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Actinomycotic mycetoma is a disease of the tropical region and usually presents as a chronic, suppurative and deforming granulomatous infection. We present an unusual case of actinomycotic mycetoma of the abdominal wall that was found to infiltrate into the bowel. A 51 year-old man presented with pain and swelling in the left flank of 2-year duration. Even after comprehensive preoperative evaluation with advanced radiological imaging, biochemistry and pathology, the diagnosis could not be arrived at. Histopathological examination of the excised specimen after the surgery guided to the diagnosis of actinomycotic mycetoma, which entirely changed the management in the postoperative period. We propose that mycetoma should be kept as a possible differential diagnosis for anterior abdominal wall swelling in the indicated clinical setting and the investigations be done keeping the same in mind. Otherwise, a lot of valuable time may be lost allowing the disease to progress further.

Background We have been in constant search of novel innovations to decrease the high morbidity after Pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD). Pancreaticojejunostomy (PJ) and pancreaticogastrostomy (PG) are the two different methods of reconstruction after PD. However, the existing data is ambiguous in supporting either of them as the preferred technique of reconstruction. Methods This was a single-center prospective observational study that included 64 patients who underwent PD over two years. We compared PG with PJ as a method of reconstruction after PD. The primary objective was to assess whether PG decreases the rate of postoperative pancreatic fistula (POPF) rates or not. Secondary objectives comprised analysis of perioperative outcomes, 30-day and 90-day mortality. Results Pancreatic fistula was significantly lower in PG as compared to the PJ group (24% vs. 47%) with a p-value of 0.027. The incidence of clinically pertinent (grade B) fistula was only 3% in the PG group and 32% in the PJ group. PG group had a higher incidence of post pancreatectomy hemorrhage (PPH) and delayed gastric emptying (DGE). No statistically significant difference was seen between either group need for blood transfusion, re-exploration, re-admissions, ICU stay, or length of hospital stay, and 30-day and 90-day mortality. Pancreatic texture and high BMI were independent predictors for pancreatic fistula. Conclusion PG when compared to PJ for reconstruction after PD, decreases the rate of POPF significantly; however, it is associated with an elevated risk of DGE and PPH. There was no difference in 30-day and 90-day mortality between both the treatment groups.

Background Laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) is the most common surgery done in general surgical practice worldwide. Despite clear guidelines recommending against the routine use of antibiotic prophylaxis (ABP) for elective LC by professional entities such as the Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN), Society of American Gastrointestinal and Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES) etc., most surgeons are not convinced about omitting ABP in low-risk LC. Thus, this study aimed at capturing the practice of administering ABP in elective LC among surgeons of Armed Forces Medical Services (AFMS). Methods This was a survey based on an electronic, cross-sectional, self-completion questionnaire that was designed and disseminated amongst 184 surgeons of the AFMS, online, and the data was collated centrally. Results 64% of surgeons completed the survey. The majority (85%) of surgeons used ABP routinely in elective LC. In the univariate analysis, only the number of years of surgical experience and the total number of LC done in an entire career, and in the multivariate analysis age group of the surgeon, surgical experience and designation were significant factors for avoiding routine ABP in elective LC. Amongst the surgeons administering ABP, only 30% administered a single dose, 73% chose a single agent and Cefotaxime (57%) was the commonest antibiotic used. Conclusion This study found that there is a high prevalence of use of antibiotic prophylaxis in elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy amongst the surgeons of the AFMS. There was a wide variation in terms of choice of antibiotics, administering single or multiple doses and as a single agent or combination therapy. Registered with clinical trials registry of India CTRI/2019/03/018092.

Two major issues with laparoscopic inguinal hernia (IH) repair are recurrences and chronic groin pain (CGP). The procedure involves fixing the mesh with the tackers which is believed to increase the rate of CGP due to nerve injuries. Thus, non-fixation of mesh is being proposed but concerns remain regarding increased recurrences. We sought to look at our outcomes after we switched over to non-fixation of mesh in totally extraperitoneal repair (TEP). Retrospective review of prospectively maintained database of 171 repairs was done on 122 patients (fixation 59 and non-fixation 112) during a period of 4 years with an endeavor to complete a minimum of 1 year of clinical follow-up. The primary objective was to assess the recurrence rates and CGP and the secondary objective was to assess operative times, immediate post-op pain, incidence of urinary retention, duration of hospital stay, days taken to return to activity, and cost. The mean operative times for unilateral IH for the fixation and non-fixation groups were 41.8 ± 11.4 and 35.9 ± 9.7 min, respectively (p = 0.021), whereas for bilateral were 66.2 ± 15.6 and 55.3 ± 14.2 min, respectively (p = 0.018). The mean pain score was 3.44 ± 1.2 versus 3.01 ± 1.0; (p = 0.037) in the two groups, respectively. At a mean follow-up of 33.2 ± 17.0 and 18.7 ± 6.2 months, the incidence of CGP was 02 (3.4%) and 3 (2.7%) (p = 1.000) and recurrences were 02 (3.4%) in the two groups, respectively (p = 0.118). Non-fixation of mesh in TEP does not lead to increased recurrence though it does not decrease the incidence of chronic groin pain. Collateral advantage would be decreased operative times, lesser post-operative pain, and decreased costs.

