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An attempt was made to assess the households’ perception on Covid-19 and vaccination. By using multistage sampling technique, 400 samples were collected during June 15 to July 15 2021. Further, descriptive statistics were used to analyse data. Households are well-aware of Covid-19 symptoms and their preventive measures i.e., quarantine period, social distancing, hand-wash and vaccination. Results also highlight that social hierarchies and rumours about vaccine are responsible for low vaccination in the sample villages. A grass-root awareness programme is prerequisite for complete vaccination and to avoid third-wave of Covid-19 in India. Keywords: Covid­19, Households' perception, Vaccination, Preventive measures, Regional inequalities

An efficient, cost effective, rapid reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatographic method was developed and validated for the determination of Ezetimibe and Simvastatin in pharmaceutical dosage forms. Chromatography was carried out by using X-terra C18, 150 x 4.6mm, 3.5µ or equivalent internal diameter with a mixture of 0.5 mL glacial acetic acid in 2000 mL water as mobile phase A and Acetonitrile as mobile phase B. Analytical method validation parameters such as specificity, linearity, precision, accuracy, solution stability and robustness, limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) was done. The correlation coefficient was found to be linear for each analyte in the desired concentration range. The average recovery was found with range of 96.7 and 107.7 for Ezetimibe and Simvastatin and their respective impurities respectively. The proposed method is highly sensitive, precise and accurate, which was evident from the LOD value range of minimum 0.135 ppm for Ezetimibe and 0.356 ppm for Lovastatin & Epilovastatin for Simvastatin impurities. Hence the present method can be applied successfully for the quantification of finished dosage form in the combined formulations of Ezetimibe and Simvastatin.

Advantages of simultaneous stability studies are the identification of new degradation products, to understand mutual induction and/or inhibition of rates of degradation and to analyze the degradation products of both drugs. Various ultraviolet spectroscopic and high performance liquid chromatographic assay methods were reported for the estimation of metformin, sitagliptin, pioglitazone, glimepiride and simvastatin individually and in combination with other drugs. All the above reported methods were based on the estimation of metformin, sitagliptin, pioglitazone, glimepiride and simvastatin alone or in combination with other drugs. The degradation products were generated and successfully separated by the developed and validated high performance liquid chromatographic methods for the estimation of the selected anti-diabetic drug combinations. The aim of the study was to develop and validate of Q-Absorbance Ratio UV-Spectrophotometric Method for Simultaneous Estimation of Metformin and Empagliflozin in Bulk and Combined Dosage Form. Keywords: Metformin, Method Development, Validation, Empagliflozin, UV-Spectrophotometer.

A burn is an injury which is caused by application of heat or chemical substances to the external or internal surfaces of the body, which causes destruction of tissues. Thermal deaths are those which result from the effects of systemic and/ or localized exposure to excessive heat and cold The present study has been carried out on 150(39 males and 111 females) cases of death due to burn, brought to the mortuary of Swaroop Rani Nehru Hospital, Moti Lal Nehru Medical College, Prayagraj for medico legal autopsy during the study period of one year extending from 01 July 2019 to 30 June 2020. Female outnumbered males i.e. 111(74.00%) females and 39(26.00%) males. Maximum number of burn deaths i.e., 56(37.33%) cases occurred in the young age group 21–30. Accidental burn injuries can be reduced by bringing about regulations to develop safer cooking appliances, promoting less inflammable fabrics to be worn at home and educating the community especially women.

Homegarden agroforestry system has potential to sequester carbon while simultaneously producing agriculture yield and tree products. This study analyzed relationship between homegarden size and soil organic carbon stock (SCS) along an altitudinal gradient in Central Himalaya, India. Homegardens were selected at four altitudes (very low, low, mid and high) and categorized into three size classes viz. small, medium and large. Soil samples from surface (0–15 cm) and sub surface soils (15–30 cm) were collected seasonally and analyzed. Results indicated that SCS ranged between 22.56 and 81.51 t C ha−1 and increased with increasing altitude for small homegardens. For medium and large homegardens, it increased up to mid altitude and then decreased in high altitude homegardens. At each altitude, maximum SCS (38.56–66.16 t C ha−1) was recorded for medium sized homegardens except at high altitude where it was maximum (66.01 t C ha−1) for small homegardens. Seasonal variation in SCS showed inconsistent pattern along the altitudinal gradient. The differences in SCS due to size and altitude recorded in the present study are possibly caused by distinct quality of plant material and management practices.

