Search

The rapid emergence of virulent and multidrug-resistant (MDR) non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) enterica serovars are a growing public health concern globally. The present study focused on the assessment of the pathogenicity and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) profiling of NTS enterica serovars isolated from chicken processing environments at wet markets in Dhaka, Bangladesh. A total number of 870 samples consisting of carcass dressing water (CDW), chopping board swabs (CBS), and knife swabs (KS) were collected from 29 wet markets. The prevalence of Salmonella was found to be 20% in CDW, 19.31% in CBS and 17.58% in KS, respectively. Meanwhile, the MDR Salmonella was found to be 72.41%, 73.21% and 68.62% in CDW, CBS, and KS, respectively. All isolates were screened by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for eight virulence genes, namely invA, agfA, IpfA, hilA, sivH, sefA, sopE, and spvC. The S. Enteritidis and untyped Salmonella isolate harbored all virulence genes while S. Typhimurium isolates carried six virulence genes except sefA and spvC. Phenotypic resistance revealed decreased susceptibility to ciprofloxacin, streptomycin, ampicillin, tetracycline, gentamycin, sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid and azithromycin. Genotypic resistance showed higher prevalence of plasmid mediated blaTEM followed by tetA, sul1, sul2, sul3, and strA/B genes. Harmonic and symmetrical trend was observed among the phenotypic and genotypic resistance patterns of the isolates. The research findings anticipate that MDR and virulent NTS enterica serovars are prevailing in the wet market environments which can easily enter into the human food chain. There was a resilient and significant correlation existent among the phenotypic and genotypic resistance patterns and virulence genes of Salmonella isolate recovered from carcass dressing water, chopping board swabs, and knife swabs (p < 0.05), respectively.

Background The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in reduced numbers of patients presenting with and undergoing procedures for cardiac conditions worldwide. This impact, specifically looking at the changes in patient visits, admissions and procedure volumes, has not been recorded thus far, in terms of a South Asian LMIC setting. Purpose We aimed to assess the impact of the pandemic on emergency room (ER) visits, cardiology admissions, out-patient and in-patient procedures at a LMIC tertiary cardiac centre. Methods Data on ER visits, specific in-patient and out-patient procedures (echocardiography, exercise stress tests, electrocardiography [ECG]) were collected via hospital electronic records from January to December 2020, and compared with corresponding data for the same months in 2019. The difference or deficits were expressed as a percentage (%Δ). Data for each quarter were compared using paired t-test. A p value Results There were significantly reduced numbers of out-patient visits (Δ −31.2%; p=0.007), ER visits (%Δ −59.5%; p=0.0), in-patient admissions (Δ −33.1%; p=0.005), total out-patient procedures (%Δ −31.9%; p=0.008) and catheterization volumes (%Δ-29.7%; p=0.001) in 2020, as compared with 2019 (Table 1 & Figure 1). Among out-patient procedures, adult trans-thoracic echo, ECG and stress tests showed greatest deficits in April 2020. No trans-oesophageal echocardiograms were performed in April to July 2020. The greatest deficits were observed in April 2020, as compared with 2019 (out-patient visits: Δ-92.7%; out-patient procedures: %Δ-94.5%; in-patient admissions: %Δ-85.9%; catheterization procedures: %Δ-85.2%), except for ER visits, where the greatest deficit was seen in June 2020: %Δ-90.7%). Numbers continued to remain extremely low in May 2020, coinciding with the nation-wide lockdown measures. Out-patient visits, procedures and in-patient admissions have gradually increased since July 2020. However, the greatest impact seems to have been on ER visits, continued to remain low, with significantly reduced volumes in both 2nd and 3rd quarters of 2020. The lowest deficits in outpatient visits (Δ-4.9%), ER visits (Δ-31.9%) and out-patient procedures (Δ-0.9%) were seen in December 2020, while for in-patient admissions (Δ-7.9%) and catheterization procedures (Δ-6.5%) this was in October 2020. Conclusion There was a significant reduction of out-patient and in-patient cardiology services volumes in 2020, with the greatest reduction in April and May, coinciding with a general “lockdown”. ER visits were the most greatly affected. Trends show a steady increase in out-patient and catheterization procedures, beginning from July, but have not yet reached pre-COVID volumes, even by the end of 2020. These findings indicate that, the pandemic has resulted in significantly fewer ER visits; however, patients still present as outpatients, both for procedures and catheterization. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding sources: None. Table 1Figure 1

The study was performed with a view to collect epidemiological data to proper control of Duck Salmonellosis in Bangladesh. A total of 12 small to medium sized duck farms and 28 individual households were visited for data collection. On the basis of history and clinical signs and as per the information provided by the farmers the prevalence rate of Duck Salmonellosis was recorded as 38.1% and the P value was calculated as 0.003 (p

Clostridium chauvoei is the etiological agent of black quarter (BQ), an infectious disease affecting mainly young cattle and sheep. The present study was designed with a view to isolate and identifies Cl. chauvoei from field cases. A total of 4 clinically suspected samples were collected during the period from January 2013 to November 2013 from Monohardi, Narshindi (n=1); Sujanagar, Pabna (n=1) and Veterinary Clinic of Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh (n=2). The samples were processed and were cultured anaerobically on blood agar. Gram stain and hanging drop techniques were performed with the cultured bacteria. Biochemical properties of the isolates were studied, and antibiotic sensitivity test was done by disk diffusion method. In Gram stain, all isolates showed numerous short, thick, straight, round-ended, gram positive rod occurs singly or in short chains. The spores of the organism were elongated, oval, sub terminal or terminal and wider than the cell, giving a typical pear-shaped appearance. All the Cl. chauvoei isolates fermented dextrose, maltose, lactose and sucrose and produced acid and gas. In case of mannitol fermentation, only acid was produced. Catalase, oxidase, methyl red, Voges-Proskauer and indole tests were found to be negative. All isolates were resistant to oxytetracycline, amoxicillin and ciprofloxacin, whereas the isolates were sensitive to penicillin and gentamicin. In conclusion, penicillin and gentamicin can be the drugs of choice for effective treatment of BQ in cattle of Bangladesh.

