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According to the statistics of the World Health Organization, malaria is still one of the main diseases affecting human health, especially in Africa, and inflicts a heavy disease burden and a huge economic burden in endemic countries. At present, the widespread emergence of antimalarial drug resistance and unresolved drug availability issues have led researchers to turn their attention to the development of antimalarial vaccines. This review aims at highlighting the recent development of malaria vaccines and discussing the challenges.

Cervical cancer causes significant morbidity and mortality world widely, and human papilloma virus is the major factor that causes cervical cancer incidence. The carcinogenic proteins of HPV can induce malignant metastasis of cervical squamous epithelial cells. There are currently two human papilloma virus prophylactic vaccines listed, but the protection offered by current vaccines is primarily against HPV types used to derive the vaccine. So we review the status and progress of the HPV vaccine in recent years, and the potential clinical application of the vaccine.

Rabies is a zoonotic infectious disease caused by rabies virus. Lead to acute fatal encephalomyelitis after rabies virus infection of the central nervous system of warm-blooded animals and human. The development of vaccines that prevent rabies has a long and distinguished history, with the earliest preceding modern understanding of viruses and the mechanisms of immune protection against disease.Since the first development of a rabies vaccine by Pasteur in the late 19th century, second- and third-generation vaccines with improved efficacy and less reactogenicity have been developed for use in humans and animals. The correct application of inactivated tissue culture-derived vaccines is highly effective at preventing the development of rabies. Furthermore, oral vaccination is possible for wildlife, companion animals and livestock. A number of experimental vaccines are under development. These include DNA vaccines, recombinant viral vaccines, and recombinant protein vaccines. Further testing is needed to determine if and which one of these novel vaccines will make their way into mass production and application in the future. This review provide an overview of the past, present and possible future of rabies vaccination.