytime hours (9 a.m. to 4 p.m.) and in the first half of the night (8 p.m. to 2 a.m.); the animals were most active during twilight hours (4–6 a.m. and 6–7 p.m.). We suggest that the main features of sleep in the mouse-deer are largely determined by ecological factors, including environmental temperature and predation, as well as the size and physiology of the mouse-deer.

Mouse-deer, represented by the extant genera Tragulus, Moschiola and Hyemoschus, are among the smallest living ruminants. Today these animals are exclusively distributed in the Indo-Malayan and Afrotropical regions. For the past sixty years, the taxonomic classification of mouse-deer included the species H. aquaticus, T./M. meminna, T. kanchil/T. javanicus, and T. javanicus/T. napu, and these species names were therefore used widely to label material stored in scientific collections. However, recent revisions based on broad phenomic analyses of specimens from collections in Asia, Europe, and North America indicate that there are in fact seven species in Tragulus and three (or four) in Moschiola, and thus challenge works with collection specimens named based on the older classification. This paper presents the results from an independent, multivariate morphometrical analysis of a small sample set of 43 Tragulus and Moschiola skulls kept in public collections in Basel, Munich, Stuttgart, and Vienna that was conducted to explore character diversity. Our results revealed three morphometric clusters in Tragulus and two in Moschiola that concur with some of the recently revised species concepts, i.e. T. napu ('our' Borneo, Sumatra, and Sunda Islands specimens), T. kanchil ('our' Sumatra and Thailand specimens), T. javanicus ('our' Java specimens), M. indica ('our' India specimens) and M. meminna/M. kathygre ('our' Sri Lanka specimens). To assist keepers of osteological collections with the identification of tragulids based on the most recent taxonomy, we have assembled a chart providing revised taxonomic assessments of all 43 specimens included in our analysis. In addition, we have quantified a hitherto undocumented difference in the neurocranium geometry among Asian tragulids. Individuals with a globose neurocranium are shown to belong to T. javanicus and T. kanchil, while those possessing a non-globose neurocranium are in Moschiola spp. and T. napu.

The mitochondrial genome of Indian mouse deer (Moschiola indica) was sequenced, assembled and characterized for the first time using 22 pairs of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers. The mitogenome of M. indica which is 16,444 bp in size was found very similar to most vertebrates in organisation that harbours 13 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer RNA, 2 ribosomal RNA and 1A + T-rich region. Its comparison with over 52 mitogenomes of the order Artiodactyla, showed a conserved nature of gene organisation, codon usage, gene orientation and evolutionary rates of proteins except that M. indica possesses an extra copy of trnF. The complete mitogenome and protein-coding genes of M. indica were found to be highly A + T biased. Rate of protein evolution was highest in atp8 and lowest in cox3. Further, a higher purifying selection pressure was found to be acting on family Tragulidae compared to Bovidae and Cervidae. The phylogenetic analysis of M. indica placed the Tragulidae as sister-group of all other ruminants, similar to previous analyses. Moschiola forms the sister-group to the other two tragulid genera Tragulus (from Asia) and Hyemoschus (from Africa), which is unexpected as usually the Asian species are thought to form a monophyletic group.

Mouse deer are primitive, forest ungulates found in Asia and Africa. Both the lesser mouse deer (Tragulus javanicus) and the Philippine mouse deer (T. nigricans) are managed in European zoos, but inconsistent breeding success between institutions, high neonatal mortality and a general lack of research on their husbandry and behaviour were identified by the coordinators of the European Endangered Species Programme (EEP) and the European Studbook (ESB) for each species, respectively. This study is the first to provide a behavioural description for the Philippine mouse deer and to compile a detailed behavioural repertoire for both species. Our aim was to identify the effects of current husbandry and management practices on the reproduction, behaviour and welfare of zoo-housed mouse deer. Questionnaires on husbandry and management practices were sent to all institutions in the EEP and ESB for the lesser and Philippine mouse deer, respectively, and behavioural data were collected in 15 of these zoos. For the lesser mouse deer, results show a positive effect of vegetation cover on breeding success, foraging and moving behaviours. The provision of enrichment and presence of water ponds also positively affected these behaviours. The time that pairs spent in close proximity had a negative effect on breeding success, but animals in more vegetated enclosures spent less time in close proximity to each other. Results could be partially explained by the natural habitat of this usually solitary species being tropical forest, which provides local water sources and undergrowth for cover from predators. For the Philippine mouse deer there were differences in activity measures recorded between zoos, but the sample size was small with differences in training, enrichment and vegetation cover likely to have been important. In conclusion, since mouse deer inhabit overlapping male and female territories, the usual practice of housing breeding pairs together may be appropriate, but we suggest that they should be provided with opportunities to avoid each other in complex enclosures with ample vegetation cover to maximise their natural behavioural repertoire and breeding success.

Despite its growing use in anatomical and ecological studies, the morphological variability and ontogenetic development of the bony labyrinth have very rarely been investigated in ruminants. Here we study its morphology in 15 adult and 10 juvenile specimens in the three extant tragulid ruminant genera. Intraspecific and interspecific variability is quantified using morphometric and 3D geometric morphometrics analyses. The bony labyrinth of Tragulus, Hyemoschus, and Moschiola is strikingly different, clustering in clearly different morphospaces despite similar ecological adaptations. Although the bony labyrinths within two species of the same genus cannot be distinguished from each other based on the chosen semi-landmarks, discrete interspecific differences exist. We were able to show for the first time that an artiodactyl mammal in a late fetal stage possesses an almost fully formed bony labyrinth similar to that of adults. No significant change either occurs in size or morphology after ossification of the petrosal bone. Some intraspecific variation is observed on the shape of the lateral semi-circular canal, the size and shape of the common crus, the coil of the cochlea or the stapedial ratio. Variable structures are expected to be highly informative characters for a large cladistic analysis. They can be used for phylogenetic studies in ruminants. Incorporating juvenile specimens in studies is not problematic, as they fall within the morphological range of adults.