A total of 17 stool samples were collected from enteric fever suspected patients of Mymensingh Medical College Hospital, Mymensingh, Bangladesh. Results of morphological, biochemical examinations and pathogenicity test revealed Escherichia coli (47%), Klebsiella spp. (41%), Citrobacter spp. (29%). In cultural examination, all Escherichia coli showed metallic sheen on EMB agar, Klebsiella spp. showed moist shiny mucoid colonies and Citrobacter spp. showed large convex colorless dwarf colonies on MacConkey agar. In biochemical examination, all the isolates fermented five basic sugars with the production of acid and gas where the Citrobacter spp. were late lactose fermenter. Escherichia coli was indole and MR positive but V-P negative, Klebsiella spp. were V-P positive but MR and Indole negative and Citrobacter spp. were MR positive but V-P and Indole negative. All isolated bacterial species were sensitive to ciprofloxacin but resistant to amoxicillin. Salmonella typhi or Salmonella paratyphi organisms were not present in the stool samples examined. This may be due to collection of samples from patient having antibiotic therapy with Ceftriaxone through intravenous route for 3 days prior to collection of samples. From this study, it may be concluded that Escherichia coli , Kelbsiella spp. and Citrobacter spp. may be commonly present in enteric fever suspected patients or they may produce enteric fever like symptoms in human. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/pa.v20i1-2.16857 Progress. Agric. 20(1 & 2): 85 – 92, 2009

The present study was conducted with a view to isolate and characterize Escherichia coli ( E. coli ) from horses reared in and around Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU) campus and to know the clonal relationship of the isolates with E. coli of cattle, goat and chicken. It also focused on the determination of antimicrobial sensitivity and resistant pattern of the isolated horse E. coli. A total of 10 faecal samples, comprising 4 from diarrhoeic horses and 6 from apparently healthy horses were collected. The overall prevalence of E. coli was recorded as 60%. All isolates fermented dextrose, maltose, sucrose, lactose and mannitol with the production of both acid and gas. The isolates were positive to MR and Indole tests, but negative to VP test. DNA fingerprinting analysis using PFGE of Xbal -digested genomic DNA revealed that the strains of E. coli from different areas seem to be same clonal lineage, although no genetic clue could be found related to cattle, goat and chicken E. coli strains. The antimicrobial sensitivity and resistance pattern showed that the isolates of horse E. coli were highly sensitive to ciprofloxacin and chloramphenicol but to the amoxicillin and cephalexin, the isolates were highly resistant. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/pa.v22i1-2.16464 Progress. Agric. 22(1 & 2): 27 - 35, 2011

The present study aimed at isolation and identification of Salmonella serovars from human stool and characterization of the isolated serovars using biochemical, serological, molecular and antimicrobial sensitivity techniques. A total of 25 samples were collected of which 16% were positive to Salmonella serovars. All the culturally positive isolates fermented dextrose, maltose and mannitol with the peoduction of acid and gas but not fermented sucrose and lactose. The same isolates showed Indole and V-P tests negative but M-R test positive. All the culturally and biochemically positive Salmonella serovars showed agglutination with poly ‘O’ and poly ‘H’ antisera. The antimicrobial susceptibility testing showed that the isolated Salmonella serovars were highly sensitive to ciprofloxacin and moderately sensitive to chloramphenicol, kanamycin, cotrimoxazol and nalidixic acid. However, the positive isolates were resistant to erythromycin. The present study indicates that ciprofloxacin can be used as a first line therapy for the treatment of Salmonella gastroenteritis.DOI = http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjvm.v9i1.11218Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2011). 9(1): 85-93

In response to concerns raised about the quality of parenteral vancomycin products, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is investigating the product quality of all FDA-approved parenteral vancomycin products available in the United States. Product quality was evaluated independently at two FDA Office of Testing and Research (FDA-OTR) sites. In the next phase of the investigation, being done in collaboration with the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, the in vivo activity of these products will be evaluated in an appropriate animal model. This paper summarizes results of the FDA investigation completed thus far. One site used a validated ultrahigh-pressure liquid chromatography method (OTR-UPLC), and the second site used the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for related substances provided in the British Pharmacopeia (BP) monograph for vancomycin intravenous infusion. Similar results were obtained by the two FDA-OTR laboratories using two different analytical methods. The products tested had 90 to 95% vancomycin B (active component of vancomycin) by the BP-HPLC method and 89 to 94% vancomycin by OTR-UPLC methods. Total impurities were 5 to 10% by BP-HPLC and 6 to 11% by OTR-UPLC methods. No single impurity was >2.0%, and the CDP-1 level was ≤2.0% across all products. Some variability in impurity profiles of the various products was observed. No adverse product quality issues were identified with the six U.S. vancomycin parenteral products. The quality parameters of all parenteral vancomycin products tested surpassed the United States Pharmacopeia acceptance criteria. Additional testing will characterize in vivo performance characteristics of these products.

Infectious bursal disease is one of the most important viral disease of poultry usually affects young chickens of 3- 6 weeks. Hygienic management and proper vaccination are main way of control of this disease. But maternal antibody affects vaccination with live vaccine. To determine the effect of maternally derived antibody on live vaccine, the study was conducted. A total of 100 day old chicks (50 from vaccinated parent stock and 50 from non-vaccinated parent stock) were used in this study. A preset vaccination schedule was followed for chicken and blood samples were collected to find out the actual effect. It is observed that day old chicks contain high level (6294.14±24.95) of maternally derived antibody which gradually decline below positive level within 15-20 days (390.45 ±19.42) and half-life is about 5 days. Vaccination of chicken with high level of maternally derived antibody interferes with the vaccine virus results no immune response but revaccination provokes immune response. Better immune response is found in chickens vaccinated at day 21 and boostered at day 28. But there may be chance of infection because maternal antibody declined below positive level within 15-20 days. Chickens from non- vaccinated parent stock shows good immune response from first time that is from primary vaccination at day 7 and boosting at day 14.

In Pakistan there are a number of acute problems related to maternal and infant health in the perinatal period. There is also lack of reliable data needed for the formulation of action strategies. To provide a database 1490 women have been followed from the 5th month of pregnancy in four different areas at various levels of urbanization and socio-economic development. After adjusting for gestational age, the proportion of newborns with weight for length < -2SDS in relation to the Swedish National Standard was 12-31% for boys and 12-25% for girls, the figure being highest in the most deprived area. Preterm birth was infrequent compared with IUGR. The overall prevalence rate of birth defects was 21% out of which 8% were severe defects. The overall perinatal mortality rate was 56/1000 births, with rates of 60, 75, 36 and 33/1000 births for the village, periurban slum, urban slum and the upper middle class. Two thirds of the deaths were related to either a continuation of intrauterine disturbances or severe congenital defects incompatible with life. One third of the deaths were due to infection; mostly diarrhoea, clinical sepsis and ARI. Neonatal mortality was significantly related to birth length (< -2SDS, odds ratio 5.5) and length of gestation (< 37 weeks, odds ratio 5.6) and was to a lesser extent related to weight (< -2SDS, odds ratio 2.0) and weight for length (< -2SDS, odds ratio 1.3). Forty percent of the mothers had weight for height below -2SDS, 23-35% had height < -2SDS. Forty percent of mothers from a subset within the cohort had a hemoglobin < 10 gm/dl and 20% showed signs of pre-eclampsia. This presentation raises the issue of expanding the current Child Survival Programs into the perinatal period as well.

