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Polypharmacy may be considered as the customary practice to provide optimum care services to patients but inter resulted in augmented probability of multiple drug interaction. Keeping in view the importance of drug interaction possibility, this study was designed to evaluate the effect of ranitidine on pharmacokinetics of amoxicillin in the local population of Karachi, Pakistan. Amoxicillin and ranitidine are the most commonly prescribed drugs to treat duodenal ulcer caused by Helicobacter pylori. The current investigation was carried out as a single center, open label, two phase, single dose, randomized way in cross over manner to evaluate the potential of pharmacokinetic interaction among amoxicillin formulation and ranitidine in adult healthy male volunteers. Post dosing blood samples were collected at multiple time points that are 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8 and 10 hours after administering amoxicillin 250mg capsule with and without ranitidine. For estimation of amoxicillin concentration in plasma, an HPLC method was developed and validated. The solvent system consisted of 0.025M phosphate buffer: acetonitrile (94:6 v/v). C18 column was employed with a flow rate of 1.0 ml/minute and at 230nm. A linear pattern with a correlation coefficient of 0.999 in the concentration ranges of 25μg/mL to 0.097μg/mL for amoxicillin and 25μg/mL to 0.048μg/mL for ranitidine was observed. Amoxicillin retention time was about 8 minutes and ranitidine retention time was around 12 minutes. Amoxicillin levels were computed and the concentrations were applied to calculate the pharmacokinetic parameters. Pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated by Kinetica TM 4.4.1 (Thermo Electron Corp. USA). The analysis of variance (two way) and t test (two one sided) were applied on log transformed pharmacokinetic parameters of amoxicillin. The Tmax was determined between amoxicillin alone and amoxicillin with ranitidine by Friedman test. The 90% confidence interval values for Cmax(calc) (0.687–0.743) and Tmax(calc) (1.148–1.742) for amoxicillin with or without ranitidine were not found within the FDA acceptable limits of 0.8–1.25. Study demonstrated the significant reduction in peak plasma levels of amoxicillin in presence of ranitidine. It is advisable to administer both drugs with time interval to avoid such interactions and increases in the bactericidal efficacy of amoxicillin.

Polypharmacy may be considered as the customary practice to provide optimum care services to patients but inter resulted in augmented probability of multiple drug interaction. Keeping in view the importance of drug interaction possibility, this study was designed to evaluate the effect of ranitidine on pharmacokinetics of amoxicillin in the local population of Karachi, Pakistan. Amoxicillin and ranitidine are the most commonly prescribed drugs to treat duodenal ulcer caused by Helicobacter pylori. The current investigation was carried out as a single center, open label, two phase, single dose, randomized way in cross over manner to evaluate the potential of pharmacokinetic interaction among amoxicillin formulation and ranitidine in adult healthy male volunteers. Post dosing blood samples were collected at multiple time points that are 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8 and 10 hours after administering amoxicillin 250mg capsule with and without ranitidine. For estimation of amoxicillin concentration in plasma, an HPLC method was developed and validated. The solvent system consisted of 0.025M phosphate buffer: acetonitrile (94:6 v/v). C18 column was employed with a flow rate of 1.0 ml/minute and at 230nm. A linear pattern with a correlation coefficient of 0.999 in the concentration ranges of 25μg/mL to 0.097μg/mL for amoxicillin and 25μg/mL to 0.048μg/mL for ranitidine was observed. Amoxicillin retention time was about 8 minutes and ranitidine retention time was around 12 minutes. Amoxicillin levels were computed and the concentrations were applied to calculate the pharmacokinetic parameters. Pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated by Kinetica TM 4.4.1 (Thermo Electron Corp. USA). The analysis of variance (two way) and t test (two one sided) were applied on log transformed pharmacokinetic parameters of amoxicillin. The Tmax was determined between amoxicillin alone and amoxicillin with ranitidine by Friedman test. The 90% confidence interval values for Cmax(calc) (0.687-0.743) and Tmax(calc) (1.148-1.742) for amoxicillin with or without ranitidine were not found within the FDA acceptable limits of 0.8-1.25. Study demonstrated the significant reduction in peak plasma levels of amoxicillin in presence of ranitidine. It is advisable to administer both drugs with time interval to avoid such interactions and increases in the bactericidal efficacy of amoxicillin.

Background and Aim: Treatment and complications of type 1 diabetes can affect the mental status of patients and their quality of life. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of valerian capsule on anxiety and quality of life in the patients with type 1 diabetes. Material and Method: This study was a clinical trial and included 82 patients with type 1 diabetes (control group 40 and intervention group 42). Intervention group received one capsule of Sedamin (containing 530 mg of valerian root extract) every night one hour before bed time, for eight weeks. Control group received a placebo capsule. Beck Anxiety Inventory was completed before the study and also after the 4th and 8th weeks of the study, and quality of life questionnaire (DQOL) was completed before and eight weeks after the study. Using SPSS software, data were analyzed by independent t-test, paired samples t-test and one-way covariance with repeated measures. Results: The results showed that there was no significant difference in the anxiety scores between the two groups before the intervention and after four weeks of study. But we found a significant difference between the groups after eight weeks of study (p = 0.008). After the intervention, the quality of life scores in the intervention and control groups were 4.05 ± 0.7 and 3.23 ± 0.43 respectively indicating a significant difference between the two groups (p = 0.0001). Conclusion: The findings showed that use of valerian capsules for eight weeks reduced the anxiety in the patients with type 1 diabetes and improved their quality of life. We recommend use of this herbal medicine in the patients with type 1 diabetes and anxiety.