Introduction and methods Tragulus, the mouse deer, is considered the most primitive ruminant, with a diffuse placenta grossly quite unlike the cotyledonary type of the other ruminants. This immunocytochemical investigation of placental transporters was designed to elucidate possible mechanisms of evolution to the cotyledonary form. Results and discussion Tragulus expresses several of the major transport systems characteristic of the ruminants: the trophoblast binucleate cell (BNC) dynamics, the requirement for two isoforms, GT1 and GT3, for glucose transport, the provision of Aquaporin 3 for water control, and uterine milk and histiotrophic secretion from uterine glands. However whereas the expression of the 9kD Calcium Binding Protein (9CBP) for calcium transport in ruminants is restricted to the intercotyledonary trophoblast with its areolae, Tragulus, having no intercotyledonary area, expresses 9CBP throughout the villus trophoblast. There is some localised development of areolar-like structures in the mid term Tragulus but it is insignificant at term. The strong expression of Glucose Transporter 1 (GT1) in the BNC granules is unique to Tragulus. Conclusion Tragulus relies on essentially similar transport and BNC dynamics as the other ruminants. Thus the evolutionary pressures driving the development of the cotyledonary placenta probably lie in the increase in body size and the consequent need for a larger placental area to ensure sufficient glucose for the fetus. The delivery in Tragulus of GT1 to the maternal facing side may be this species unique solution to maintain the glucose supply.

The effects of different levels of dietary fiber on feed intake, digestibility, mean retention times of solute and particle and heat production were studied in twelve male lesser mouse deer (Tragulus javanicus). The animals were randomly assigned into four groups of three mouse deer each and fed on individual basis. Four diets, namely A, B, C and D were prepared in pellet forms. Each diet contained ∼14% crude protein and ∼18 kJ/g gross energy. The crude fiber contents of diet A, B, C and D were 4.2, 11.3, 16.8 and 22.5%, respectively. The results showed that the crude fiber intake of mouse deer was 1.4 ± 0.04, 3.8 ± 0.4, 5.8 ± 0.7 and 6.0 ± 0.6 g/kg W0.75/d fed diet A, B, C and D, respectively. Mouse deer fed diet D had significantly lower DM intake than those fed lower levels of fiber. The digestibility values of DM decreased gradually with increasing levels of fiber in the diet. The mean retention times (MRTs) of particles (∼1.5 mm) in the reticulorumen were in the range of (19.0–22.9 h), with the shortest time for mouse deer fed diet D. However mouse deer fed diet C and D showed significant shorter solute MRT in the reticulorumen (17.1–18.5 h) when compared to mouse deer fed lower fiber diets (21.4–21.9 h). The selectivity factor in the reticulorumen was in the range of 1.04–1.18, indicating the mouse deer to be a ‘moose-type’ ruminant. Fiber levels had no significant effect on water intake of mouse deer. Heat production tended to decrease with increasing levels of fiber (448.3–435.7 kJ/kg W0.75/d) but differences among the mouse deer fed the four diets were not significant.

Tragulidae is a primitive ungulate family within the order Cetartiodactyla, suborder Ruminantia. Domestic ruminants such as cattle, sheep, and goat have two types of Peyer's patches (PP): jejunal and ileal PP, in which there are morphological and functional differences. In this study, lesser mouse deer (Tragulus javanicus) PP was studied by gross anatomical and histological procedures. At the fetal stage, both types of PP were formed in the small intestine. Ileal PP was observed as a single continuous aggregation of lymphatic follicles extending cranially from the ileo-caecal junction. However, jejunal PP was observed as multiple and discrete accumulations of lymphatic follicles. This study showed that the lesser mouse deer has two types of PP in the small intestine. In addition, the anatomical and histological characteristics of jejunal and ileal PP are quite similar to those of other ruminants' jejunal and ileal PP. Further studies are needed to analyze immune function of both PP in lesser mouse deer in order to determine the evolutionary process of Cetartiodactyla.

A study was conducted to determine the energy requirement for maintenance of eight lesser mouse deer, consisting of four growing males (6–8 months of age) with average body weight of 1.4 ± 0.2 kg and four adult males (>2 years of age) with average body weight of 1.6 ± 0.2 kg. The animals were from the colony reared at the Department of Animal Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia. The experiment was based on a 2 × 4 factorial arrangement in Latin-Square design. The animals were kept in single pens and fed with different levels of feed (70%, 80%, 90% and 100% of ad libitum intake). The feed was made up of 95% pellet and 5% ‘kangkong’ (Ipomoea aquatica) leaves. The energy requirement for maintenance was determined by using the regression equations between metabolisable energy intake and energy retention or body weight change. Energy retention was calculated as the difference between metabolisable energy intake and heat production. The results showed that the metabolisable energy requirements for maintenance when calculated based on energy retention were 420.1 and 422.9 kJ kg−0.75 d−1 for growing and adult mouse deer, respectively, and when calculated based on weight change the values were 435.1 and 436.9 kJ kg−0.75 d−1, respectively. The efficiency of utilization of metabolisable energy for maintenance (km) for growing mouse deer was 0.58 and that for adult mouse deer was 0.54.

Although Tragulidae, as the basal family in Ruminantia phylogenetic tree, is the key taxon for understanding the early chromosome evolution of extant ruminants, comparative molecular cytogenetic data on the tragulids are scarce. Here, we present the first genome-wide comparative map of the Java mouse deer (Tragulus javanicus, Tragulidae) revealed by chromosome painting with human and dromedary probes. Together with the published comparative maps of major representative cetartiodactyl species established with the same set of probes, our results allowed us to reconstruct a 2n = 48 Ruminantia ancestral karyotype, which is similar to the cetartiodactyl ancestral karyotype. The karyotype evolution of T. javanicus has involved multiple rearrangements, most of which appear to be apomorphic and have not found in karyotype evolution of pecoran species (i.e., Ruminantia excluding Tragulidae). The rate of chromosome evolution of the mouse deer was rather low-0.4 R/Ma, while the estimated tempo of chromosome changes on the lineages leading from Cetartiodactyla ancestor to Ruminantia and from Ruminantia to Pecora were roughly the same (about 1.2 R/Ma).