Micronutrients are considered as inevitable elements in the production of quality food produce because of their involvement in various enzymatic as well as metabolic processes. The deficiency of micronutrients in plants is reflected as significant reduction in yield and quality. During last few years imbalanced nutrient fertilization and decrease in nutrient use efficiency leads to soil mining and its sickness which ultimately result to decline in crop yield and production potential in Indo-Gangetic plain (IGP) an intensively cultivated area of India. Ignorance of micronutrients in long run may cause malnutrition too later on. Considering this fact micronutrients viz. Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn and B were analyzed using standard methods along with the factors affecting its availability (pH, soil organic matter and soil texture and availability of major nutrients). The range (mean) values of DTPA-extractable Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn were 16.20 to 43.60 (24.16), 1.02 to 6.46 (2.95), 0.44 to 3.17 (1.56), and 0.50 to 1.80 (0.75) in Gangpur; 13.20 to 35.60 (22.79), 0.70-7.00 (3.45), 0.38 to 1.72 (1.23) and 0.52 to 1.14 (0.73) mg kg-1 soil in Bhawanipur village. Results revealed the sufficiency of all the micronutrients in the selected region but giving an indication to maintain such levels in future also.

Traditional medicines and natural products from ethnomedicinal plants have great significance in recent time. Various forms of medicines like Ayurveda, traditional Chinese medicine, kampo, Unani, have been plasticising in recent days due to their effectiveness against various human ailments and also have blossomed into the regulated systems of traditional medicine. This chapter reviews the relationship of plants and humans, along with their cultural relationship and role of the traditional medicines, by exploring the methodologies and various concepts for the discovery of various drugs. Further, this will also illustrate traditional medicines that have their incomparable advantages over the modern allopathic medicines.

To find out thyroid hormone profile (Serum T3, T4, TSH level) in overweight and obese subjects of either sex and age. (18-60 yrs.) This study was undertaken to find out relationship between thyroid function tests with overweight and obesity. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted in the Medicine Department of Jhalawar Medical College. Approximately overweight and obese patient of BMI >25 come in to OPD or emergency department & admitted in Jhalawar hospital. Total 100 subjects taken for study which fulfil the inclusion and exclusion criteria of study. Results: In our study, Maximum 3 (50%) hypothyroid patient had extremely risk of obesity having BMI >40 and 4 (28.6%) patient having very high risk obesity BMI 35-40 and 6 (18.75%) patient having high risk BMI 30-35 and only 6 (12.5%) patient having BMI 25-30 overweight (low risk) patient. Conclusion: This study concludes that obesity increases the risk of hypothyroidism, which is more common among, younger female than males. in this study some overweight and obese subject were found both clinically and biochemically hypothyroid and some subject are found only biochemically hypothyroid.

Sildenafil is a widely used drug for the treatment of erectile dysfunction in a dosage ranging from 50 to 100 mg per day. Recreational use is reported among youth for its sexual function enhancing effects. To date, however, no study has reported the use of sildenafil for its nonsexual, psychoactive effects. We report a case of a 38-year-old male with opioid and sedative use disorder who self-administered sildenafil orally in a dose of up to 2000 mg per day for its psychoactive effects (primarily) for 10 years before seeking treatment and discuss the literature relevant to the case.

Gingival recession is the apical shift of the marginal gingiva from its normal position on the crown of the tooth to levels on the root surface beyond the cemento-enamel junction.It is a widespread clinical finding in adults with more than 50% of the population having one or additional sites with gingival recession of 1mm or more and its severity increases with age. Root surfaces exposure in oral environment can cause root hypersensitivity, root caries and create esthetic problems. The pedicle graft is simple and less time-consuming surgical procedure with excellent results, without involving second surgical site for donor harvesting. In this case report the Miller’s Class-II isolated gingival recession defect was treated with lateral pedicle graft and postoperative clinical outcome showed stable & significant root coverage. Keywords: Gingival recession, Lateral pedical graft, laterally positioned flap, Root coverage, Mucogingival surgery