The study was performed with a view to isolate and identify a virulent strain of S. gallinarum and determine the purity, safety and efficacy of BIO-TYPHOID ® vaccine. A total of 40 backyard layer chicken were used for this study where Group A was used for experimental vaccination, Group B kept as control and Group C was used for calculating virulent S. gallinarum challenge dose. Primary and secondary vaccination was carried out at 40 days and 110 days of age, respectively. Blood samples were collected to obtain the sera after vaccination from both vaccinated and unvaccinated control group and antibody titres were determined by Microplate agglutination test. The antibody titre increased in primary vaccination up to days 56 days post vaccination (DPV) and then decreased gradually. The highest antibody titre (Mean ± SE) 384.00 ± 42.67 was obtained at 91 DPV (21 days later of secondary vaccination) and maintained up to 98 DPV. Safety test was done by inoculating mice and purity test of the vaccine was done by inoculating on to Blood Agar media. The efficacy of BIO-TYPHOID ® vaccine was recorded as 90% which was determined by challenge infection with 0.1 ml of 5x10 5 CFU virulent S. gallinarum . Results of this study revealed successful protections by BIO-TYPHOID ® vaccine. Keywords: BIO-TYPHOID ® vaccine; Chicken; Efficacy; Fowl Typhoid DOI: 10.3329/jbau.v7i2.4737 J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 7(2): 295-299, 2009

Rectal cultures from Swedish and Pakistani hospital-delivered newborn infants were analysed regarding the early acquisition of enterobacteria. Swedish infants were delivered vaginally, Pakistani infants were delivered either vaginally or by caesarean section. The Swedish infants were all breast-fed, whereas breastfeeding was incomplete and often started late among the Pakistani infants. Both groups of Pakistani infants were more rapidly colonized with enterobacteria than were the Swedish infants. Cultures from Swedish infants seldom yielded more than one kind of enterobacteria; E. coli and Klebsiella were most frequently isolated. E. coli dominated in both Pakistani groups, but especially caesarean section delivered infants were in addition often colonized with Proteus, Klebsiella, Enterobacter or Citrobacter species. Breastfeeding from the first day of life reduced colonization with Klebsiella/Enterobacter/Citrobacter. The results suggest that environmental exposure, delivery mode and early feeding habits all influence the early intestinal colonization with enterobacteria.

Bacteremia in hemodialysis patients with cuffed tunneled catheters is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. Native arteriovenous fistulas or vascular prostheses are preferred forms of vascular access, but their creation may not always be possible. Catheter-related bacteremia is due primarily to Gram-positive organisms, but Gram-negative infections are of increasing importance. Bacteremia in patients with catheters results from luminal or extraluminal contamination and may be perpetuated by infected fibrin sheaths associated with the catheter. Bacteremic patients require antibiotic therapy and catheter removal. Guide wire catheter exchange is appropriate in stable patients, but catheter removal and later reinsertion of a new catheter is indicated for tunnel infection or frank sepsis. Late diagnosis or ineffective therapy predisposes to vascular and extravascular infectious complications. Catheter-related bacteremia may be minimized with appropriate sterile technique at insertion, meticulous exit site care, and antibiotic lock solutions. Early recognition and treatment minimize morbidity and mortality, but the optimal solution remains the placement of permanent access.

The morphometry of the intercommissural distances and their relation with other structures of the aortic valve of bovine heart was carried out. A total of 32 apparently healthy bovine hearts of indigenous cattle of both sexes (50% male and 50% female), 2-4 years of age, weighing 500 to 800 gms were used in this study. The external intercommissural distances were higher in all cusps of the valve compared to the internal intercommissural distances. The internal intercommissural distance was larger in the RC sinus in case of male animals followed by that of the LC and NC sinus. The mean external intercommissural distances were 34.67+/-3.40, 34.40+/-3.64 and 34.97+/-4.37 mm and the internal intercommissural distances were 21.60+/-4.21, 21.20+/-4.70 and 20.67+/-4.06 mm for LC, RC and NC respectively. Analyzing the internal intercommissural distance, value in the LC sinus was higher followed by the RC and the NC but this variation was non-significant. In regard to the position of the coronary ostia, there were two coronary ostia, the right coronary ostium present in the RC sinus and the left coronary ostium in the LC sinus respectively and the right coronary ostium was supracommissural in position in bovine heart. Data about the morphometrical analysis of intercommissural distances and the position of the coronary ostia of the aortic valve facilitate the knowledge of manufacturing bovine tissue valve as well as those might be involved in valve replacement in human.

Objectives: To test the hypothesis that reinforcement of the advice given at the time of discharge from the emergency department by telephone consultation would improve asthma outcomes. Methods: A randomized controlled trial of the parents of 310 children who had been discharged from the emergency department with asthma was undertaken. The parents were randomized to receive either standard care (155 children) or standard care plus education by telephone (155 children) from a trained asthma educator. Symptoms, parental asthma knowledge, parental quality of life and use of asthma action plans and preventer therapy were collected at baseline and 6 months later. The primary measure was days of wheeze in last 3 months; intermediate measures were regular use of preventer medications, possession and use of written asthma action plan, parental asthma knowledge scores and parental quality of life scores. Results: A total of 266 parents (136 intervention) completed the follow-up questionnaires after 6 months. Both groups showed similar symptoms and process measures at baseline, apart from more regular use of preventer medication in the control children. At follow up, the intervention group children were significantly more likely than controls to possess (87.5% vs 72.3%; P = 0.002) a written asthma action plan. Possession of action plans increased from baseline in the intervention group but tended to decrease in the control group. Use of action plans was greater in the intervention group but decreased from baseline in both groups. Both intervention and control groups showed significant decreases in asthma symptoms. Conclusions: Reinforcement by telephone consultation did not improve the primary outcome of wheeze in the last 3 months. However, it increased the possession and regular use of written asthma action plans in the intervention group.