Lesser mouse deer is a native animal, which is commonly found in the forest of Java and information concerning this animal is still limited. This research explored the quality of lesser mouse deer meat ( Tragulus javanicus ). Eight lesser mouse deer (four females and four males) were used in quality aspects of lesser mouse deer meat. The physical properties observed were pH, water holding capacity, tenderness, and cooking loss. While the chemical properties observed were proximate analysis, amino acids, fatty acids, cholesterol, and EPA-DHA of the meat. The results showed that meat samples had average of ultimate pH (6.32), water holding capacity (32.82%), tenderness (1.80 kg f/m2), and cooking loss (45.15%). The average meat chemical compositions namely content of water, protein, fat, ash and cholesterol were 76.33%, 21.42%, 0.51%, 1.20%, and 50.00 mg/100 g, respectively. Fatty acids consisted of lauric, miristic, palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acid were in the amount of 1.04% 3.09%, 30.97%, 0.77%, 59.41%, 3.22%, and 1.12%, respectively. The total EPA and DHA was 0.13% and 0.05%. Respectively, the results showed that quality aspects of lesser mouse deer meat had a high ultimate pH, low water holding capacity, tenderness, high cooking loss, and high water content, high protein, low fat and high cholesterol.

We examined unique erythrocyte pits of the peripheral blood and bone marrow in the lesser mouse deer, Tragulus javanicus, using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). Under the SEM observation, the pit was observed as a hole on both mature erythrocytes of the peripheral blood and immature erythrocytes of the bone marrow. By the TEM, the mature erythrocytes had a vacuole, which showed complicated shape and occupied considerable space within the cytoplasm. The vacuole was communicated extracellularly by perforation, which corresponded to the hole on the cell surface. In the bone marrow, erythroblast and reticulocytes have a cytoplasmic vacuole. This abnormal feature of the erythrocytes is peculiar to the mouse deer, and not found in other tropical ruminants. Despite the disadvantage of volume loss from the small erythrocytes, the mouse deer were healthy and showed no signs of anaemia.

The Tragulidae are the living relics of the basal ruminant stock. They have a diffuse placenta, with no aggregations of the placental villi into localised placentomes characteristic of all other ruminants. Despite this difference, this ultrastructural and immunocytochemical investigation demonstrates that in Tragulus the trophoblast binucleate cell (BNC) plays the same central role in development and structure as in all other ruminants. It shows an identical development and ultrastructure, produces granules reactive with bovine placental lactogen and pregnancy associated glycoprotein antibodies, and migrates when mature through the trophoblast tight junction to fuse into a mosaic of syncytial plaques from which the granules are released to the mother and which have replaced the uterine epithelium. Unlike the persistent plaques in the sheep and goat placenta, in Tragulus they are transient, dying by apoptosis with the fragments phagocytosed by the trophoblast. This brings the trophoblast into direct endotheliochorial apposition to maternal tissue until BNC migration and fusion replace the dead plaque. This intimate fetomaternal confrontation has not been shown in any other ruminant, and could be a relic of the evolutionary development of the synepitheliochorial from the original basic eutherian endo- or hemo-chorial placenta.

The intracranial carotid rete (or rete mirabile epidurale) is a unique blood vascular system supplying the brain of artiodactyls, which have either an involuted or no internal carotid artery. Although the lesser and greater mouse deer (Tragulus javanicus and T. napu, respectively) are ruminants, the rete mirabile epidurale is absent. In these animals, as in non-artiodactyls, such as canines, equines and humans, the complete internal carotid artery supplies the brain. It is currently uncertain whether the absence of the rete is confined to mouse deer among ruminants. The absence of the rete in mouse deer provides new insights into the evolution of the arterial system in artiodactyls.

Ruminantia, the ruminating, hoofed mammals (cow, deer, giraffe and allies) are an unranked artiodactylan clade. Around 50-60 million years ago the BovB retrotransposon entered the ancestral ruminantian genome through horizontal gene transfer. A survey genome screen using 454-pyrosequencing of the Java mouse deer (Tragulus javanicus) and the lesser kudu (Tragelaphus imberbis) was done to investigate and to compare the landscape of transposable elements within Ruminantia. The family Tragulidae (mouse deer) is the only representative of Tragulina and phylogenetically important, because it represents the earliest divergence in Ruminantia. The data analyses show that, relative to other ruminantian species, the lesser kudu genome has seen an expansion of BovB Long INterspersed Elements (LINEs) and BovB related Short INterspersed Elements (SINEs) like BOVA2. In comparison the genome of Java mouse deer has fewer BovB elements than other ruminants, especially Bovinae, and has in addition a novel CHR-3 SINE most likely propagated by LINE-1. By contrast the other ruminants have low amounts of CHR SINEs but high numbers of actively propagating BovB-derived and BovB-propagated SINEs. The survey sequencing data suggest that the transposable element landscape in mouse deer (Tragulina) is unique among Ruminantia, suggesting a lineage specific evolutionary trajectory that does not involve BovB mediated retrotransposition. This shows that the genomic landscape of mobile genetic elements can rapidly change in any lineage.

The morphology of the intermandibular gland of the Lesser mouse deer (Tragulus javanicus), which plays an important function in marking area and territory and in the reproductive behaviour of the animal, was examined using immunohistochemistry, lectin histochemistry and scanning electron microscopy. The gland was composed of sebaceous and apocrine glandular material. Sebaceous glands occupied a greater area of the total gland and consisted of many large lobules with polyhedral cells having a pale cytoplasm. The sebaceous gland, being holocrine, possessed no special secretory ducts. The apocrine gland was lined by cuboid cells and the secretory products were often seen in the apical portions of the cells. Myoepithelial cells contained actin filaments lining the basal membranes of the apocrine gland and were surrounded by nerve fibres which immunostained with protein gene product 9.5. The secretion of the gland appears to be a mixture of larger amounts of lipid material from sebaceous glands, and glycoconjugates secreted by both sebaceous and apocrine glands. Lectin histochemistry detected these as galactose, N-acetyl-D-galactosamine, N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, D-mannose and D-glucose. The male gland was larger in size and contained more N-acetyl galactosamine and N-acetyl glucosamine in its secretion than the gland of the female. This implied the presence of sexual differences in secretions in the intermandibular gland of the Lesser mouse deer.