ABSTRACT Background and Aim: Considering the increasing trend of thyroid cancer and increased number of new cases we performed this study to determine the risk factors for thyroid cancer in Kurdistan Province. Materials and Methods: 80 patients and 80 controls were matched and entered into this case-control study from September 2009 to September 2016 in Kurdistan Province. Data were collected by reviewing the records of the patients, making phone calls and face-to-face interviews. Using SPSS v.20 software, data analysis was performed by chi-square test, T-test and logistic regression. Results: The results showed that there were no significant differences between the two groups in terms of gender, marital status, residential place, and profession. Thyroid cancer showed significant relationships with obesity, history of thyroid cancer in family, use of levothyroxine and TSH level. Conclusion: The results of the study highlighted the importance of TSH level, obesity, history of thyroid cancer in family, and use of levothyroxine which can be considered as risk factors for thyroid cancer by education and health planners. Keywords: Risk factors, Thyroid cancer, Kurdistan Province. Received: Dec 18, 2017 Accepted: May 22, 2018

Background and objectives: Adjustment is the most important sign of mental health. Determination of factors which affect adjustment is important. This study aimed to determine the relationship between personal and social adjustment with locus of control and gender in intelligent high school students in Kermanshah. Methods: In this descriptive cross-sectional study 106 high school students of Kermanshah were selected randomly. Data collection tools were Ratter's locus of control scale, the California Psychological Inventory (CPI) including 12 concepts of social and personal adjustment, and a demographic questionnaire. Data was analyzed by using correlation, ANOVA through SPSS16. Results: There was no significant difference between personal adjustment and gender. But social adjustment in girls’ intelligent was more than boys’ intelligent (p

Objective (s): Obesity is a major public health problem worldwide. This study aimed to investigate on relationship between body image and depression, anxiety and stress among obese adolescent girls in Tehran, Iran. Materials: This was a cross-sectional study of 837 teen girls aged 13 to 18 years old in Tehran, Iran. Data were collected a three part questionnaire including questions on sociodemograhic information, the Multidimensional Body-self Relations (MBSRQ), and depression, anxiety and stress standard questionnaire (DASS-21). Pearson correlation coefficient was used for investigation of the relationship between body image and depression, anxiety and stress. Results: The findings showed that there was significant negative relationship between obesity and body image in adolescent girls with depression (P=0.001), anxiety (P=0.035) and stress (P

Objective (s): This study was, designed to evaluate the effect of an educational program on postpartum depression among primiparous women.Methods: This was a quasi-experimental study carried out in two urban health centers in Sanandaj, Iran. The intervention group received an educational program on postpartum depression in three sessions: 10-14 days, 6 and 8 weeks after delivery. Each session that lasted for 20 minutes. In addition, booklets were circulated to mothers for guidance. The control group (mothers) only received the routine postpartum care. Both groups completed The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale 8 and 12 weeks after delivery and were compared between two groups.Results: There was no significant difference between the two groups at baseline. However, there was a significant difference between depression scores in two groups one month after intervention (P=0.001).Conclusion: The results showed that the educational program among primiparous mothers was effective.Key Words: Educational program, Postpartum Depression, Prevention, primiparous

Objective(s)Developing and validating a simple, efficient, reproducible and economic reversed phase high performance liquid chromatographic (RP-HPLC) method for the quantitative determination of pefloxacin in bulk material, tablets and in human plasma. Materials and MethodsA shim-pack CLC-ODS column and a mobile phase constituting acetonitrile: 0.025 M phosphoric acid solution (13:87 v/v, pH 2.9 adjusted with KOH) were used. The flow rate was 1 ml/min and the analyses performed using ultraviolet (UV) detector at a wavelength of 275 nm using acetaminophen as an internal standard.ResultsThe developed method showed good resolution between pefloxacin and acetaminophen. It was selective to pefloxacin and able to resolve the drug peak from internal standard and from formulation excipients. The percentage of coefficient variation (CV) of the retention times and peak areas of pefloxacin from the six consecutive injections were 0.566% and 0.989%, respectively. The results showed that the peak area responses are linear within the concentration range of 0.125 µg/ml-12 µg/ml (R2= 0.9987). The limits of detection (LOD) and limits of quantitation (LOQ) for pefloxacin were 0.03125 µg/ml and 0.125 µg/ml. The intra-day and inter-day variation, RSD were 0.376-0.9056 and 0.739-0.853 respectively; also, inter-day variation with relative standard deviation (RSD) were 0.1465-0.821 in plasma. The accuracy results of 70%, 100%, and 130% drugs were 100.72%, 100.34%, and 100.09%, respectively.ConclusionThe method is linear, quantitative, reproducible and could be used as a more convenient, efficient and economical method for the trace analysis of drug in biological fluids, in raw material and tablets.