Search

Consumption of liquor such as Ciu in excessive doses can cause a decrease in hematological status. Balimo stem is an alternative treatment to improve hematological status due to excessive alcohol consumption because it contains alkaloids, flavonoids, and other secondary metabolic compounds, that have functions as antioxidant effects. This study aims to examine and analyze the effect of Balimo immersion water on the hematological status of mice with the observed variables, namely the erythrocytes count, hemoglobin levels, hematocrit value, and total count of leukocytes in rats that had been given Ciu. The study used 20 Rattus norvegicus male rats which were divided into 4 groups. The data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA. The results showed no significant differences (p

Background: Caries is one of the most common oral diseases that occur among children. Caries and dental trauma in children may cause early tooth loss, also known as premature loss, and result in occlusion abnormalities caused by the dental arch narrowing. A space maintainer is a preventive orthodontic appliance designed to maintain a narrow arch to prevent premature loss. Purpose: This study aims to describe the treatment of a case of space management in a patient with premature loss by using the space maintainer ‘Y model’. Case: An eight-year-old boy was accompanied by his mother, complaining that the lower posterior right tooth had been extracted. The mother was worried that the new tooth would have an overlapping growth. Case Management: The diagnosis was mandibular primary molar loss. The study cast was analysed based on Moyers 2.62 cm, Huckaba 2.24 mm, and curve determination 2.40 mm. The mandibular removable space maintainer treatment was performed on the patient and was followed by nine control visits every week. The outcome was a successful treatment from the use of the space maintainer ‘Y model’. Conclusion: The space maintainer treatment with the Y model in the paediatric patient showed a good result, evidenced by the tube opening of 1.2 mm, showing that the appliance followed lateral jaw growth.

AIM: This study aimed to determine the stressor of mothers whose baby was treated in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) ward and identify the demography parameter which affected the stressor. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was done in four hospitals in Makassar City. Stressor was evaluated using Parental Scale Stressor (PSS): NICU. Samples were taken consecutively for 30 babies treated in NICU ward for more than 24 h. RESULTS: On the average, the mothers’ stressors were the situation and view of NICU (2.87), appearance and behavior of the baby (2.78), the role of parents (2.74), and communication relationship between the parents and nurse (2.80). Meanwhile, demography factors (maternal age, age of pregnancy, parity, and experience) did not affect the maternal stress statistically. CONCLUSION: Premature babies who are treated in NICU ward can be the source of maternal stress, thus provision of education to the mothers can decrease the stress.

Primaquine is an effective anti-hypnozoite drug for Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium ovale. However, it can trigger erythrocyte hemolysis in people with glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency. In a previous report from South Central Timor (SCT), Indonesia, we described the prevalence of Vanua Lava, Chatham, and Viangchan variants; in this study, other G6PD variants (Kaiping, Coimbra, Gaohe, Canton, and Mahidol) were subsequently analyzed. For clarity, all of these results are described together. The 381 DNA samples from the previous study during 2013–2014 were analyzed for G6PD variants by using PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). The prevalence of G6PD deficiency in SCT was 6.3% (24/381 cases), including 4.2% (16/381 cases), 0.5% (2/381 cases), and 1.6% (6/381 cases) for Coimbra, Kaiping, and Vanua Lava variants, respectively. No other variants were found in this population. A significant association was found between ethnicity and the distribution of G6PD Kaiping in female subjects. A positive association was shown between G6PD activity and heterozygous females carrying Coimbra genotype, hemizygous males carrying Vanua Lava, Plasmodium falciparum infection in female subjects, and P. vivax infection in male subjects. Further molecular analysis of heterozygous females, particularly in malaria-endemic areas, is needed for mapping distribution of G6PD deficiency status in Indonesia.

Objective: This study aims to determine the antiemetic potential of stingless bee propolis in reducing the prevalence of nausea due to consumption of Anti-Tuberculosis Drugs (ATD) in Tuberculosis patients and to identify phytochemical compounds that act as an antiemetic in propolis. Methods: The stingless bee propolis used was Wallacetrigona incisa from South Sulawesi. The clinical testing used the randomized controlled trial, randomization using permuted block randomization consisting of one positive control group and two treatment groups. The active components analyzed using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometer (GC-MS) pyrolyzer. Results: This study found that the measurement at week 0 obtained the mean value of nausea per week for each group P0 (Placebo), P1 (Propolis 6%), and P2 (Propolis 30%) were respectively 2.14; 1.5 and 5.2 events/week, at week 8 the prevalence of nausea by 2.0; 1.0; and 1.6 events/week, and week 24 the prevalence of nausea by 3.0; 0; and 0 events/week. There are 11 compounds with concentrations above 1% that act as antiemetic compounds either through direct and indirect mechanism with a total concentration reaches 75,47%. Conclusion: Based on all determinant parameters, propolis of Wallacetrigona incisa species from South Sulawesi has antiemetic activity and can reduce the prevalence of emetic induced by ATD consumption in pulmonary TB patients.