Background: Psoriasis is a chronic immune-mediated inflammatory disorder, reported to be associated with obesity, dyslipidaemia and diabetes via common immunological mechanisms. All of these components ultimately increase the risk of metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular morbidities. Aims and Objectives: To assess the association of Metabolic Syndrome (MS) and its components in patients suffering from psoriasis. To study the relationship between the duration and severity of psoriasis and MS. Materials and Methods: A hospital based cross-sectional study was conducted involving 100 adult patients with psoriasis and 100 controls. All participants were evaluated forpsoriasis and the components of MS. Psoriasis was categorized as mild, moderate and severe based on Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) (12, respectively). In all patients and controls, body mass index was calculated, blood pressure and waist circumference were measured and fasting blood sugar and lipid profile were estimated. Results: In the present study, a higher prevalence of MS in Psoriasis patients than in controls (38% v/s 23%) was observed. Psoriatic patients had higher prevalence of hypertension (36% v/s 14%). It can be concluded that association of MS and psoriasis is independent of the type, duration and severity of psoriasis. Conclusion: The present study suggests that subjects with psoriasis present a greater risk of MS and should trigger a higher clinical suspicion for their co-existence. Psoriasis is a systemic disease with significant morbidity and mortality. This study emphasizes the critical need for providers to screen psoriasis patients for early diagnosis and treatment of associated MS. However, more number of large population based cohort studies are required to establish stronger association between psoriasis and MS.

Escherichia coli (E. coli) colonizes human intestinal tract and is usually harmless to the host. However, several strains of E. coli have acquired virulent genes and could cause enteric diseases, urinary tract and even brain infections. Shiga toxin producing Escherichia coli (STEC) is an enterohaemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) which can result in bloody diarrhoea and could potentially lead to deadly heamolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). STEC is one of the important food borne pathogens that causes food poisoning leading to diarrhoea and number of STEC outbreaks have occurred across the world. The use of standard antibiotics to treat STEC infection is not recommended as it increases the production of shiga toxin which could lead to HUS. Therefore, use of alternative approaches which include use of plant products to treat STEC infections have been gaining attention. The objective of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial and anti-biofilm activity of garlic (Allium sativum) against STEC strains isolated from various patient and food samples using in vitro assays. The microbiological isolation of STEC from various patient and food samples resulted in eight STEC isolates of which seven strains were multidrug resistant. Antibacterial assay results indicated that all the strains exhibited dose dependent sensitivity towards garlic with zone of inhibition diameters ranging from 7 to 24 mm with 15 µl of fresh garlic extract (FGE). Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of FGE for isolates ranged from 30 to 140 µl/ml. Interestingly, the biofilm formation of all isolates in presence of 4% of FGE decreased by 35 to 59%. FTIR analysis indicated that treatment with 1% FGE results in compositional and content changes in the biofilm. In addition, the total carbohydrate content of biofilm was reduced by 40% upon 1% FGE treatment. The results of the present study report for the first time the antibacterial and anti-biofilm activity of garlic against STEC. The findings will enable development of novel garlic organosulfide based drugs for the prevention and treatment of STEC infections. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (10.1007/s12088-019-00784-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Aim: This study aims to study the significance of random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) typing in heterogeneity analysis of Salmonella serovars, isolated from foods of animal origin. Materials and Methods: Salmonella serovars isolated and identified from different foods of animal origin such as meat, milk, and egg by standard bacteriological methods. DNA isolated from all 10 isolates which are confirmed by biochemical and serotyping methods and then RAPD was performed using the primers OPB 10, primer 1290, NSC I, NSC II, and primer 3. Then, RAPD data were analyzed using the BioNumerics software, Belgium, Germany. Results: RAPD polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using five primers, namely OPB 10, primer 1290, NSC I, NSC II, and primer 3, classified the 10 isolates into 9, 10, 10, 7, and 10 RAPD-PCR types with discriminating powers of 0.1987, 0.423, 0.50889, 0.1842, and 0.2582, respectively. The phylogram constructed with NSC I profile classified isolates based on geographical origin. Primer 1290, NSC II, and primer 3 produced some uniform bands in all isolates indicating their binding ability in conserved genomic region. This study revealed that RAPD profile can be best used for finding out the heterogeneity at molecular level of Salmonella isolates in combination with other molecular and phenotypic typing techniques. Thus, our results support earlier observation of its significance by different workers on different Salmonella serotypes. Conclusion: Repeatability of RAPD-PCR is insufficient to distinguish genetic differences among Salmonella serovars.

Breast Cancer impacts almost 2.1 million women and it accounts for the death of 15% of women worldwide. Though there is no permanent solution to this disease, diagnosing it at an early stage can change the outcome in a very significant way. It can greatly reduce the risk of spreading the tumour to other parts of the Breast. In the past, Machine learning tools has proved to be an eminent way for diagnosing Breast Cancer. Supervised techniques have been used for classification. This survey paper analyses various papers based on the concept of Decision Tree algorithms to diagnose breast cancer. The studies show that the results can also be improvised further with the Random Forest algorithm which is based on a supervised learning model. Random Forest works on an ensemble learning algorithm called Bootstrap Aggregation or Bagging for Classification and Regression.