Objective: Attendance at an Emergency Department (ED) with an acute attack of asthma may be indicative of undertreatment of persistent disease. However, many presentations are in children with infrequent episodic asthma. The aim of this study was to characterize the pattern of asthma of children discharged from ED to determine whether there was potential to improve underlying disease control. Methodology: This was a cohort study. Three hundred and ten parental caretakers of 1 to 15-year-old children, attended and discharged from an ED with asthma, completed an asthma control questionnaire, an asthma knowledge questionnaire and a caregiver's quality of life questionnaire. Background severity of asthma was classified and medication history was assessed. Also included were those with their first attack of asthma. Results: One hundred and thirty-two (43%) children had infrequent episodic asthma, 105 (34%) frequent episodic, 40 (13%) persistent asthma and 33 (11%) first attack asthma. Thirty-nine per cent of children were not receiving preventer therapy and this seemed appropriate; 14% of children with frequent episodic and persistent asthma were not receiving appropriate preventer therapy; and a further 34% had frequent symptoms despite receiving preventer therapy. Conclusions: We observed deficiencies in use of preventer medications, use of written asthma management plans and lack of parental knowledge in some children with established asthma who presented to an ED. There was also a large number of children who did not have frequent background symptoms or who presented with their first episode.

Chronic ocular pain may have many causes and can be a frustrating problem for both patient and doctor alike. We describe two patients who had similar symptoms and eye findings who had been unable to relieve their pain with conventional analgesia. We postulate a cause for their pain and describe our experience of a treatment strategy using a standard dose of botulinum toxin injection into an extraocular muscles. A 56 year old white woman presented with what was initially thought to be a right orbital cellulitis but investigations and clinical course subsequently suggested a non-infectious idiopathic inflammatory aetiology. Her history suggested orbital myositis and she described right sided facial weakness, nausea, and right sided ptosis. She had a 9 month course of oral steroids and despite this needed tramadol, paracetamol, and flurbiprofen to control her pain. Her symptoms and examination findings slowly stabilised until she was left with marked limitation of upgaze in her right eye. Her symptoms did not change over the next 3 years, at which point she was referred to our care. When she attempted to look up she described a juddering sensation and severe pain just above the eye. She rarely had pain …

The feeding practices of children (n = 1476) from birth to 24 months, as determined in a longitudinal study, in Lahore, Pakistan, are presented. Four socioeconomic groups at various levels of urbanization were included; a village, periurban slum, urban slum and an upper middle class. Initiation of breastfeeding was delayed in all the neonates. Sixty-five percent of the periurban slum mothers and 45% of the village mothers had not started breastfeeding at 48 hours after the birth of the infant. Prelacteal feedings, especially of herb water and honey, were the norm. Breastfeeding was highly prevalent. Eighty-seven to 98% of the infants in all the areas were breastfed at one month of age. Exclusive breastfeeding was rare, with 9% at one month, declining rapidly with age and being highly influenced by season. Partial breastfeeding was the most common mode of feeding. Water in addition to human milk was given by 45-73% of the mothers living in the urban slum, village and periurban slum at one month of age. Fresh animal milk and/or commercial formula was already being given at 1 month by 22-64% of the mothers in all areas. Commercial formula was the preferred food in the upper middle class, while in the other three areas it was rare and fresh animal milk was mainly used. More than 50% of the mothers in the village and in the periurban slum gave diluted animal milk even beyond the age of 10-15 months. In the upper middle class 50% of the infants were fed semisolids at the age of four months, while in the village, the periurban and the urban slum at 6 months of age only 10%, 12% and 47% of the infants received semisolids. The results of this study indicate that breastfeeding was highly prevalent in the three poorest areas. However, in all the areas initiation of breastfeeding was delayed and prelacteal feeding was the norm. Exclusive breastfeeding was rare, feeding bottles were used by 82-100% of the mothers to feed supplements and human milk substitutes, in the four areas.

The causative agents of acute diarrhoea were investigated in children under the age of five years from 1985-1991 in three socio-economically different areas in Lahore, Pakistan. The aim was to determine the frequencies of the most common enteropathogens in faeces. The total isolation rate was 73.4%; two thirds (53.5%) were of bacterial and one third (19.9%) of viral origin. ETEC-LT (23.4%), Rota virus (19.9%), EPEC (15%) and Campylobacter (12%) were the single most frequent pathogens in all age groups and areas of living. The positivity of Campylobacter increased from 1.6% to 12% after the change of isolation technique. Shigella was isolated significantly (p > 0.001) more in children over than under one year of age. The incidence of bacterial infections was high during all seasons, while in certain years Rota virus was relatively low in the summer compared to the cooler months. The prevalence of ETEC-LT diarrhoea was higher in the periurban slum as compared to the village and the urban slum. The study is the first of its kind in Pakistan, and the results are similar to other comparable studies. It is thus possible to establish a well functioning and reliable microbiological laboratory in developing countries in a setting with restricted trained personnel and material resources.

Protection against neonatal sepsis by breast feeding was investigated in a developing community. A case-control study was carried out with 42 cases from a hospital and 270 controls, matched for age and socioeconomic conditions from the community. Exclusive breast feeding was extremely rare, most babies being partially breast fed and a few being given formula feed or animal milk. A highly significant odds ratio of 18 was obtained, showing that even partial breast feeding protects against neonatal sepsis in such a population.

Tetanic convulsions are not uncommon among severely dehydrated children in the developing countries. This raises the question whether these children have disturbances in the homeostasis of divalent ions. Serum values are reported of calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, sodium and potassium, as well as blood pH in children below 3 years of age with acute watery diarrhoea and with an estimated weight loss of about 10%. The study was performed on dehydrated children with (DC) or without (D) convulsions. Values were obtained on admission and following rehydration therapy (RT). On admission serum calcium was low in both D and DC children. Serum phosphorus was likewise elevated in both D and DC children. Serum magnesium was slightly elevated in the DC but not in the D group. No patient had Hypernatremia. During RT, serum calcium increased significantly and serum phosphorus decreased significantly in D and DC children. Serum calcium showed a significant inverse correlation with serum phosphorus and a significant direct correlation with blood pH. Treatment of DC children with i.v. calcium and i.m. magnesium had no immediate effect on the convulsions. Our conclusion is that severely dehydrated children will develop hypocalcemia. The cause may be a redistribution of calcium into the cells, parallelled by a redistribution of phosphorus from the intra- to the extracellular space.