Background: The World Health Organization reported Indonesia as one of the countries with the most prevalent cases of diphtheria worldwide. The microbiological aspects of diphtheria-inducing bacteria are of great significance in tracing disease transmission and case management. However, clinical aspects are critical for updating clinical features and case management in the field, which may sometimes differ from theoretical foundations. Objectives: This study aimed to identify the microbiological and clinical aspects, including molecular typing and case fatality rates, in diphtheria-confirmed cases from the capital city of Indonesia, Jakarta, and surrounding areas in 2017. Methods: The microbiological aspect of 40 diphtheria-confirmed cases were obtained by re-identify diphtheria-inducing bacteria isolated from the samples, while the clinical aspects of the cases were obtained from the medical records and epidemiological data. The chi-square test was used to examine the correlation between fatal cases and myocarditis and diphtheria antitoxin administration delay. In this study, P ≤ 0.05 was set as the significance level. Results: All 40 diphtheria confirmed cases were induced by toxigenic Corynebacterium diphtheriae with two biotypes, namely intermedius (60.0%) and mitis (40.0%). There are six sequence types of bacteria with two main sequence types, ie, ST534 (46.4%) and ST377 (35.7%). The proportions of cases that had a fever and sore throat were 72.5% and 77.5%, respectively; however, the prevalence rates of the cases with pseudomembrane and bull neck were 100% and 47%, respectively. Most cases were administered a combination of penicillin or erythromycin with other antibiotics (40%), and 22.5% of the cases only received penicillin. Myocarditis was noticed in three fatal cases, and their relationship was statistically significant (P = 0.000). All five fatal cases (12.5% of cases) received diphtheria antitoxin (DAT) lately or had not received it yet. Conclusions: Toxigenic C. diphtheriae with two biotypes (namely mitis and intermedius) and two main sequence types (ie, ST534 and ST377) was the causative agent of diphtheria-confirmed cases from Jakarta and surrounding areas in 2017. It was also concluded that those fatal cases were correlated with myocarditis complications.

Background: Indonesia is one of the five countries with the highest number of diphtheria cases worldwide. Diphtheria is caused by the toxigenic strains Corynebacterium diphtheriae, C. ulcerans, and C. pseudotuberculosis. The diphtheria-causing bacteria can be identified using conventional and molecular methods, including polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. We used the PCR assay as additional testing, because in island countries like Indonesia, specimen transport is a serious challenge to maintaining bacterial survival. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the PCR assay as additional testing to identify diphtheria-causing bacteria in the diphtheria laboratory. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, a total of 178 pairs of the throat and nasal swabs from diphtheria suspected cases and close contacts were collected from seven provinces in Indonesia in 2016. All samples were directly identified by the conventional method and multiplex PCR assay. Statistical analysis was conducted using the 2 × 2 tables to determine the sensitivity and specificity of both methods, while the χ2 test was used to examine the correlation between specimen examination delay and the differentiation of results. A P-value < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: Out of 178 examined samples, eight samples were identified as diphtheria-positive by both the conventional method and PCR assay, while nine samples were only detected by the PCR assay. All diphtheria-causing bacteria found in the positive samples were toxigenic C. diphtheriae. The diphtheria-causing bacteria were found in 27.6% of cases and 6.0% of close contacts using the PCR assay versus 13.8% of cases and 2.7% of close contacts using the conventional method. Statistical analysis showed that the PCR assay is about twice more sensitive than the conventional method. There was a significant correlation between the differentiation of results and > 72 hours’ specimen examination delay with a P-value of 0.04 (< 0.05). Conclusions: The PCR assay is more sensitive than the conventional method to identify diphtheria-causing bacteria and may be applied as additional testing to increase the positivity rate of diphtheria-confirmed cases in Indonesia as an archipelago country where geographical factors and specimen transport are real obstacles.

The World Health Organization (WHO) has been implementing antimicrobial surveillance with a “One Health” approach, known as the Global Surveillance ESBL E. coli Tricycle Project. We describe the implementation of the Tricycle Project (pilot) in Indonesia, focusing on its results, challenges and recommendations. The samples were 116 patients with bloodstream infections caused by ESBL E. coli, 100 rectal swabs collected from pregnant women, 240 cecums of broiler, and 119 environmental samples, using the standardized method according to the guidelines. ESBL-producing E. coli was found in 40 (40%) of the 100 pregnant women, while the proportion of ESBL-producing E. coli was 57.7% among the total E. coli-induced bloodstream infections. ESBL-producing E. coli was isolated from 161 (67.1%) out of 240 broilers. On the other hand, the average concentration of E. coli in the water samples was 2.0 × 108 CFU/100 mL, and the ratio of ESBL-producing E. coli was 12.8% of total E. coli. Unfortunately, 56.7% of questionnaires for patients were incomplete. The Tricycle Project (pilot) identified that the proportion of ESBL-producing E. coli was very high in all types of samples, and several challenges and obstacles were encountered during the implementation of the study in Indonesia. The finding of this study have implication to health/the antimicrobial resistance (AMR) surveillance. We recommend continuing this project and extending this study to other provinces to determine the AMR burden as the baseline in planning AMR control strategies in Indonesia. We also recommend improving the protocol of this study to minimize obstacles in the field., Highlights • Tricycle project is the first antimicrobial surveillance with one health approach in Indonesia. • The burden of ESBL E.coli in Environment in Jakarta. • The ESBL E.coli as indicator for antimicrobial surveillance in One Health approach.

Kefir is one of the fermented milk products. The addition of mangosteen peel extract as a source of antioxidant was aimed to increase the functionality of fermented milk products. The purpose of this research was to study the microbiological characteristics of goat’s milk kefir addition with different concentration (0%, 1%, 2%, and 3%) of mangosteen peel extract. The extract of mangosteen peel was purchased from PT. Haldin Pacific Semesta. The results showed that the addition of mangosteen peel extract did not affect significantly on total lactic bacteria, total plate count, and total coliform, but it affected significantly on total mold and yeast. Total lactic acid bacteria in kefir decreased from kefir grain and bulk starter of kefir, but those populations still same with the standard of microorganisms in prebiotic which is 107 CFU/ml. The conclusion of this study, mangosteen peel extract can be used to decrease total microbial such as mold/yeast at concentration 3% dan 4%.