This study investigates the transmission of bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) 1f from a persistently infected (PI) lesser Malayan mousedeer to two bovine calves. Different contact routes to two calves were analysed: 1) aerosol contact between two adjacent pens without physical contact; 2) indirect contact by use of common utensils; 3) direct nose-to-nose contact for 30 seconds. One of the calves was infected either by aerosol or indirect contact. The virus sequence in 247 nucleotides in the 5'-UTR was 100% identical in mousedeer and calf. To elucidate the distribution of BVDV within the affected mousedeer family the captive population in a Zoo was analysed. The maternal line of PI animals was maintained, whereas a PI male was able to reproduce and have a non-PI calf. As a consequence of this, six female PI mousedeer were killed; subsequent autopsies did not reveal any lesions. Sequencing mousedeer BVD virus in the E2 region (420 nucleotides) through 4 generations showed only 7 mutations, which were maintained from mother to offspring.

An initial study on the habitat distribution and diversity of plants as feed resources for mouse deer (Tragulus javanicus) and barking deer (Muntiacus muntjak) was conducted at Gunung Halimun National Park. The survey was carried out by visiting places where mouse deer and barking deer are usually seen, and collecting specimens of the plant species on which those animals feed. In Gunung Kendeng the mouse deer prefers forest habitats up to a height of 1,100 m asl, such as dense bush, rock crevices or tree hollows, dense tea plantations, and bush areas not far from rivers. Barking deer prefer forests up to a height of 1,100 m asl in Gunung Kendeng, but up to 1,600 m asl in Gunung Botol. Barking deer prefer dense bush on the forest edges. Results showed 50 plant species consisting of 22 families as possible feed resources for mouse deer and barking deer.

Mouse deer is known as the smallest and one of the most primitive ruminants. The lesser and the greater mouse deer originated in three different parts of Malaysia were examined for cytogenetic study. The chromosome number of the mouse deer was 2n=32, consisted of 15 metacentric autosome pairs and X and Y sex chromosome pair. G-, R-band revealed polymorphisms of sex chromosomes among the mouse deer from different origins. X chro- mosome varied in length of short arm between the lesser and the greater mouse deer. Y chromosome showed poly- morphisms not only between the lesser and the greater mouse deer, but also among the lesser mouse deer from dif- ferent origins. The 18S-28S rRNA genes (18S-28S rDNA) were localized only in the X and Y chromosomes in both lesser and greater mouse deer by the Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) method. The hybridization signals of 18S-28S rDNA showed polymorphisms not only in size, but also in their distribution patterns on the sex chromo- somes. In addition to the general banding methods, the FISH analysis determined that the greater mouse deer from Tioman island would be remarkably different from the lesser mouse deer. The cytogenetic observations investigated in this study could be informative to characterize the lesser and the greater mouse deer. And it is also suggested that the chromosomal change would reflect that the relationship between the geographic distribution and speciation among the mouse deer.

We examined the phylogeographic structure of the Lesser Mouse deer (Tragulus javanicus) and the Greater Mouse deer (Tragulus napu) from sequence data of mitochondrial cytochrome b gene. Three major clusters were observed on phylogenetic trees, as follows: 1) T. javanicus from the Asian mainland (Malayan Peninsula and Laos), 2) T. javanicus from Borneo Island (Sabah, Malaysia), 3) T. napu from Borneo and Pulau Tioman. Tragulus napu forms the sister lineage to all populations of T. javanicus, thereby supporting the current separation of these taxa at species level and traditional taxonomical identification of the two species by throat color. Within T. javanicus, the primary genetic separation is between the Borneo Island population and those from the Southeast Asian mainland. We suggest that subspecies should be recognised within this widespread taxon. A secondary separation within T. javanicus is observed between populations to the north and south of the Isthmus of Kra.

The taxonomy of South-East Asian mouse-deer (Tragulus) is complex, and after some 120 years of considerable taxonomic revisions of the genus a clear key is still lacking for the determination of species and subspecies. Through craniometrical analysis of 338 skulls of Tragulus and some study of coat coloration patterns we have come to a better understanding of mouse-deer taxonomy. Our results show that there are three species groups: the T. javanicus-group, the T. napu-group, and T. versicolor. Within the T. javanicus-group we recognize three species: T. javanicus (from Java), T. williamsoni (from northern Thailand and possibly southern China), and T. kanchil (from the rest of the range), and within these species we provisionally recognize 16 subspecies. Within the T. napu-group we recognize two species: T. nigricans (from Balabac), and T. napu (from the rest of the range); within these species we provisionally recognize eight subspecies. T. versicolor from Nhatrang, south-east Vietnam, is distinct from the two previous groups; it is, however, unclear whether this species is still extant. © 2004 The Linnean Society of London, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2004, 140, 63–102.

We examined the geographical variation of the skull size and shape of the lesser mouse deer (Tragulus javanicus) from Laos, Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Langkawi and some Islands of Tenasserim in Myanmar. Although the influence of the climatic condition on skull size was not confirmed in the mainland populations, the skull became rostro-caudally longer in the populations of Tenasserim and Sumatra because of island isolation effect. The skull size was classified into the following three clusters of localities from the matrix of Q-mode correlation coefficients: 1) Langkawi and Tenasserim, 2) Laos and Thailand, 3) Sumatra and Borneo. The skulls in the population of Java belong to the cluster of Langkawi and Tenasserim in male, however were morphologically similar to those in the cluster of Borneo and Sumatra. The canonical discriminant analysis pointed out that the Laos and Tenasserim populations were separated from the other ones and that the populations of Sumatra, Java and Borneo were intermingled each other.