The effect of poliovirus vaccination on mucosal immunity was studied in lactating women because secretory IgA antibodies to poliovirus in milk may reflect intestinal immunity. Swedish mothers lacked significant titers of secretory IgA antibodies in their milk before vaccination. Subcutaneous vaccination with killed poliovirus vaccine resulted in low but transient increases in titers of secretory IgA antibodies in the milk of most of these women. Pakistani mothers had significant titers of secretory IgA antibodies in their milk before immunization; these titers increased after subcutaneous poliovirus vaccination in 45% of the women. Peroral vaccination of Pakistani women with liver poliovirus vaccine diminished already existing titers of secretory IgA antibodies in their milk. The decrease in titer was especially pronounced when the liver poliovirus vaccine was given together with a subcutaneous vaccine consisting of killed Vibrio cholerae organisms; the mean titer of secretory IgA antibodies in milk 14 days after vaccination was about 40-fold lower than it was before vaccination.

1. Changes in serum triglyceride and high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol after a fatty meal have been studied in smokers and non-smokers. 2. Average serum triglyceride during the study was higher in smokers than in non-smokers. 3. In non-smokers there was a rise in the HDL2/HDL3 cholesterol ratio after oral fat, but not in smokers. 4. These findings are compatible with the hypothesis that smoking interferes with the lipolysis of triglyceride rich lipoproteins and the conversion of HDL3 into HDL2.

Intestinal hypomotility is a common late complication in infants with acute diarrhoeal disease in pakistan. Among the infants admitted to our gastrointestinal unit with a history of acute diarrhoea, 35% developed abdominal distension and 12% developed the full clinical picture of paralytic ileus. The infants with ileus were treated with decompression and total parenteral nutrition; in this group the mortality rate was 25%. We compared 30 infants who developed ileus (group A) with an age-matched control group of infants (group B) who were admitted because of acute diarrhoea but did not develope ileus. The use of antimotility drugs was significantly more frequent in group A. Serum-K was not different in in group A (3.92 +/- 0.22 mmol/l) and group B (4.32 +/- 0.18 mmol/1). However, there were more patients who had serum-K below 3 mmol/l in group A (8/30) than in group B (5/30). We conclude that the use of antimotility drugs predisposes to the development of ileus in infants with acute diarrhoea. Hypokalemia may contribute to ileus in a few cases but is generally not a prerequisite.

Intestinal permeability was assessed with different-sized polyethylene glycols (PEG 400 and PEG 1,000) in small children with acute diarrhea. All children with acute diarrhea absorbed and excreted less PEG of all molecular sizes into the urine when compared with healthy control children (p less than 0.001). Children with acute rotavirus infection excreted significantly less PEG of all sizes than children with Shigella, Salmonella, and enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) infection (p less than 0.001-0.01), suggesting a more severe mucosal lesion caused by rotavirus. In patients with severe malnutrition there was also a significant decrease in absorption of PEGs observed. In addition, malnourished patients with rotavirus diarrhea showed a pronounced decrease of PEGs in comparison with well-nourished patients. The ratio between the recovery of a large PEG molecule, 1,074 Da, and a small molecule, 370 Da, was utilized to assess the absorption of large molecules in relation to that of smaller ones. On applying this ratio, it was noted that the intestine in children with Shigella and EPEC infection was relatively more permeable to larger molecules than in healthy controls, while in rotavirus and Salmonella infection it was less permeable to larger molecules. In this study significant differences in the permeability characteristics were observed, suggesting etiology-specific effects on the mucosal barrier.

Trimethoprim, which is known to restrict formylation of methionyl-tRNAf, caused (i) equivalent inhibition of protein accumulation in a rel+ and rel− strain of E. coli K-12, (ii) severe and rapid inhibition of RNA accumulation in the rel+ strain but a much less severe and more gradual inhibition in the rel− strain, and (iii) most significantly appreciable accumulation of ppGpp and MS II in the rel+ strain but not in the rel− strain. This observation is consistent with the general notion that whenever formation of aminoacylated tRNA or N-formylmethionyl-tRNAf is restricted in rel+ strains, it evokes ppGpp accumulation as well as inhibition of RNA accumulation.

Retroperitoneal hematoma may occur as a result of trauma, rupture of arterial aneurysms (aortic or iliac), surgical complications, tumors and anticoagulation therapy. A life threatening retroperitoneal hemorrhage or hematoma is an infrequent complication of anticoagulation treatment. Enoxaparin is a low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) with several advantages over unfractionated heparin. Nevertheless, enoxaparin use is not without risk and severe retroperitoneal bleeding may occur following its use with a potentially fatal outcome. We report a case of sixty six years old female patient who develops a fatal retroperitoneal hematoma two days after enoxaparin treatment for acute coronary syndrome. Keywords: Retroperitoneal hematoma; Enoxaparin; Acute coronary syndrome. DOI: 10.3329/cardio.v3i1.6434Cardiovasc. j. 2010; 3(1): 94-97

Normal 0 MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 st1\:*{behavior:url(#ieooui) } /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";} The investigation was conducted to detect infectious bronchitis (IB) virus-specific antibody in chicken from some selected areas of Bangladesh. The indirect enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (iELISA) was performed to estimate the infectious bronchitis virus specific antibody. In case of sera-samples collected from BRAC diagnostic laboratory, Gazipur, 100% sera samples were found to be positive to IBV; the highest antibody titres were recorded as 9867.29. The average antibody titre of samples from Anis Poultry Farm, Pabna and farms driven by beneficiary of SDC, Faridpur and layer chickens reared with the help of BEES, Hobigonj were recorded as 1234.38, 1076.94 and 4572.85 and percent of sero-positive cases were 56.67%, 43.33% and 92.50% respectively. In this study all breeds of chicken (non descriptive indigenous and commercial) and age groups were found equally susceptible to IB.