The data mining is the approach which can process the information which is available in large quantity. The prediction analysis is the approach of data mining that predicts future possibilities based on current information. The prediction analysis has the three phases which are pre-processing, feature extraction, and classification. In this paper, various heart disease prediction techniques are analyzed and reviewed in terms of certain parameters. It is analyzed that machine learning is most efficient technique for the prediction analysis.

In the present study, we analyzed spatio-temporal vegetation dynamics to identify and delineate the vegetation stress zones in tropical arid ecosystem of Anantapuramu district, Andhra Pradesh, India, using Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Vegetation Condition Index (VCI), and Vegetation Anomaly Index (VAI) derived from time-series Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) 16-day products (MOD13Q1) at 250 m spatial resolution for the growing season (June to September) of 19 years during 2000 to 2018. The 1-month Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) was computed for 30 years (1989 to 2018) to quantify the precipitation deficit/surplus regions and assess its influence on vegetation dynamics. The growing season mean NDVI and VCI were correlated with growing season mean 1-month SPI of dry (2003) and wet (2007) years to analyze the spatio-temporal vegetation dynamics. The correlation analysis between SPI and NDVI for dry year (2003) showed strong positive correlation (r = 0.89). Analysis of VAI for dry year (2003) indicates that the central, western, and south-western parts of the district reported high vegetation stress with VAI of less than − 2.0. This might be due to the fact that central and south-western parts of the district are more prone to droughts than the other parts of the district. The correlation analysis of SPI, NDVI, and VCI distinctly shows the impact of rainfall on vegetation dynamics. The study clearly demonstrates the robustness of NDVI, VCI, and VAI derived from time-series MODIS data in monitoring the spatio-temporal vegetation dynamics and delineate vegetation stress zones in tropical arid ecosystem of India.

An attempt was made to understand the gap between health and social vulnerability to Covid-19 pandemic. By using multistage sampling technique, 150 samples were collected during March- April 2020. Data highlight that households are highly exposed to novel Covid-19, and also equally sensitive to inadequate and poor availability and accessibility of clean water, sanitation and health care system. Data suggest a grass root awareness program (ex-ante preventive measures) in the regional languages; increase public health budget to meet the demand and improve the supply chain; establishment of more physical and human infrastructure in long run; comprehensive plan to ensure continuous water supply in the rural areas.

The current research work aims to develop novel substitute technique to produce non-edible fatty acid-based biodiesel fuel via the amalgamation of in-situ and process intensification (PI) technique (combination of microwave and ultrasound) with an objective to develop environmental friendly and industrially viable economic process. Ground castor seeds with methanol as solvent have been used in the presence of homogeneous catalyst (KOH) for transesterification reaction. Response surface methodology using central composite design (CCD) was adopted for design of experiments and to analyze the effect of factors (oil/methanol molar ratio, catalyst concentration, reaction temperature, and reaction time) on biodiesel yield. Maximum yield of 44.88 (±0.37) % was obtained under favorable process conditions of: Oil/methanol molar ratio (1:350), catalyst amount (1.74%, w/w), reaction temperature (43 °C), and reaction time (30 min). Regression equation has been developed for the model having a coefficient of determination (R2), and adjusted coefficient of determination equal to 0.9737 and 0.9507, respectively. Thermo-physical fuel properties of castor oil methyl esters (COME) were estimated and compared with ASTM and DIN standards.

With the increasing energy demand, fossil fuel depletion rate is increasing, therefore a need to develop sustainable and energy-efficient biodiesel production systems is arising which can compensate for the rate of fossil fuel depletion. The current study aims to analyze biodiesel production from castor oil using a novel hydrodynamic cavitation reactor. Response surface methodology (RSM) coupled with Box-Behnken design was incorporated to carry out the optimization of reaction parameters (reaction temperature, methanol to oil molar ratio, catalyst amount, and reaction time) to obtain desired castor oil methyl ester (COME) yield, functional exergy efficiency (FEE), Universal exergy efficiency (UEE) and normalized exergy destruction (NED). The developed model shows higher goodness of fit with values of R2 > 99% and R2adj > 98% for all these responses. Desirable reaction conditions for maximum COME yield (92.31 %) were: 57.9 °C temperature, 10.3:1 MeOH:Oil molar ratio, 1.05 %wt. catalyst amount and 58.94 min reaction time whereas based on exergetic indicators along with COME yield using multi-response optimization the same were: 60.3 °C temperature, 9.82:1 MeOH:Oil molar ratio, 1.06 %wt. catalyst amount and 50.86 min reaction time. The COME yield of 93.83 % and 92.27 ± 0.43%, FEE of 86.85% and 85.13 ± 0.40%, UEE of 98.21% and 98.22 ± 0.18%, NED of 0.14 and 0.13 ± 0.01 were predicted and experimentally calculated respectively at optimized reaction conditions considering composite desirability of all the responses. Consideration of exergetic indicators in multi-response optimization using RSM resulted in reduction of reaction time and exergy destruction by 14% and 15% respectively.