Cholesterol in quail meat is one of the factors causing consumers to control consumption of quail meat. On the other hand, the antioxidant content in quail meat could attracts the consumers. Cinnamon (Cinnamomum sp.) bark and gotu kola (Centella asiatica) leaves are medicinal plants that contain many polyphenol compounds. The objective of this study was to obtain the most optimum formula made from cinnamon and gotu kola as a feed supplement to produce the quail meat which has low cholesterol but rich in antioxidants. This study used a completely randomized design which consisting of six groups with three replications. The six groups included one control (P0), 5 treatments consisted of 5% cinnamon (P1), 5% gotu kola (P2), combination of cinnamon and gotu kola powder with ratio 5%:5% (P3), 5%:10% (P4) and 10%:5% (P5). The results showed that food supplements made from cinnamon bark and gotu kola leaves could increase the body weight, antioxidant levels, and reduce cholesterol levels in quail meat. Cinnamon as feed supplement with a concentration of 5% or a combination of cinnamon and gotu kola with a ratio of 5%: 10% provided the best effect on antioxidants and cholesterol level in meat. The use of cinnamon and gotu kola supplementation to produce high antioxidant and low cholesterol of quail met have not studied yet. The result of the study would be beneficial for developing the healthy, safe and good quality of quail meat.

Introduction: Potentially toxigenic Corynebacteria (Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Corynebacterium ulcerans, and Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis) can produce diphtheria toxin and stated as diphtheria causative agent. The bacteria causing diphtheria could be identified by Cystinase test on the Tinsdale medium, while its toxigenicity determined by Elek test on the Elek medium. This study aims to develop a new modified medium for both Cystinase and Elek tests simultaneously.Methods: There were ten reference strains of bacteria used for the modified medium optimization. Moreover, 15 clinical isolates were used as samples in the modified medium testing. The result of Cystinase and Elek tests on the modified medium was compared with the standardized tests on the Tinsdale and Elek mediums.Results: Twelve of 25 isolates tested on the modified medium were identified as toxigenic strain, corresponding with the result from standardized Elek test on the Elek medium. Moreover, 16 of 25 isolates tested on the modified medium were identified as positive for Cystinase test. The similar result was obtained using the standardized Cystinase test on the Tinsdale medium. This result was visible 24 hours after incubation. The modified medium was in excellent condition with the consistent result after stored in half-finished condition for 32 days at 2-8 oC.Conclusion: The modified medium developed in this study was a new good medium that could be used for Cystinase and toxigenicity tests simultaneously.

Physiological stress for a long time can lead to impaired kidney organ function. Snakehead fish meat are known to contain important nutrients such as albumin, glutamine, glycine, cysteine, and various minerals that can improve kidney function. This study was conducted to examine and analyze the effect of snakehead fish supplementation in feed towards body weight, kidney weight, diameter and number of glomerulus in Wistar rats with physiological stress. This study used 20 male Wistar rats divided into 5 groups consisted of 1 control group (P0) and 4 treatment groups (P1: 5%, P2: 10%, P3: 15%, P4: 20%). The treatments were performed with 4 times repetition. This study used Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The variables measured were body weight, kidney weight, diameter and number of renal glomerulus. The data obtained were analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) at 5% significance level and continued with Duncan test with 5% significance level. The results of this study were: the supplementation of snakehead fish with 20% of concentration can increase the body weight; concentration 10; 15; and 20% can increase the weight of the kidney; concentrations of 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% can increase the glomerular diameter in Wistar rats with physiological stress. The supplementation of snakehead fish with concentration of 5% to 20% did not affect the number of glomerulus of Wistar rats with physiological stress. Results of this study is useful as information for people who study the mechanism of kidney repair due to physiological stress.

Objective This study aims to compare serum magnesium levels of normal pregnant women, severe preeclampsia and severe preeclampsia with complications in the third trimester of pregnancy so that they can be used as a basis for earlier consideration of supplementation in pregnancy. Method This study was an observational study with a comparative cross-sectional design conducted in July–September 2019 in four hospitals in Makassar, namely Dr. Wahidin Soedirohusodo General Hospital, Hasanuddin University State University Hospital, Sitti Khadijah I Hospital and Children Hospital Siti Fatimah's Mother and Child Hospital. Respondents in this study were three-trimester pregnant women who were divided into three groups, 30 mothers with normal pregnancies, 30 mothers with severe preeclampsia, and 12 women with severe preeclampsia with complications. Criteria for respondents in this study were single pregnancy and not with systemic disease. Data collected included age, education, occupation, body mass index (BMI) before pregnancy, parity, the distance of pregnancy, history of preeclampsia, family planning history, history of antenatal care examination and pregnancy planning. Serum magnesium levels were determined using a Magnesium Assay Kit with a colorimetric method that was assessed for absorption by spectrophotometrics. Results The mean serum magnesium levels were the lowest in the severe preeclampsia group (0.61 mmol/L) compared to the severe preeclampsia group with complications (0.72 mmol/L), and the normal pregnancy group (0.92 mmol/L). Magnesium levels of the three groups differed significantly (p = 0.008, p Conclusion Serum magnesium levels should be considered as a prognostic factor and supplementation intervention for pregnant women with preeclampsia.

Objective The purpose of this study was to compare serum levels of l-arginine in normal pregnant women, severe preeclampsia, and severe preeclampsia with complications. Methods It was an observational study with a cross-sectional design, 88 third trimester of pregnancy became the sample which consisted of 46 normal pregnant women, 30 severe preeclampsia, and 12 severe preeclampsia with complication. This study conducted in four hospitals in the city of Makassar: Dr. Wahidin Sudirohusodo hospital, education Hospital of Hasanuddin University, Fatimah, and Sitti Khadijah 1 Mothers and Children hospital. Serum blood samples were taken from the antecubital venous blood Assessment of serum l-arginine levels was carried out using the Human l-Arginine Assay Kit. Results There were significant mean differences between normal, severe preeclampsia and severe preeclampsia with complications. The lowest serum levels of l-arginine were severe preeclampsia with complications (28.33ng/mL), then severe preeclampsia group (34.66ng/mL), and the highest was normal pregnant woman (60.91ng/mL). Conclusion Severe preeclampsia with complications had the lowest l-arginine level. Role l-arginine level should be considered in the prevention and treatment of severe preeclampsia.