The present study was performed with the aim to isolate and identify Salmonella organism from diarrhoeic and apparently healthy ducks and to characterize duck Salmonella by biochemical test. Antibiotic sensitivity analysis of duck Salmonella was performed. A total of 65 cloacal samples were collected from ducks of three different regions such as Char Nilokkhiya, BAU Poultry Farm and Boyra, Mymensingh. Out of 65 samples 9 (13.07%) were found positive. The antibiotic sensitivity pattern showed that the duck isolates were highly sensitive to ciprofloxacin, kanamycin, nalidixic acid, co-trimoxazole and cephalexin but these isolates were highly resistant to chloramphenicol. Key words: Salmonella, duck, isolation, identification, characterization DOI = 10.3329/bjvm.v6i1.1331 Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2008). 6 (1): 07-12

Pathogenic Escherichia coli remain as an important etiological agent of sheep diarrhoea in Bangladesh. The present study was designed for the cultural and biochemical characterization of Sheep E. coli from diarrhoeic and apparently healthy sheep in and around BAU campus for the period from January to October, 2007. Out of 90 faecal samples, 36 from diarrhoeic and 54 from apparently healthy sheep collected from different areas in and around BAU campus, 15 (41.67%) and 21 (38.38%) were found to be positive for E. coli. The cultural characterization of all positive sheep E. coli revealed greenish black colony with metallic sheen in Eosine methylene blue agar, bright pink color smooth transparent colony in MacConkey agar, green color colony in Brilliant green agar, slight pinkish smooth colony in Salmonella-Shigella agar and colorless colony with hemolysis in blood agar. In case of biochemical characterization, all of the isolates showed fermentation of dextrose, sucrose, fructose, maltose and mannitol with the production of acid and gas, negative result to Voges-Proskaure test, positive result to Methyl-red test and differential result to Indole test.The overall prevalence of E. coli was recorded as 80.05% through the cultural and biochemical characterization. The antibiotic sensitivity and resistance pattern showed that the isolates of sheep E. coli were highly sensitive to ciprofloxacine, co-trimoxazol, nalidixic acid and chloramphenicol but to the erythromycin the isolates were highly resistant. DOI = 10.3329/bjvm.v8i1.8350 Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2010). 8(1): 51-55

Both Escherichia coli B and a proflavine-resistant mutant, E. coli B/Pr, took up the same amounts of proflavine when suspended in buffer containing the dye. In growth media, however, sensitive cells took up more proflavine than did resistant cells. Adding growth media or any one of several constituents of these media, including amino acids, glycerol, pyruvic acid, and metabolizable sugars, to resistant cells that had taken up proflavine in buffer caused them to lose the dye, but had less or no effect on sensitive cells. Certian salts caused an equal release of proflavine from resistant and sensitive cells. Proflavine released from resistant cells by glucose was not changed chemically. The effects of temperature and metabolic inhibitors suggest that proflavine uptake is a passive process but that its release may be an active one, dependent on metabolism. Glucose had more effect on the proflavine binding of E. coli B grown in a minimal medium than on that of cells grown in a complex medium. E. coli B was less susceptible to proflavine when growing in a minimal medium. The effects of other synthetic media on proflavine susceptibility of E. coli B were also studied. Deoxyribonucleic acid and envelopes from sensitive and resistant cells bound the same amounts of proflavine, and no difference was seen in the site of dye binding when sensitive and resistant cells that had taken up proflavine in buffer were sonically broken and fractionated. The results suggest that sensitive and resistant cells are equally permeable to proflavine but differ in the ease with which metabolites cause them to release bound proflavine. So far, however, these differences do not account completely for the ability of resistant cells to grow in high proflavine concentrations.

Salmonella bacteria causes a wide variety of disease and disease syndrome in different animals, birds including human beings and remains as a serious problem with public health significance throughout the world. A suitable vaccine or suitable immunogen detection system is not yet still available. However, it is interesting to characterize of a common immunodominant surface protein from a wide variety of Salmonella serovars to get the protective measures of Salmonellosis. Salmonella surface protein characterization could be useful for development of protective measures against Salmonellosis and for analysis of the protein profile relationship among the Salmonella serovars. A common and immunodominant surface protein of Salmonella serovars was critically important. SDS-PAGE analysis during the period of January 2004 to December 2004 showed a target surface protein of 37.81 kDa among the 54 Salmonella serovars in comparison to some enterobactors. The protein profiles in SDS-PAGE of Salmonella serovars were not different among all Salmonella serovars examined in this study. In contrast to the protein band of 37.81 kDa in all serovars of Salmonella were compared and recorded with those of Escherichia coli , Enterobacter aerogenes , Klebsiella pneumoniae , and Enterobacter cloacae and were detected as 36.5 kDa. SDS-PAGE analysis showed different size of protein of Salmonella serovars and other tested enterobacters. However, it needs further investigation including Western blotting and 2-D PAGE analysis of the specific band of 37.81 kDa and 36.5 kDa protein. Key words: Salmonella serovars, characterization, SDS-PAGE doi: 10.3329/bjvm.v6i2.2331 Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2008). 6 (2): 169-174 Â Â

The research was performed for the immunological characterization of the 37.81 kDa common immunodominant surface protein of some Salmonella serovars in order to examine the potency of that particular protein in terms of immunity production as well as withstood challenge exposure against virulent homologous and heterologous organism. The protective efficacy study in chicks gave protective levels of 40-50% in the heterologous challenge experiments and 50-60% in the homologous virulent challenge experiments. Therefore, the 37.81 kDa surface protein might be useful at a certain level in control of salmonellosis in chicks. Key words: Characterization, surface protein, Salmonella, chickens doi: 10.3329/bjvm.v6i2.2327 Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2008). 6 (2): 145-151 Â

The study was conducted to compare the protein patterns among some Salmonella serovars and E. coli using Two Dimensional Polyacrylamide Gel Electophoresis. The Two Dimensional Polyacrylamide Gel Electophoresis showed a 37.81 kDa well separated protein spots with all Salmonella serovars at the same time with E. coli a 36.5 kDa protein. However, these protein spots of Two Dimensional Polyacrylamide Gel Electophoresis were further tested with Immunoblotting analysis with specific antiserum against Salmonella typhimurium infected chicks. All selected Salmonella serovars successfully identified a common 37.81 kDa protein whereas E. coli spots identified as 36.5 kDa protein instead of 37.81 kDa. As a further monitoring of these proteins as to check the homogeneity and heterogeneity for N-terminal amino acid sequencing, the specific protein bands from all Salmonella serovars and E. coli were excised, purified and subjected to sequence analysis. The amino acid sequence alignment showed the 37.81 kDa proteins of some Salmonella serovars were identical or homologous among the Salmonella serovars. The N-terminal amino acid alignments of the 37.81 kDa proteins were determined as alanineglutamine- valine-isoleucine-asparagine-threonine-asparagine. On the other hand, the N-terminal amino acid alignment of the 36.5 kDa protein of E . coli ACLD2201 was found to be heterologous as alanine-proline-lysine-aspartic acid-aspararginethreonine- tryptophan. The findings of this study can be concluded that the 37.81 kDa protein of some Salmonella serovars and 36.5 kDa protein of E. coli were completely different though there is some identity of these organisms due to the presence of Enterobacterial common antigen. Key words: Salmonella, 2D-PAGE, amino acid sequence doi: 10.3329/bjvm.v6i2.2324 Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2008). 6 (2): 127-138