Activities and habitat use of lesser mouse-deer (Tragulus javanicus), a common but poorly studied ruminant native to lowland tropical forests of Southeast Asia, were investigated by full-day radiotracking and direct visual observations in the Kabili-Sepilok Forest Reserve, Sabah, Borneo. The mouse-deer was thought to be nocturnal, but diurnal distance moved per hour and behaviors observed directly in wild mouse-deer indicated that they were mainly active during the day and rested at night. Active individuals foraging or moving from shelter to shelter were mainly observed during the day, and inactive individuals resting on open forest floor were mainly observed during the night. Captive mouse-deer observed in a farm enclosure (1.5 ha in size) also showed activities similar to those observed in the forest. Radiotracking for 24 h revealed that mouse-deer significantly preferred crown-gap areas with dense undergrowth of creeping bamboo (Dinochloa) during the day but that they tended to move to the higher and drier ridge areas at night. These results indicated that mouse-deer used crown-gap areas as foraging sites and ridge areas as resting sites. Our results strongly suggest that mouse-deer use food resources in gap areas in tropical forests. Key words: activity, Borneo, gap, habitat use, home range, mouse-deer, Tragulidae, Tragulus javanicus, tropical forest

Heat production (HP) of male and female mouse deer during eating, standing and sitting was determined using the open circuit respiration chamber (RC). The time taken for similar activities was also determined in an outdoor enclosure (OD). The animals were fed kangkong (Ipomoea aquatica), sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) and rabbit pellet ad libitum. Male mouse deer consumed more dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM) and gross energy (GE) than female. The time for each activity of male and female mouse deer kept in RC and OD was similar. The average time spent in RC and OD for both male and female, respectively, for sitting (956 and 896 min/day) was significantly (P0.01) longer than standing (463 and 520 min/day) and eating (21 and 24 min/day). Heat production for male and female mouse deer, respectively, during eating was the highest (0.44 and 0.43 kJ/kg W(0.75)/min) followed by standing (0.37 and 0.33 kJ/kgW(0.75)/min) and sitting (0.26 and 0.26 kJ/kg W(0.75)/min). The difference in HP per min during standing between male and female was significant (P0.05). The HP for 08.00-14.00 h and 14.00-20.00 h periods were higher than 20.00-02.00 h and 02.00-08.00 h periods. The overall HP for males during 08.00-14.00 h and 14.00-20.00 h periods were significantly (P0.05) higher (114.8 and 119.2 kJ/kg W(0.75)) than female (107.5 and 110.4 kJ/kg W(0.75)), respectively.

A preference test on feed and nutrient intakes were conducted on four male (1.25±0.08 kg) and four female (1.21±0.15 kg) lesser mouse deer (Tragulus javanicus) in captivity. Each animal was kept in individual cages placed in a well-ventilated animal house. The experiment was conducted in two weeks, where the first week was for adaptation to the feeds and the second week for measurements of nutrient intake, nutrient digestibility and nitrogen balance. The feeds offered were kangkong (Ipomoea aquatica), long bean (Vigna sinensis) and french bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) as roughages and proteinaceous feeds; sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) and carrot (Daucus carota) as carbohydrate-rich feeds; and commercial rabbit pellet (0.3 cm diameter and 0.5 cm long) as a complete feed. The dry matter (DM) content of each feed in the order mentioned above was 7.1, 6.1, 3.9, 18.5, 6.2 and 87.6%, respectively. Long bean had the highest protein (CP) content (29.7%), while sweet potato had the lowest (6.2%). The CP contents of other feeds were within the range of 14.2 -25.1%. Among the feeds, carrot had the lowest energy content (3.83 kcal/g) and long bean the highest (4.67 kcal/g). When fresh weight of the feed was considered, the male mouse deer consumed sweet potato the most (86.3±12.90 g/d), but the female had a high preference for carrot (79.2±9.76 g/d). The other feeds were consumed in lesser amounts. However, in terms of DM of the feed, the amount of commercial pellet consumed was the highest for both male (45.0±5.10%) and female (44.7±7.38%) mouse deer, followed by sweet potato (33.1±4.43% and 22.4±7.73% for male and female, respectively), Significant (p

Gross anatomical features of the male genital organs and accessory genital glands of the lesser mouse deer ( Tragulus javanicus ) are described. The long fibroelastic penis lacks a prominent glans and is coiled at its free end to form two and one-half turns. Near the tight coils of the penis, on the right ventrolateral aspect, lies a U-shaped ventral process. The scrotum is prominent, unpigmented, and devoid of hair and is attached close to the body, high in the perineal region. The ovoid, obliquely oriented testes carry a large cauda and caput epididymis. Accessory genital glands consist of paired, lobulated, club-shaped vesicular glands, and a pair of ovoid bulbourethral glands. A well-defined prostate gland was not observed on the surface of the pelvic urethra. Many features of the male genital organs of T. javanicus are pleisomorphic, being retained from suiod ancestors of the Artiodactyla.

The lesser mouse deer (Tragulus javanicus) is one of the most primitive ruminants. Skulls of lesser mouse deer were measured to evaluate their growth. The age was estimated from the eruption and attrition of molars on the mandible. A total of 95 specimens was divided into five age groups, and the growth pattern in each sex was established for some measurements. The relative growth coefficients were calculated for the head and body length and several parts of the cranium and mandible against the profile length. Sexual dimorphism could not be found on the skull in any age group except for measurements related to the upper canine. However, females showed a higher value in head and body length in the oldest group. This feature was consistent with an interpretation of mouse deer society as monogamous. Growth was more rapid in length than in width. Various statistical analyses showed that the visceral cranium related to masticatory facility was much better developed than the neurocranium. However, observations on the shape of the mandible ramus and of the premolars implied that the masticatory function was not suitable for taking roughage. This speculation agreed with previous reports on the feeding habits and digestive organs of the mouse deer.