Objective This study aimed to evaluate the effect of aspirin and pravastatin compared with aspirin on endothelin-1 levels, and the pregnancy outcome in pregnant women high risk for preeclampsia. Methods It was a randomized clinical trial (RCT) analysis with block permutation. The sample divided into two groups. Group A as control has given aspirin 80 mg and group B as an intervention group given aspirin 80 mg plus pravastatin 20 mg twice daily until 35 weeks gestation. Level of Endothelin-1 examined before and after treatment. Results There no differences found in endothelin-1 levels before and after being treated with aspirin or aspirin and pravastatin, as well as in the umbilical artery resistance index, fetal biometry, and the development of the fetus in two groups was typical at 28–32 weeks’ gestation. Similarly, no differences found in fetal outcomes such as preterm birth, fetal growth retardation, and the incidence of preeclampsia between the two groups. Conclusion As a conclusion, the administration of pravastatin, together with aspirin is no more effective than aspirin in preventing preeclampsia, to pregnancy outcome and decreasing endothelin-1 levels. No congenital abnormalities reported.

Objective The purpose of this study was to analyze serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in normal pregnant women, severe preeclampsia, and severe preeclampsia with complications. Method This research was a cross-sectional study; the sample was 86 third-trimester pregnant women consisting of 44 normal pregnant mothers, 30 severe preeclampsia and 12 people severe preeclampsia with complications. The diagnosis based on obstetrics and gynecology physicians who served at the research hospital. Serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D are measured using VD (vitamin D) human Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) Kit. Results Serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D showed that there were statistically significant differences in the normal pregnancy group, severe preeclampsia group, and severe preeclampsia group with complications. Low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels were severe in severe preeclampsia, while the highest 25-hydroxyvitamin D serum levels were in complicated severe preeclampsia. Observation on medical records that the majority of severe preeclampsia has received treatment that increases serum levels 25-hydroxyvitamin D. Conclusion Our study found that serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels will decrease as preeclampsia worsens and will increase again after receiving treatment. Earlier treatment in the early period of preeclampsia will be better than if there had been severe preeclampsia.

Objective Preeclampsia is one of the factors causing maternal and perinatal death. The purpose of this study was to find out the birth weight and the Apgar score of the newborn in correlation with fetal complications in mothers with severe preeclampsia. Method This study was a descriptive retrospective study by reviewing the medical records of pregnant women who have been diagnosed with severe preeclampsia during the period of January 2017–May 2019. The study was conducted in 4 hospitals in Makassar. Data were statistically analyzed using the chi-square test. Result There were 256 pregnant women who met the criteria of this study, 184 (71.9%) suffered severe preeclampsia, and 92 (28.1%) suffered severe preeclampsia with maternal complications. The patients with severe preeclampsia were mostly in age of 20–35 years old (59.2%), multiparous (69.6%), with gestational age on delivery ≥ 37 weeks (56%) while In the severe preeclampsia with maternal complications group, most women were in age of 20–35 (69.4%), multiparous (73.6%), with preterm delivery (65.3%). Low birth weight was found more in the severe preeclampsia with maternal complications group (37.5%). The APGAR score of 7–10 in the first and fifth minutes was high in both groups. 41.7% of fetal complications occurred in the group of severe preeclampsia with complications. There are significant differences in gestational age on delivery, birth weight, Apgar score and fetal complications in the group of severe preeclampsia and severe preeclampsia with complications (p ≤ 0.05) Conclusion The incidence of preterm birth, low birth weight, and fetal complications are more common in the group of severe preeclampsia with complications.

Objective This study aims to describe the hematological profile of severe preeclampsia. Method The study design was cross-sectional with observational analytic. Data is taken from the medical records of pregnant women and childbirth at the Central General Hospital Dr. Wahidin Sudirohusodo Makassar City, State Higher Education Hospital Hasanuddin University Makassar City, Special Region of Mother and Child Hospital Pertiwi Makassar City, Mother and Child Hospital Sitti Khadijah 1 Makassar City, Mother and Child Hospital Children Sitti Khadijah 3 Makassar City from June to August 2019. The hematological profile assessed is white blood cell, red blood cell, hemoglobin, hematocrit, platelet, procalcitonin, lymphocyte, and monocyte. Results There were 1146 patients with severe preeclampsia. White blood cells, red blood cells, hemoglobin, hematocrit, lymphocytes, monocytes have abnormal results in mothers with severe preeclampsia and tend to be significant. Conclusion White blood cells in patients with severe preeclampsia tend to be higher than normotensive pregnancies. Whereas red blood cells, hemoglobin, hematocrit, lymphocyte, and monocyte in severe preeclampsia tend to be lower than normotensive pregnancies. There was no difference between platelets and procalcitonin in pregnant women with severe preeclampsia and normotension.

Community perceptions of early-stage pandemics may have significant implications for subsequent disease control and management. Perceptions of COVID-19 among Indonesian citizens were assessed 2 months after the first reported case in the country. The study used an online survey tool, which was adapted from a standardized questionnaire for risk perception of an infectious disease outbreak. The questions of the survey involved respondents' perceived level of knowledge, preparedness, efficacy of control measures, newness, infectiousness, seriousness, motivating and hindering factors, and effectiveness of prevention methods, as well as questions that assessed actual level of knowledge of respondents such as causative agents, modes of transmission, number of total cases, and available control measures. A total of 1,043 respondents participated in this study. The main sources of information of respondents were social media (85.2%) and online news (82.2%). Nearly all respondents were aware that COVID-19 is a viral disease with saliva droplets (97.1%) and contaminated surfaces (86.5%) being its main modes of transmission. Participants showed a good level of knowledge pertaining to control measures, an adequate level of belief toward their efficacy, and a willingness to implement such measures. More than 95% of the respondents perceived COVID-19 to be either serious or very serious. However, the level of anxiety among respondents was moderate, suggesting the presence of risk tolerance in the community. Individual characteristics such as gender, educational background, and occupation were found to have a statistically significant relationship with risk perception and tolerance, but voluntary participation in control measures was high and similar. This indicates that the COVID-19 health campaign during early pandemic in Indonesia was a success. This research also revealed certain areas where health promotion, education, and awareness might be improved.