Normal 0 MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 st1\:*{behavior:url(#ieooui) } /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";} The study was conducted to isolate the Dermatophilus species from the skin disease of cattle in and around BAU campus during the period from May 2008 to April 2009. A total of 105 skin diseased cattle head were examined where 68 were male and 37 were female ranging from 1 month to12 years of ages. 11 (10.476%) patients were found to have typical lesions of Bovine Dermatophilosis. The rural household farm, young, male and the indigenous cattle were more susceptible. The Dermatophilus species were found Gram positive, branching and filamentous typical form of mycelial elements in Giemsa's staining. It was less visible in Gram's staining. The isolated agents produced only acid from dextrose but did not produce acid and gas from lactose, mannitol, maltose and sucrose. The catalase and the urease test were positive but indole test was negative. β-hemolysis also appeared in early stage on blood agar. The isolated agents were more sensitive to Amoxicillin (70%) followed by Ampicillin (60%) and Cephalexin (60%). Kanamycin (10%) and Ciprofloxacin (10%) was the lowest sensitive to it.

Normal 0 MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";} Characterization of Salmonella isolated from pigs was conducted between January to November, 2008 in the district of Mymensingh. Out of 23 pigs examined, only 4 (17.39) pigs had Salmonella infection. Genome analysis using PCR revealed that ST gene of enterotoxin was absent in some strains of pigs Salmonella but it's not clear whether the serovars belongs to Salmonella (S.) choleraesuis , S . typhimurium or S . derby . The isolates were found to be highly sensitive to ciprofloxacin, kanamycin, nalidixic acid, co-trimoxazole and cephalexin but highly resistant to chloramphenicol.

The immunogenicity of available fowl typhoid vaccine was studied in layer chickens following usual and suggested schedule of vaccination. A total of 30 chickens were divided into three groups; group A (vaccinated following usual schedule of vaccination), B (vaccinated following suggested schedule of vaccination) and C (as control), each containing 10 layer chickens of Fayoumi breed. Chickens of group A and B were vaccinated with available fowl typhoid vaccine produced by the Governments laboratory at a dose rate of 0.5ml at each occasion through SC route, where 1st dose was administered at 42 days and 35 days of age, respectively, and 2nd dose at 72 days and 65 days of age, respectively. Blood samples were collected to obtain sera from each chicken at every 7 days interval up to 105 days post vaccination for determination of antibody titre following primary and secondary vaccination using microplate agglutination test. The highest mean antibody titre obtained from Group A was 460.8 than that of B was 435.2, respectively. Among the two groups, the highest mean antibody titre of 460.8 was obtained at 56 days post vaccination in group A following usual schedule of vaccination. It revealed that government supplied fowl typhoid vaccine induced higher level of antibody production in both usual and suggested schedule of vaccination. Keywords: Immunogenicity; Fowl Typhoid; Vaccine; Layer chicken; Suggested; Usual DOI: 10.3329/jbau.v7i1.4970 J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 7(1): 99-102, 2009

The study was carried out to determine the appropriate age and route of vaccination with duck plague vaccine (LRI, Mohakhali) in experimentally reared local ducks during the period from September 2006 to May 2007. A total of 90 local ducklings were divided into eight groups namely A, C, D and E for vaccinated parent origin and B, F, G and H for non-vaccinated parent origin. Again Group C, D, E, F, G and H were divided into subgroups C1 & C2; D­1& D­2; E1& E2; F1 & F2; G1 & G2; H1 & H2 respectively and contained 5 ducklings each. Group A and B contained 15 ducklings in each group and were used as unvaccinated control and also for studying persistence of maternally derived antibody level. Highest mean MDA titre in ducklings of Group A was found 53.33 ± 4.03 at the age of day 1 that declined to a negligible level (≤4) at the age of day 21 and highest mean MDA titre in ducklings of Group B was found 29.86 ± 1.45 at the age of day 1 that declined to a negligible level (≤4) at the age of day 16. Ducklings of different sub-groups were vaccinated with duck plague vaccine at day 14, day 21 and day 28 through intramuscular (breast) and subcutaneous route at the dose rate of 1ml per duckling. Sera were collected from vaccinated ducklings on day 7, day 14 and day 21 after vaccination and antibody titre was measured by passive hemagglutination test. Among the vaccinated subgroups, the highest mean PHA titre was found 89.60 ± 15.67 and 83.20 ± 19.20 in subgroups E1 (vaccinated at day 28) and F1 (vaccinated at day 14) respectively. At challenge, ducklings of vaccinated subgroups showed 100% protection except C1 and C2 (showed 80% protection) and control subgroups showed 0% protection. From the results of protection test it may be concluded that both intramuscular (breast) and subcutaneous routes are equally suitable for duck plague virus vaccination in ducklings and the optimum age for vaccination to ducklings originated from vaccinated parent to duck plague vaccine might be at day 21 or 28 and ducklings originated from non-vaccinated parent at day 14 or 21 instead of usual schedule of day 28. Key words: Vaccination, duck plague vaccine, age, route, ducklings DOI = 10.3329/bjvm.v6i1.1335 Bangl. J. Vet. Med. 2008. 6 (1): 27-30

The experiment was conducted to investigate the immunogenicity of DLS prepared Fowl typhoid vaccine in comparison to commercially available BIO-TYPHOID® (Imported by Advance Animal Science Co. Ltd., Bangladesh) in layer chickens. To compare the immunogenicity of these two vaccines a total of 30 chickens were divided into three groups (group A, B and C) each including 10 layer chickens of Fayoumi breed. Chickens of group A and B were vaccinated with DLS prepared fowl typhoid vaccine and BIO-TYPHOID® respectively following usual schedule of vaccination (i.e. first dose at 42 days of age and second dose at 72 and 112 days for DLS prepared fowl typhoid vaccine and BIO-TYPHOID® respectively) with a dose of 0.5 ml at each occasion through SC route. Birds of group C were kept as unvaccinated control. Blood samples were collected to obtain sera from each chicken at every 7 days interval up to 105 days post vaccination for determination of antibody titre following primary and secondary vaccination using Microplate Agglutination test. Highest mean antibody titres obtained from Group A and B which were 460.80 and 409.60 respectively. Among the chickens vaccinated the highest mean antibody titre of 460.80 was obtained at 56 days post vaccination from chickens in group A vaccinated with DLS prepared Fowl typhoid vaccine. Results of this study revealed that DLS prepared fowl typhoid vaccine induced higher antibody production than BIO-TYPHOID®. DOI = 10.3329/bjvm.v8i1.7394 Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2010). 8(1): 01-04