New remains of the small tragulid Dorcatherium songhorensis Whitworth, 1958 from the Early Miocene fossil site of Napak XXI (Uganda) include the first significant sample of postcranial bones from this species ever described. The limb bones of this tragulid are very similar to that described in the Miocene Asian long-legged tragulids of the genus Siamotragulus Thomas et al., 1990, a type previously unknown in the African Miocene. A cladistic analysis links D. songhorensis to a Siamotragulus clade as its basal offshoot, so we propose the name Siamotragulus songhorensis (Whitworth, 1958) for this species. Also, the Siamotragulus clade belongs to a monophyletic group that includes Afrotragulus Sánchez et al., 2010 and the extant Asian genera Moschiola and Tragulus. This inclusive clade is characterized by both a derived selenodont dentition and an advanced postcranial skeleton. Additionally Siamotragulus shows some cursorial refinements reflected in its postcranial skeleton including the pecoran-like metatarsals III–IV. Siamotragulus songhorensis shows that the genus Siamotragulus was not endemic to Asia as previously thought, and that a highly diverse guild of tragulids, including different members of the advanced selenodont clade, inhabited Africa as early as the Early Miocene (19–20 Ma)., This study is part of the research project CGL2011-25754 (Spanish Government, MINECO), and the Research Group CAM-UCM 910607.

Little is known about the activity patterns of Bornean ungulates, or the temporal interactions of these species with the Sunda clouded leopard Neofelis diardi. In this study, we use photographic capture data to quantify the activity patterns for the Sunda clouded leopard and six potential prey species: bearded pig Sus barbatus, Bornean yellow muntjac Muntiacus atherodes, red muntjac Muntiacusmuntjak, lesser mouse deer Tragulus kanchil, greater mouse deer Tragulusnapu, and sambar deer Rusa unicolor, and to calculate the overlap in activity patterns between these species. This is the first insight into the temporal interactions between the Sunda clouded leopard and its potential prey. Sunda clouded leopards' activity patterns overlapped most with those of sambar deer and greater mouse deer. In the absence of clouded leopards, we report a significant difference in activity patterns for bearded pigs which show greater nocturnal activity in the absence of this predator. This suggests that bearded pigs may be prey species for clouded leopards and they are capable of altering their activity pattern in response to this risk. © 2013 The Zoological Society of London.

Voluntary food intake, digestibility and water turnover were determined in adult Malaysian lesser mouse-deer (Tragulus javanicus) given unlimited access to lundai foliage (Sapium baccatum). Daily dry matter (DM) intake was 42.4 g/kg metabolic live mass (M0.73) or 3.7% M. Digestible energy intake was 853 kJ/day (571 kJ metabolisable energy per M0.73), calculated to be used with 79% efficiency. Apparent digestibility (%) of organic matter was 83.8, crude fibre 63.7, acid detergent fibre 60.5, neutral detergent fibre 72.1 and crude protein 65.0. Urinary excretion of the purine derivative, allantoin, was 0.05 mg/g digestible DM intake suggesting rumen microbial yield efficiency may be lower than in other ruminant species. Total water intake was 182 ml/M0.82. The body-water content of the fed mouse-deer, from tritiated water dilution, was 77% M, consistent with a very lean carcass. Turnover of body water was 17% per day. The mouse-deer produced relatively dry, well-defined faecal pellets.

Leydig cells of lesser mouse deer (Tragulus javanicus) testes were observed using light and transmission electron microscopies. Sexually mature lesser mouse deer were obtained in East Malaysia. The testes were perfused with 5% glutaraldehyde, postfixed with 1% OsO4, dehydrated in ethanol and embedded in Araldite. The semithin sections were cut, stained with toluidine blue and observed under light microscopy. The ultrathin sections were cut, stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate, and examined using a JEM-1200 transmission electron microscope. As a result, two types of filament bundles were frequently recognized in Leydig cells, but not in other testicular cells. These bundles were clearly seen at even a light microscopic level. One type was bundles of actin filaments (approximately 5 nm in diameter). These structures were found not only in the cytoplasm but also in the nucleus. The other type was bundles of intermediate filaments (approximately 10 nm in diameter). These structures were found only in the cytoplasm. The existence of filament bundles has never been reported in the testicular cells of another mammalian species. Thus, while bundles of actin and intermediate filaments are specifically present in the Leydig cells of the lesser mouse deer, their functions are still unclear.

Information about breeding and the reproductive biology of mouse deer is limited in the wild and captivity. No reports on reproductive endocrinology are available. The objective of the present study was to observe the reproductive biology based on breeding records, to validate the utility of the non-invasive endocrine monitoring technique using feces of the female lesser mouse deer ( Tragulus javanicus ), and thus to clarify the reproductive physiology. Breeding records from 2 females were investigated and the fecal progestagen profile was monitored in captivity. Fecal progestagens were extracted using methanol and measured by enzyme immunoassay. From the breeding records, many births occurred in May (spring) and November–December (winter); however, fecal progestagen profile showed cyclical changes throughout the year in a female mouse deer. Most mounting and mating behaviors were observed 2–3 days after the peak of progestagen concentration during luteal phase. The ovarian cycle length based on the fecal progestagen profile averaged 14.5±0.3 days. The fecal progestagen concentration remained high during pregnancy. Fecal progestagen monitoring is useful for evaluating ovarian activity and pregnancy in the lesser mouse deer.

The occurrence and distribution of endocrine cells in the gastrointestinal tract of the lesser mouse deer, Tragulus javanicus were studied immunohistochemically. Fourteen types of endocrine cells immunoreactive for serotonin, somatostatin, enteroglucagon, pancreatic glucagon, bovine pancreatic polypeptide (BPP), gastrin, substance P, motilin, gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP), cholecystokinin (CCK), methionine-enkephalin-Arg6-Gly7-Leu8 (MENK-8), secretin, neurotensin, peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY) and chromogranin were revealed. Chro-mogranin-, serotonin-, somatostatin- and enteroglucagon-immunoreactive cells were detected in all regions examined, while pancreatic glucagon-immunoreactive cells, except in the proper gastric gland region, were not found in other regions of the gastrointestinal tract. Few BPP-immunoreactive cells in either the proper gastric gland or pyloric gland regions and abundant gastrin-immunoreac-tive cells in the pyloric gland region were observed. Restricted distributions of substance P-, GIP-, gastrin-, motilin-, CCK-, MENK-8-, secretin-, neurotensin- and BPP-immunoreactive cells in the small intestine, and BPP-, substance P-, PYY- and motilin-immunoreactive cells in the large intestine were noted. The important findings include the presence of BPP-immunoreactive cells in the abomasum, pancreatic glucagon-immunoreactive cells in the proper gastric gland region, and substance P- and motilin-immunoreactive cells in the large intestine. It is suggested that the distribution pattern of gut endocrine cells in the lesser mouse deer is more similar to that in the pig than in the domestic ruminants so far reported.

Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) is a genetic disorder characterized by relentlessly progressive and seemingly uncontrollable progressive ossification of tendons, ligaments, fascia, and striated muscle with heterotopic bone formation resulting in immobilization and wheel chair confinement by age 30. Progress in its management has been compromised by lack of a natural animal model. Defleshed mammal skeletons were examined for evidence of heterotopic bone formation. The Southeast Asian mouse deer of the genus Tragulus was found to have an osseous sheath covering the lower back and upper thigh region consistent with the clinical definition of FOP. This heterotophic bone deposition is present in all adults males, including both wild obtained and zoo bred animals. We report the first known example of spontaneous, naturally occurring fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) in a non-human mammal.

A Lesser Malayan mousedeer (Tragulus javanicus), persistently infected with noncytopathogenic bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) type 1f, was experimentally superinfected with a cytopathogenic isolate of BVDV type 1c, which antigenically partially matched the endogenous strain. Within the observational period of 125 days after superinfection, the animal did not demonstrate any clinical signs of the disease and/or significant changes in blood values. Neutralizing antibodies were detected at 35 and 42 days postinfection. The isolate causing the superinfection was found in feces, nasal swabs, and saliva starting from day 29 and at various times postchallenge. Macroscopic or histologic examination did not reveal mucosal disease-like lesions, despite the detection of the cytopathogenic isolate in the salivary gland, rumen, abomasum, kidney, and superficial prescapular lymph node. Results indicate that the cytopathogenic BVDV strain, which was used in the superinfection, persisted in the viremic animal without causing disease within the observation period.

A petrosal bone from the French Middle Miocene locality Sansan is described. It belongs to the tragulid species Dorcatherium crassum. Using high resolution X ray computed tomography we scanned this petrosal bone and segmented its embedded bony labyrinth. We compared the morphological data with those of three living Tragulidae: Tragulus javanicus Hyemoschus aquaticus and Moschiola meminna. We ran a phylogenetic analysis where fossil and extant pecoran ruminants were included to understand the distribution of characters of the petrosal bone and bony labyrinth within ruminants. We propose a set of new synapomorphies for the Tragulidae among the Ruminantia including the absence of the basicapsular groove a knob shaped mastoid region a knob anterior to the subarcuate fossa on the petrosal bone a high number of cochlea turns the dorsal insertion of the posterior limb of the lateral semicircular canal the extension of the lateral semicircular canal beyond the plane of the posterior semicircular canal in dorsal view and a pouch like endolymphatic sac on the bony labyrinth. The clade constituted by Tragulus and Moschiola is confirmed by new synapomorphies such as a double convexity of the promontorium and a large pouch like endolymphatic sac that covers the common crus. We demonstrate the potential of characters of the bony labyrinth for the phylogeny of ruminants.

Although commonly associated with infection in cattle, bovine viral diarrhea viruses (BVDV) also replicate in many domestic and wildlife species, including cervids. Bovine viral diarrhea viruses have been isolated from a number of cervids, including mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus), European roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), red deer (Cervus elaphus), white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), and mouse deer (Tragulus javanicus), but little information is available regarding clinical presentation and progression of infection in these species. In preliminary studies of experimental infection of deer with BVDV, researchers noted seroconversion but no clinical signs. In this study, we infected white-tailed deer fawns that were negative for BVDV and for antibodies against BVDV, with either a type 1 or a type 2 BVDV that had been isolated from white-tailed deer. Fawns were monitored for changes in basal temperature, circulating lymphocytes, and platelets. The clinical progression following inoculation in these fawns was similar to that seen with BVDV infections in cattle and included fever and depletion of circulating lymphocytes. Because free-ranging cervid populations are frequently in contact with domestic cattle in the United States, possible transfer of BVDV between cattle and cervids has significant implications for proposed BVDV control programs.

The Sertoli cell of the lesser mouse deer, Tragulus javanicus, was examined using light and transmission electron microscopy. Similar to other ruminants, a multivesicular nuclear body (MNB) and laminated smooth endoplasmic reticulum (sER) were observed in the lesser mouse deer Sertoli cell. The MNB was present within the Sertoli cell nucleus, and consisted of vesicles, irregular tubules and ribosome-like structures. It was infrequent in the lesser mouse deer, which differs from domestic ruminants. Vesicles and irregular tubules seem to contain some materials with low and/or middle electron density, and be surrounded by electron dense materials. The diameter of vesicles was between 30 nm and 180 nm. Since the MNB, though less developed compared to that of bulls and goats, was present even in the Sertoli cell nucleus of the primitive ruminant-lesser mouse deer, it should be a common structure of ruminant Sertoli cells.

The mastication muscles were examined in the lesser (Tragulus javanicus) and greater mouse deer (Tragulus napu) to clarify the form of the mastication muscles in these primitive artiodactyls. The M. masseter was well-developed in both species, however the attachment area of its origin was not confirmed in the rostral facial part. The masseter bundles were not observed on the lateral side of the maxilla bone, and their origin was restricted to the zygomatic arch area. This suggests that the M. masseter may not act as a motor raising the mandible rostro-dorsally, but pull the insertion vertically unlike the highly derived grazer of Bovidae. The Crista temporalis was weak and the M. temporalis was thin in the mouse deer, and this indicates that the M. temporalis may not be important in the mastication in the primitive artiodactyls. These findings suggest that the browser such as mouse deer has been adapted for the feeding on soft leaves, and functional-morphologically different in mastication strategy from the grazer such as developed Bovidae species. The architecture of the mastication muscles was not different between the two species. However, in the muscle weight ratios per body weight, the M. temporalis and the M. digastricus were significantly smaller in greater mouse deer than in lesser mouse deer.