Peptic ulcer is prevalent in about 4% of the world population and nearly 10% of people have been affected by peptic ulcer at some point in their life. Therefore, there is a need for newer efficient and safe anti-ulcer agents. In the present strategy, we have prepared a novel bioactive glass containing 1.3 mol% of barium oxide (BaBG) and evaluated its antiulcer potential in gastroduodenal ulcer models. Prophylactic effect of BaBG pretreatment was evaluated for 5 days in ethanol, aspirin and pyloric ligation-induced gastric ulcer and cysteamine-induced duodenal ulcer models. Repeated treatment of 10 days of BaBG was evaluated in the healing ulcer model of acetic acid. BaBG significantly reduced the ulcerative damage against all the five tested ulcer models. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images have shown that BaBG forms a physical protective barrier over the gastro-duodenal epithelium cell. In the pyloric-ligation, ethanol and aspirin models, BaBG showed significantly increased in gastric pH, indicating antacid like activity. BaBG treatment significantly increased cell proliferation in the pyloric model. Thus, BaBG mediates antiulcer action by forming a protective physical barrier against harsh luminal factors, acid neutralization and cell proliferation.

Background: Non operative treatment of midshaft clavicle fracture has been reported with high prevalence of symptomatic malunion and nonunion in the recent studies. The purpose of our study is to study the union and functional result of displaced clavicle fracture treated with plating and to study the complications associated with clavicle fracture and surgical management. Methods: We prospectively evaluated 32 patients who have undergone plating for midshaft clavicular fracture from January 2013 to June 2017. Methods: We prospectively evaluated 32 patients who have undergone plating for midshaft clavicular fracture from January 2013 to June 2017. Conclusion: In our study on 32 patients with midshaft clavicle fracture fixed with plating, we found that this technique provides a rigid stabilization of the fracture, leading to good fracture union. It also aids in an early mobilisation of shoulder, preventing its stiffness. Their outcome seems better than those reported with conventional conservative treatement. This surgical fixation of midshaft clavicle fracture also help in early rehabilitation, and are associated with great patient satisfaction.

The aim of this study was to investigate response of salivary and blood cortisol level and cardinal physiological variables in presence of endotoxaemia in goats. For this, eight healthy adult male Jakhrana goats (3–4 years of age; 41.9 ± 1.9 kg BW) were adapted to experimental conditions for 10 days, after which, they were randomly assigned equally into two groups i.e. control (CON; 20 μL/kg BW i.v. physiological saline) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 1 μg/kg BW i.v.; Escherichia coli 0111:B4). Recording of cardinal physiological variables [rectal temperature (RT), respiratory rate (RR) and heart rate (HR)] was done at about 10 min before (baseline) and at different time intervals (2, 4, 6, 8, 26, 32 and 48 h) after saline or LPS infusion. Immediately thereafter, matched saliva and blood samples were collected at similar time points to investigate time dependent changes in cortisol concentration after LPS administration. The results showed that cortisol concentration in both saliva and blood plasma were increased significantly (P

Introduction: In young adults, most distal humerus fracture occurs from high energy trauma, sideswipe injuries, road traffic accidents, fall from height, and gunshot wounds. and also it follows a bimodal age distribution (1). Most distal humerus fractures are intra-articular and involve both the medial and lateral columns Aim: To evaluate functional and radiological outcome of patients treated with bicolumn fixation with LCP in intra-articular distal humerus fractures. Materials and Methods: Our study is a prospective study in which we selected 20 cased remdomly with distal humerus fracture with intraarticular extension and treated with open reduction and internal fixation with dual plating. Results: Union was achieved in all cases with in study period. There was no case of non-union, elbow stiffness occurred in one patient. Conclusions: Proper functioning of elbow joint depends on anatomical reduction and good fixation of intraarticular fracture with dual LCP and early mobilization so that mobilization of elbow should be started as early as possible after fracture fixation.