The immunogenic response and protection of duck with capsular extract of local isolate of duck cholera organism, i.e. Pasteurella multocida was compared with that of conventional fowl cholera vaccine prepared in Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh. Feces, liver, heart, lungs, trachea and intestinal swabs were collected from a total of 50 sick and apparently healthy ducks. The duck cholera organisms were isolated and characterized by their cultural, physiochemical, staining properties and laboratory animals and also duck and ducklings inoculation. Capsular antigen was prepared from this isolate. Twelve weeks aged ducks of Jinding breeds were divided into three groups such as A, B and C. Each duck of group A was inoculated with 1 ml of capsular antigen containing 200 µl capsular protein and 1 ml of Bangladesh Agricultural University fowl cholera vaccine in group B intramuscularly followed by second vaccination with same vaccine with similar dose and route at 15 days interval in group A and B respectively. Ducks of group C were kept as control. Sera samples of each of the ducks of all the three groups were collected at 7 and 14 days post-vaccination following each of the primary and secondary vaccination. Each of the serum samples of all the three groups of birds was titrated by using passive hemagglutination (PHA) test and results recorded that both the capsular extract (96.00 ± 45.25) and fowl cholera vaccine (108 ± 89.37) produced more or less similar serological response at two weeks after secondary vaccination. Protection test was performed with all birds of three groups after 21 days of secondary vaccination and the results showed that ducks of both group A and B conferred 100% protection. Key words: Pasteurella multocida, capsular extract, fowl cholera vaccine, duck, immunogenicity DOI = 10.3329/bjvm.v6i1.1333 Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2008). 6 (1): 19-22

The study was carried out for isolation of Salmonella spp. and their characterization from sheep during the period from November 2006 to May 2007. For this study a total number of 63 rectal swab samples of sheep were collected. Out of 63 samples, 9 samples were identified as positive for Salmonella and each positive sample was treated as one isolate. All the Salmonella isolates revealed the same morphological, cultural and biochemical characteristics. In the stab culture on TSI agar slant, all of the isolated Salmonella isolates produced acid (yellow) and gas in the butt, the production of hydrogen sulfide gas in both butt and slant, and the alkaline (red) reaction in the slant. For the slide agglutination test, Salmonella agglutinating antiserum (poly ‘O' and poly ‘H') was used which agglutinated all the isolates and thereby identified the organism as Salmonella. The pathogenicity of the isolates was studied in mice and it revealed that the isolates were pathogenic. After isolation of Salmonella, eight commonly used antibiotics were used for the antibiogram study of isolated Salmonella. Among the isolates, 77.78% were highly sensitive and 22.22% were moderately sensitive to ciprofloxacin and spiramycin, 66.67% were highly sensitive and 33.33% were moderately sensitive to gentamicin. 55.56% were moderately sensitive and 44.44% were less sensitive to oxytetracycline and streptomycin, 33.33% were moderately sensitive and 66.67% were less sensitive to amoxycillin, 11.11% were moderately sensitive, 33.33% were less sensitive and 66.67% were resistant to sulphamethoxazole, 11.11% were less sensitive and 88.89% were resistant to penicillin-G.  From the results it may be concluded that the prevalence of Salmonella organisms in sheep of this country is remarkable and isolated Salmonella spp. are pathogenic for laboratory animals and highly sensitive to ciprofloxacin, spiramycin and gentamicin. From the results it also may be concluded that slide agglutination test can be used for the rapid detection of Salmonella organism. Key words: isolation, characterization, pathogenicity, antibiogram study DOI = 10.3329/bjvm.v6i1.1346 Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2008). 6 (1): 75-78

The research works was conducted with a view to isolate and identify the Escherichia coli (E. coli) organism from diarrhoeic cases of buffalo reared in selected areas of Bangladesh as well the prevalence and antibiotic sensitivity pattern of the isolated E. coli in the Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU), Mymensingh-2202 during the period from April 2008 to May 2009. A total of 50 rectal swab samples were collected from 4 different places namely Haluaghat and Boira of Mymensingh, Madupur of Tangail and Kazipur of Sirajgonj districts. The samples were aseptically carried to the laboratory of the Department of Microbiology and Hygiene and subjected to different cultural, morphological and biochemical examinations. Upon cultural, morphological and biochemical examinations 23 (45%) samples were found to be positive for E. coli. The highest prevalence was found in Haluaghat, Mymensingh (53.33%) and the lowest (40.00%) in Boira, Mymensingh and Kazipur, Sirajganj. Antibiogram study revealed that the isolated E. coli was highly sensitive to Enrofloxacin and Ciprofloxacin, moderately sensitive to Cefalexin and Amoxicillin, and resistant to Nalidixic acid and Erythromycin. DOI = 10.3329/bjvm.v8i1.7398 Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2010). 8(1): 23-26

A 20 year old housewife presented with multiple needles in her abdominal wall as revealed byradiological examination. She had unrelated symptoms but the needles were more or less silentfor months except one group caused foreign body granuloma formation. Exploration andremoval of four of these needles were done under general anaesthesia. Deliberately insertedneedles in the abdominal wall are very unusual, which is not yet reported to our knowledge.doi: 10.3329/taj.v15i2.3916TAJ December 2002; Vol.15(2): 87-89

Rupture sinus of Valsalva is a relatively rare condition. We report a rare case of ruptured left sinus of valsalva with aneurysm, presenting with acute left ventricular failure. Transthoracic echocardiography showed an aneurysmal dilatation of the base of interventricular septum and part of the aortic root and a marked turbulent flow from the aortic root to the left ventricle with a continuous systolodiastolic shunting. The patient underwent successful repair of ruptured sinus of valsulva with closure of fistula. During Ventriculotomy the defect was repaired using pledgeted 5/ 0 prolene interrupted sutures and pericardial patch. Key Words: Rupture sinus of valsalva; Aneurysm; Left ventricle DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/cardio.v4i1.9398 Cardiovasc. J. 2011; 4(1): 96-98