Background: Vaccination increase immunity against diphtheria, yet will decrease by aging. Therefore, boosters are needed to be done regularly. Objectives: This study aims to determine the immunity to diphtheria for the population of 16 years old and above. Methods: The sample of study were 295 collected blood serums by Riskesdas project in 2013, the criteria was above 15 years of age and originating from the Provinces of Central Java or East Java inclusively. Immunity assessment was based on antibody titer (IgG) against diphtheria using Vero Cell cytotoxicity test. Statistical analysis was performed using the X2 test. Results: The full protective IgG titer (>0.1 IU/ml) at the age of 16-20 years included 75% sample with a geometric mean titer (GMT) of 0.19 IU/ml. Yet, at the age of 21-60 years and > 60 years, full protective IgG titers only cover 45.5% and 33.3% sample with GMT respectively 0.06 IU / ml. Statistical analysis showed the relationship between age and immune status with p-value 0.003. Otherwise, no relationship between the status of immunity with sex and residency with p-values of 0.16 and 0.43. Conclusions: The immune status against diphtheria at the age of above 15 years decreases with aging. Keywords: Adult; diphtheria; Indonesia; serology.

Anthrax is a deadly disease caused by Bacillus antracis that damages the lymphatic and vascular systems of animals and humans. Anthrax prevention in Indonesia has been done but has many shortcomings among them is a lot of dead animal raises after vaccination and relatively expensive. The azadirachtin bioactive compound produced by neem endophytic microbes is known to inhibit the growth of B. anthracis bacteria, thus potentially as an anti-anthrax agent. Other bacteria that have the same pathogens as B. antrachis are Methycillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) so that it is used as a research object. The aim of this research is to obtain the active biomaterials from selected neem leaf endophytes to be tested in S. aureus MRSA as bacteria with Anthrax pathogens. The method used in this research is the isolation, selection, and extraction of Neem endophytes. The process of isolation is done by growing on the general media and the selection process on special media. The bioactive extraction process uses 1000 rpm centrifuge and screening on MRSA culture medium. Inhibitory zone tests were used to determine the effect of endophytic biopsy in inhibiting MRSA growth. The result of the research is that the bioactive endophytes of neem are able to inhibit MRSA growth which is characterized by the formation of drag zone around the endophytic bioactive. Thus it can be concluded that the use of neem endophytes can be a new solution to eradicate the presence of anthrax disease in the livestock and people in Indonesia with safe research methods, relatively inexpensive and ineffective vaccine replacements.

Physiological stress due to nutritional deficiency accompanied by excessive activity can cause problems of energy deficiency required by the body. Energy shortage can affect the body weight, as well as the weight and histology of the liver. This study was conducted to examine and analyze the effect of snakehead fish meat supplementation in feed toward body weight, weight and hepatic histology in animals experiencing physiological stress. This study used 20 male Wistar rats consisting of 5 treatments with 4 replications. The treatment in this study consisted of control (P0) and treatment (P1: 5%, P2: 10%, P3: 15%, P4: 20%) groups. This research used Completely Randomized Design (RAL). The variables measured in this study were body weight, hepatic weight, central venous diameter and hepatocytes in the test animals. The data obtained were analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) at 5% significance level and continued with Duncan test with 5% significance. The result of data analysis showed that fish snakehead fish supplementation in feed gave a significant effect to body weight, weight and histology of animal liver. Concentrations of snakehead fish supplements can increase the body weight, hepatic weight, and hepatic histology which was indicated by higher central venous and hepatocyte diameter values compared to other controls and treatments. The conclusion of this research is the provision of snakehead fish supplement (Channia striata) can increase the body weight, hepatic weight, central venous and hepatocytes diameter of Wistar rats with the most influential concentration of 20%. This evidence is useful in studying the mechanism of liver repair due to stress

Objective This study was aimed to describe the serum levels of folic acid in severe preeclampsia. Method The study design was cross-sectional with observational analytic. Data are taken from primary data and secondary data of pregnant women and childbirth at the Central General Hospital Dr. Wahidin Sudirohusodo Makassar City, State Higher Education Hospital Hasanuddin University Makassar City, Special Region of Mother and Child Hospital Pertiwi Makassar City, Mother and Child Hospital Sitti Khadijah 1 Makassar City, Mother and Child Hospital Children Sitti Khadijah 3 Makassar City from June to August 2019. This study assessed serum levels of folic acid in severe preeclampsia, severe preeclampsia with complications and control. Results There were 72 patients consisting of 42 with severe preeclampsia and 30 normal pregnant mothers. Low serum folic acid levels are found in mothers with severe preeclampsia and severe preeclampsia with complications. The lowest serum levels of folic acid are in those with severe preeclampsia with complications. Conclusion The more severe the condition of preeclampsia, the lower the serum folic acid.