Isotricha jalaludinii n. sp. found in the rumen of lesser mouse deer, Tragulus javanicus, in Malaysia was described and illustrated. This new species is characterized by the location and direction of the vestibulum, shape of the macronucleus, and absence of a dent at the vestibular opening. The presence of single peculiar isotrichid species in the rumen of mouse deer, which is recognized as one of the most primitive ruminants, suggests that the isotrichid ciliates similar to I. jalaludinii and Isotricha intestinalis were established at a fairly early period during the evolution of ruminants.

1. 1. The rectal temperature, oxygen consumption, respiratory frequency, and total evaporative water loss were measured in the Lesser Mouse deer ( Tragulus javanicus ) at air temperatures of 10–40°C. 2. 2. The rectal temperature (mean, 38.4°C) was similar to that of other ungulates. It was relatively constant between air temperatures of 15–30°C, but the mouse deer became hyperthermic at air temperatures >30°C. 3. 3. The oxygen consumption was minimal (mean, 0.539ml O 2 /g/hr.) at air temperatures between 26.6 and 29.0°C. The oxygen consumption was close to the value predicted for placental mammals, from their body wt. At lower air temperatures, the animals shivered and their oxygen consumption increased. 4. 4. Respiratory frequency increased at high air temperatures but, under the conditions of the experiments, total evaporative heat loss did not account for >54% of the metabolic heat production. 5. 5. It was concluded that the mouse deer is not particularly well adapted to heat or cold. This conclusion conforms with its behavior, habitat and distribution.

The objectives of the research were to study on habitat distribution and the diversity of forest plants as feed resources of mouse deer (Tragulus javanicus) and barking deer (Muntiacus muntjak) was conducted in Nature Preserve ofNusakambangan. Preferred Habitat of mouse deer is the dense of bushes with many fallen dry leaves which seemingly theyuse for their mattress cover as well as the places with bush dense of zalacca palm and generally not far from the river.While the barking deer prefers the dense of bushes on the edges of forest with coarse grass grow there. Forest plants asfeed resources for mouse deer and barking deer found in this research consist of 34 species grouped in 21 families.© 2003 Jurusan Biologi FMIPA UNS SurakartaKey words : habitat, feed plant, Tragulus javanicus, Muntiacus muntjak.

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Erythrocytes in fixed organs of Tragulus javanicus, the mouse deer or chevrotain, were measured and found to average 1.5 m in diameter. This confirms Gulliver's observations, made over a century ago, of the minuteness of these cells. It appears, from the literature, that Tragulus was considered to be a musk deer by Gulliver and others in his day. This probably accounts for the listing by most text-books, even recent ones, of the musk deer as having the smallest mammalian erythrocyte. How the musk ox got into the picture is somewhat of a mystery. It is the mouse deer (Tragulus) that has the smallest erythrocyte, not the musk deer (Moschus) and most certainly not the musk ox (Ovibos).

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Results of study of the type material of Haemaphysalis traguli Oudemans, 1928, and of H. monospinosa Krijgsman and Ponto, 1932, indicate that these are the same species and that specimens used for each original description were from the same collection (from Berhala Island, Indonesia). Other samples have also been studied and each sex and developmental stage is illustrated and redescribed. H. traguli is a highly specialized species related to H. pentalagi Pospelova-Shtrom, a parasite of the black rabbit of Liukiu Island, Japan. Each developmental stage of H. traguli is host specific on the lesser and larger mouse deer, or Malay chevrotain, Tragulus javanicus and T. napu, in Indonesia, Borneo, the Malaya peninsula, Thailand, and Burma. In addition, larvae and nymphs of H. vidua Warburton and Nuttall, 1909, are described for the first time; these, collected from a Malay civet, Viverra tangalunga, represent the first record of this tick from Borneo. H. papuana toxopei Warburton, 1927 (new combination), an Indonesian parasite that was previously inadequately described, is redescribed and illustrated from the lectotype and paralectotype specimens. Haemaphysalis traguli was briefly described by Oudemans (1928). Its identity and species relationships have been difficult to determine. Through the courtesy of Dr. L. van der Hammen, Curator of Invertebrates, Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, the type material has been restudied. H. monospinosa was described from a single male by Krijgsman and Ponto (1932). Through the kindness of Mr. W. H. Howell, Jr., formerly of the American Embassy, Djakarta, and Mr. S. Adisoemarto, Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense (formerly the Buitenzorg Museum), it has been possible to examine the holotype specimen of H. monospinosa. Received for publication 31 August 1964. * From Research Project MR005.09-1402.3, Bureau of Medicine and Surgery, Navy Department, Washington, D. C. The opinions and assertions contained herein are the private ones of the author and are not to be construed as official or reflecting the views of the Navy Department or the naval service at large. Labels with both lots mentioned above indicate that these specimens were originally part of a single collection. One male, which became the holotype of H. monospinosa, was retained at the Buitenzorg Museum while the remainder of the collection was sent to the Leiden Museum, where Oudemans described it as H. traguli. These specimens were all taken from a mouse deer or lesser Malay chevrotain, Tragulus javanicus (= Kanchil) subsp. (Artiodactyla, Tragulidae), Berhala Island (Riau Archipelago, east of Sumatra), Netherlands East Indies (now Indonesia), 8 August 1927, by Mr. van der Meer Mohr. A Malayan specimen sent to the writer by Professor John Hendrikson, formerly of the University of Malaya at Kuala Lumpur, spurred the need to determine the relationship between H. traguli and H. monospinosa. Mr. Glen Kohls, Colonel Robert Traub, USA, Captain R. E. Kuntz, USN, and Mr. M. Nadchatram have provided additional collections of H. traguli from Malaya and Borneo for compara