Creation of pneumoperitoneum and laparoscopic entry into the abdominal cavity are crucial initial steps of laparoscopic surgery and associated with bowel and major vessel injuries. Various methods have been described in literature such as Veress needle, open access technique (OAT), direct trocar insertion (DTI), and optical port. There is no consensus on the safest method of gaining access to the peritoneal cavity to create a pneumoperitoneum. DTI technique appears to be not well accepted by many due to the fear of causing injuries as it is a blind procedure.To compare the outcome of DTI in terms of feasibility and complications with a well-established and widely practiced OAT for a laparoscopic procedure.Nine hundred fifty-five participants were randomized to be in either of the two groups, that is, Group "A" for DTI and Group "B" for OAT. The primary endpoint was major complications (bowel, major vessel, and solid organ injury) and the secondary endpoint was port access time and minor complications directly related to access. Patients were assessed on the first postoperative day, at the time of discharge, 3 months, 6 months, and a year after discharge, for complications.There was no statistical difference in major complications between DTI and OAT groups, however, DTI was found to be superior to OAT in terms of port access time (P = .01), umbilical port-site hernia, port-site infection, and port-site pain (P = .01).This study further strengthens the literature on DTI being a good and safe technique of laparoscopic access. The technique of DTI is still underutilized and needs to be adopted by surgeons without fear.

Introduction: Trauma is a modern day epidemic. Abdominal trauma is the most common cause of trauma-related death that is preventable. Non operative Management (NOM) is increasingly being done in Blunt Abdominal Trauma (BAT). However, for high grade injuries, the risk of failure of NOM has been shown to be higher. Aim: To assess the feasibility and success rate of NOM in abdominal trauma with high grade solid organ injury. Materials and Methods: The present study was a retrospective review of a prospectively maintained database at a Tertiary Care Centre. 17 blunt trauma abdomen cases with high grade solid organ Injuries over a period of four and a half years without peritoneal signs or persistent haemodynamic instability after initial resuscitation were included. Data was analysed using online statistical software (graphpad). Results: Of the 17 cases with high grade injuries, two had contrast extravasation on imaging. Predominant organ involved was spleen in 11 (64.8%), liver in 10 (58.8%) and pancreas in one patient, respectively. NOM was successful in 100% of patients. Three patients had rebleeding and all were successfully managed non-operatively. There was no mortality. Conclusion: The NOM is feasible and safe even in high grade injuries in BAT. This decision is based on a sound clinical judgment and should be attempted at centers with facilities for critical care, interventional radiology and adequate blood bank facilities. The patient condition and not the grade of injury on imaging should dictate the line of management.

Background Laparoscopic surgery has expanded exponentially in the last two decades but, somehow it is limited in pancreatic surgery by virtue of the pancreas being a friable, retroperitoneal organ with difficult access and adjacent major vessels risking torrential bleed. It is thought to be unforgiving if not handled well. However, improvements in technology and surgeon's expertise have pushed the boundaries of minimal access surgery (MAS) to include pancreas in its domain. We present our series of laparoscopic pancreatic surgery (LPS) with an aim to look at the feasibility and outcomes. Methods This is a retrospective review of all LPS done at the Gastrointestinal Surgery (GIS) centre of a tertiary care Armed Forces Hospital over a period of 3 years. Results A total of 24 LPS were done during this period. The median age of the patients was 46 years (range; 13–81). There were 14 male and 10 female patients. Nine patients had at least one co-morbidity. Three patients underwent laparoscopic lateral pancreaticojejunostomy, 4 distal pancreatectomy, 4 laparoscopic Whipples pancreaticoduodenectomy, 6 laparoscopic pancreatic necrosectomy, 6 laparoscopic cystogastrostomy and 1 roux en y cystojejunostomy. Conclusion LPS can be performed for almost all open pancreatic surgeries and can be done with reasonable outcomes. However, it has a steep learning curve and therefore, a hybrid approach leading to a totally laparoscopic approach may be the way forward.