Background Control and prevention of Reproductive Tract Infections (RTI), including Sexually Transmitted Infections (STI) and HIV, is principal during pregnancy. The infections prevalence data of Indonesia general population is still rare, while the number of housewives having HIV arising. We conducted research about the prevalence of RTIs and HIV in pregnant women in some parts of Indonesia to understand the circumstantes. Methods The cross-sectional research conducted 2016–2017 in Pekanbaru City, Tangerang District, Bandung City, and Kupang City. There were 170 respondents in each site who were taken from the Mother-Neonatal-Children-Health clinics on chosen Public Health Centers. Data collection accomplished with local team through interview, biomedical sample collection, and laboratory analysis. The microbial pathogen tested were Gonorrhea, Chlamidiasis, Syphilis, Trichomoniasis, Bacterial Vaginosis, Candidiasis, Herpes simplex-2, and HIV. Also, we collected behavior, demographic, and pregnancy checkups data of the respondents through structured questionnaire. Data analysis was done using SPSS. Results The respondents were mostly housewives on the age range of 20–34 years and finished Senior High School, officially married, but only half of them that living in Kupang officially married. Their husbands generally worked as non-professional and merchant. The sex behaviors of the pregnant women were categorized as not risky, but 47–78% having sex in the last week without condom. Only 10% were referred to STI clinic for being checked up and receive consultation. Prevalence rates of infections on these pregnant women were: Chlamidiasis 5.9–6.6%; Gonorrhea 0.6–0.7%; Syphyilis 0–1.8%; Trichomoniasis 0.6–9.5%; Bacterial Vaginosis 18.8–65.1%; Candidiasis 13–45,6%; Herpes Simplex-2 IgM 0,7–39,2%; Herpes Simplex-2 IgG 0–7,8%; and HIV 0–1,8%. Conclusion The prevalence rates of RTIs-STIs in pregnant women in this study were high and as high as previous study in 1990s. This is urgent and need strategies to support more of the output of the program in all part of Indonesia as the rising of HIV prevalence in Indonesia. Disclosure No significant relationships.

Differences Between the Effects of Imaginary Exercise, Real Exercise, and the Combination of Imaginary Exercise and Real Exercise to Improved Basketball Free Throw Result. Postgraduate Program Unimed, 2019. This study aims to determine the Differences in the Effects of Imaginary Exercise, Real Exercise, and the Combination of Imaginary Exercise and Real Exercise to Improved Basketball Free Throw Result. The difference in effect of this exercise was given to 30 trainees. Next they were divided into 3 groups, each group consisting of 10 people. The division of groups using matching by pairing techniques. The first group was given treatment of imaginary exercises, the second group was given treatment of real exercises and the third group was given a combination of imaginary and real exercises. All three groups were given treatment training for 6 weeks. This research method is experimental. The research design is Posttest-Only Control Design. In this design there are 3 groups selected proportionally. The effect of the treatment is (X1: X2), (X1: X3), (X2: X3), and (X1: X2: X3). The effect of treatment was analyzed by Comparative Hypothesis Testing of Two Samples with Polled Variant Formula, and Testing of Comparative Hypothesis of Three Samples Together with One Way Anova Analysis. The results showed that (1) There was no difference in the effect of imaginary exercises with real exercises, (2) There was no difference in the effects of imaginary exercises with imaginary and real combination exercises, (3) There was no difference in the effect of real exercises with imaginary and real combination exercises, (4) There was no influence of imaginary exercises, real exercises, and a combination of imaginary and real exercises to improve basketball free throw results.

DOTS strategy is a short-term treatment guide with direct supervision by supervisor taking medicine for tuberculosis patients. Supervisors should know, understand, and be able to distinguish between mild and severe side effects of anti-tuberculosis drugs. The failure of Tb treatment depends on supervisor taking medicine. Currently, never been known the perception of supervisor taking medicine about tuberculosis medication side effect. The purpose of the study to know the perception of the supervisor taking medicine about side effects for clients Tb treatment program in Blitar City. The research design used a descriptive. These result studies show the perception supervisor taking medicine about the side effects as much as 54.5% is the right category and as much as 45.5% is the wrong category. The right category perception may be the supervisor taking medicine ever receive information of tuberculosis medication side effect at the public health center while take a drug. Recommendations for health workers are providing appropriate information to the supervisor taking medicine can be improved with technique counseling and training so that improve knowledge and expertise in the management of medication side effects.

Objective: To find out the role of informatic video in obtaining consent for post placental insertion of Intrauterine Device (IUD) Methods: This was a prospective randomized controlled trial. The informatic video was given to the study group compared by the level of acceptance of the respondents in the control group that was given conventional methods. This research was carried out in Pertiwi, Fatimah, and Khadijah I Mother and Child Hospital Makassar. The data were analyzed by chi-square test with significant level p

Objective: To see the relation between 45 and 60 degrees mediolateral episiotomy to extended laceration incidence and post labor pain in primigravida.Method: The research used simple randomization design which was conducted in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Hasanuddin from April 2018 to September 2018. There were 80 samples for the 45 degrees mediolateral episiotomy group and 80 samples for the 60 degrees group.Result: After the Chi-Square correlation test has been carried out, the research result indicates that there is higher incidence in 60 degrees mediolateral episiotomy group in extended perineal laceration (p=0.002), and Fisher Exact test shows that post labor pain (p=0.000) higher in the same group compared to the 45 degrees group.Conclusion: Mediolateral episiotomy 45 degrees has lower extended perineal laceration and post labor pain compared to the 60 degrees group.Key Words: episiotomy, mediolateral 45, mediolateral 60, perineal laceration, postlabor pain, primigravida Abstrak Tujuan: mengetahui hubungan episiotomi mediolateral 45 dan 60 derajat terhadap kejadian perluasan cedera dan nyeri pasca salin pada primigravida.Metode: simple randomization. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Rumah Sakit Pendidikan Departemen Obstetri dan Ginekologi Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Hasanuddin periode April 2018–September 2018. Total sampel yang diperoleh adalah 80 untuk kelompok 45 derajat dan 80 sampel untuk kelompok 60 derajat.Hasil: setelah dilakukan uji hubungan dengan Chi Square terdapat hubungan yang signifikan pada episiotomi 60 derajat dengan kejadian perluasan cedera (p=0.002) dan uji Fisher menyatakan hubungan bermakna nyeri pasca salin pada kelompok yang sama (p=0,000) dibandingkan episiotomi 45 derajat. Episiotomi mediolateral 45 derajat memiliki luaran lebih sedikit menyebabkan kejadian perluasan cedera dan nyeri pasca salin dibandingkan episiotomi 60 derajat.Kata kunci: episiotomi, mediolateral 45, mediolateral 60, ruptur perineum, nyeri pasca salin, primigravida

Electricity is the main requirement nowadays, but blackouts still occur frequently, this is caused by several things, one of which is the transmission and distribution disorders, especially when it rains badly. Some houses use backup resources such as generator sets that operated during a blackout. This research proposes a temporary backup resource source that is Uninterruptible power supply (UPS) , by using fullbridge inverter with battery 12 volts as a source. This system using Solid State Relay (SSR) as switch so the displacement switches between PLN and the UPS has no delay time. Inverter using SPWM switching techniques to produce a sinusoidal wave output approaching. There is a proportional integrator (PI) control to maintain the value of the inverter output voltage by changing the value of magnitude amplitude (ma). The results obtained that the UPS can work in the event of a blackout with a maximum power of 450 watts, by maintaining the output voltage in 215 V with PI control.

Chronic renal failure (CRF) is a public health problem in the world and is now recognized as common diseases with risk of hemodialysis therapy. Hemodialysis can have an impact to the patient quality of life. The aim of the research was to describe the patient quality of life with renal failure underg hemodialysis at Mardi Waluyo Blitar hospital. The research used a descriptive research design. The population was all patients with renal failure which registered in Hemodialysis of Mardi Waluyo Blitar hospital on October-December 2014 as many as 84 patients. The sample was 34 patients selected by accidental sampling. The data collection was conducted on March 30th – April 4th, 2015. The data collecting used questionnaires of The World Health Organization Quality of Life (QoL WHO) which described physical health, psychological, social relationships, and environment. In general the quality life of renal failure patient underrgo hemodialysis in bad category was 55.9% (19 patients). This condition was due to a chronic disease and its complications potentially stressors including renal failure patient. Stressors that arise caused by environmental conditions, psychological state, and physical health. The study recommended that health services were expected to provide comfortability, improve maintenance functions, improve interpersonal relationships, and counseling.

Some diseases require immediate and appropriate treatment to decrease the fatality risk patients incident, for example diphtheria. Time to help patients is very crucial since delay of therapy may increase the mortality cases up to 20 times. In other hands, conventional diagnostic methods (the gold standard) for diagnosis of diphtheria is time consuming and laborious. Therefore, an alternative diagnostic method which is rapid, easy and inexpensive is needed. In this case, direct PCR has been proved to reduce time and cost in laboratory examination. This study aimed to develop direct PCR as alternative diagnostic method for diagnosis of diphtheria rapidly, easily, and inexpensive. Fifteen samples include 10 isolates of Corynebacterium diphtheriae (toxigenic) and 3 isolates of Corynebacterium non- diphtheriae (nontoxigenic) and 2 clinical specimens (throat swab) was examined by performing direct PCR method and a standard PCR method was used for optimizing the protocols. Result showed that direct PCR can be used to amplify target genes correctly as well as standard PCR. All of C. diphtheriae samples showed bands at 168 bp ( dtxR gene marker) and 551 bp ( tox gene marker) while no band appeared in others. Direct PCR detected at least 71 CFU/uL of bacterial cells in samples. We concluded that direct PCR can be used for alternative diagnostic method for diagnosis of diphtheria which is rapid, easy and cost effective. Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE X-NONE MicrosoftInternetExplorer4

Heavy physical exercise causes increased production of free radicals. The accumulation of oxidative stress can reduce cardiorespiratory endurance. VO2max plays a role as an indicator of the circumstances of cardiorespiratory. An increase in cholesterol levels is a risk factor for coronary heart disease. As a result, there is a decrease in fitness marked by a decrease in the value of VO2max. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the antioxidant supplement given during heavy physical exercise had a beneficial effect on decrease cholesterol and the increase of VO2max levels. The subjects were 30 students, male sex, 20-22 years old, divided into 3 groups randomly, each 10 people, group 1: subjects not given heavy physical exercise and only given a placebo (control); group 2: subjects given heavy physical exercise and placebo (HPE-RDF); group 3: subjects given heavy physical exercise and red dragon fruit juice (HPE+RDF). Measurement of cholesterol and VO2max levels in the pre-test and post-test. The results showed that there was an increase in VO2max and a decrease in cholesterol (p2max and reduce cholesterol levels.

The topography of Gunungkidul area in the Province of Yogyakarta, Indonesia, consisting of hills and limestone mountains. It becomes the potential factor of landslide occurrences. Especially in the rainy season, the soils in the hills become softer and it increases the possibility to cause a landslide. This condition has became the concern of many people, especially the residents who live in the landslide-prone area. This topography is also one of the factors for health centre in a certain area becomes isolated due to the inability of telecommunication signal services from the provider to reach that area, which is called a blank area. That situation makes an inability to contact the nearest district hospital to ask for support in an emergency case. This research focuses on the performance test of the emergency data communication system by using several types of data. The system uses Very High Frequency (VHF) 144 MHz and High Frequency (HF) 7.08 MHz as the data carrier and a software to interpret the text and image to be modulated onto the data carrier. That system is called a virtual hospital, means that even though the health center is located in a blank area, but specialists from the Sardjito Hospital can still deliver advices to support the health center in maintaining the medical service quality by using the VHF-HF-based emergency data communication system. Based on the results of the system's performance test between the Wonosari Gunungkidul District Hospital and the Sardjito Hospital with the distance of 40 km, the receiving quality of the data transmission for text and image are 95% and 55.33%, respectively.

Healthy lifestyle is a lifestyle with attention to factors - certain factors that affect health, such as diet and exercise. The purpose of this research is to identify how the efforts of patients hypertension to maintain a healthy lifestyle. Methods this research uses descriptive design. The population in this research were all patients with hypertension in Poly UPTD Kesehatan Kecamatan Sukorejo Blitar total of 220 people, the number of samples in this study were 33 respondents and using purposive sampling technique. Data collection is done by giving questionnaires. Time of data collection was conducted on 20 June 2013 to 02 July 2013. The results showed that for 57.6% (19 respondents) had a good effort, 39.4% (13 respondents) had enough attempts, and 3% (1 respondent) had less effort. Recommendations from this study are expected to continue to provide health services well and provide health education to the public about healthy lifestyle that should be done for patients with hypertension

One problem for postoperative patients is tissue recovery takes a long time due to the occurrence of blood clotting disorders and immune system. Snakehead fish was known to contain bioactive ingredients that can potentially speed up the process of tissue repair as a result of injuries. Snakehead fish meat contains a lot of minerals, albumin, and amino acids needed for tissue protein synthesis and increases the antioxidant glutathione. This study was conducted to test the extraction of snakehead fish flesh against skin tissue wound healing in Wistar rats. The study was conducted with a completely randomized design consisting of three treatments with 6 replication, which include (P0) a negative control (without treatment madecassol and snakehead fish meat extract), (P1) madecassol commercial drug treatment, and (P2) treatment of snakehead fish meat extract. Each material was injected intramuscularly in Wistar rats at a dose of 9 ml/kg bb for 7 days. Data analysis uses Anova followed by test Honestly Significant Difference (HSD) with a significance of 95%. Treatment of snakehead meat extract with a dose of 9 ml/kg bb a significant effect on skin tissue repair after injury, better than treatment with madecassol and control with the average value of extensive tissue remaining after recovering from the condition of the wound by 0.2 cm2; 0.33 cm2; and 0.4 cm2, respectively. Snakehead fish meat extract with a dose of 9 ml/kg bb injected intramuscularly can accelerate the recovery of tissue in the skin after the wound in Wistar rats.

The purpose of this study was to determine the lipid profile of white rats (Rattus norvegicus) with high-fat feed after fermentation of rosella kombucha with various concentrations. This study used 20 white male rats (Rattus norvegicus) aged two months, with rosella kombucha treatment fermented for five days at 25oC per oral. This study used Completely Randomized Design with four treatments (for 21 days) and four replications, namely: P0 = Control, rats were only given food and drink as usual (with the same type of rat feed). P1 = 1 ml of pork oil/day for 14 days + 1.8 ml of rosella kombucha 50% in the morning and evening for seven days. P2 = 1 ml of pork oil/day for 14 days + 1.8 ml of 75% rosella kombucha morning and afternoon for seven days. P3 = 1 ml of pork oil/day for 14 days + 1.8 ml of 100% kombucha rosella morning and afternoon for seven days. The variables measured were levels of LDL (Low-Density Lipoprotein) and HDL (High-Density Lipoprotein). The data obtained were analyzed using ANOVA followed by Duncan Test with 95% confidence level using SPSS 16.0 software. The results showed that administration of rosella kombucha did not have a significant effect on LDL and HDL levels of white rats (Rattus norvegicus). Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that the 5-day fermentation of kombucha rosella with various concentrations did not affect LDL and HDL levels.

BACKGROUND: Diptheria cases are treated with both anti-diphtheria serum (ADS) and antibiotics. Penicillin and erythromycin are the primary choices for any Corynebacterium diphtheriae ( C. diphtheriae ) infection. Antibiotic susceptibility pattern of C. diphtheriae has not been reported in Indonesia since 1982. The improper use of antibiotics, as well as, the consumption of antibiotics without prescription, will increase the resistance of C. diphtheriae . This study aims to determine the susceptibility pattern and the effectiveness of C. diphtheriae to several antibiotics. METHODS: A total of 57 C. diphtheriae isolates were recultured by using Blood Agar (BA) and Cystine Tellurite Blood Agar (CTBA). Afterward, these isolates were identified by using API Coryne. The antibiotic susceptibility pattern was determined by using Kirby Bauer Method based on CLSI M45-A2. RESULTS: These studies revealed that as the primary choice of diphtheria cases, 10.5% of C. diphtheriae isolates were resistant to Penicillin and 5.3% were resistant to erythromycin. Seven isolates (12%) showed resistance to more than one antibiotics, such as tetracycline and clindamycin, vancomycin and clindamycin, penicillin and tetracycline, also penicillin and vancomycin. Moreover, 4 isolates (7%) were resistant to 3-5 antibiotics. All isolates were susceptible to moxifloxacin and linezolid. CONCLUSION: Some C. diphtheriae isolates were resistant to penicillin and erythromycin, which are known as the primary choice for the treatment of C. diphtheriae infection. Even though, all isolates susceptible to moxifloxacin and linezolid. KEYWORDS: Corynebacterium diphtheriae, resistance, antimicrobial

Introduction: Shift work, primari ly night shift may worsen some health disturbances because it changes especially circadian rhythm . Therefore, it may lead to sleep disturbance, increased vital signs (heart rate, respiration rate and blood pressure), bowel disturbance, reaction times, conscious stage and increased work stress. The objective of this study was to analyze the correlation between shift work and Nurse’s circadian rhythm. Method: Th ese study was cross sectional with nurses in Flamboyant Intermediate Surgical Ward Dr. Soetomo Hospital Surabaya as subjects . Samples were recruited by using total sampling and there were 15 samples as on inclusion criteria. Data were analyzed using Paired t-T est, Krusskall-Wallis, Wilcoxon, Mann-Whitney, Anova and Chi-Square with significance level α ≤0.05. R esult: The result showed that shift work had no correlation with nurses’ work stress (p=0.221). Nurses stress stage had no differences in three of shift (p=0.757). While shift work had correlation with nurse’s circadian rhythm disturbance (p=0.038) and night shift had differences circadian rhythm disturbance (p=0.038). Discussion: It can be concluded that there wa s correlation between shift work and circadian rhythm disturbance, however there is no correlation between shift work and work stress. Further studies are recommended to identify the dominant factor which cause work stress for nurses.