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Introduction . The concept of heterogeneity in obesity depending on the risk of developing cardiometabolic complications has garnered attention in recent decades, since not everyone with obesity goes on to develop metabolic dysfunction. The aim of the work is to study specific characteristics of colonic microbial communities in patients with different obesity phenotypes and in healthy individuals by employing metagenomics methods. Materials and methods . A total of 265 individuals (44 men and 221 women; mean age 47.1 ± 4.8 years) were enrolled in the study. They were further divided into clinical groups: Healthy normal-weight individuals (n = 129); patients with obesity (n = 136), including metabolically healthy obesity (n = 40) and metabolically unhealthy obesity (n = 55). Quantitative and qualitative assessment of the intestinal microbiome was based on metagenomic analysis. Fecal samples were used to isolate DNA and perform sequencing of the variable v3-v4 region of the 16S rRNA gene. Results . The study revealed statistically significant (p < 0.05) differences between quantitative and qualitative variables in studied phylotypes of colonic microorganisms in healthy individuals without obesity and in patients with different obesity phenotypes. Discussion . Patients with obesity had higher levels of Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria and lower levels of Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, TM7 (Saccharibacteria), Fusobacteria, and more frequently detected phyla Tenericutes, Planctomycetes and Lentisphaerae compared to healthy individuals. Metabolically healthy obese patients had more rarely detected phylum Lentisphaerae in their colonic microbiome, increased numbers of Firmicutes and reduced numbers of Bacteroidetes compared to metabolically unhealthy obese patients. Conclusion . The findings demonstrate alterations in the colonic microbiome in patients with different obesity phenotypes.

Two new approaches to impact leukemia cells of different types are considered. The effect of heterocycles serving as NO synthase inhibitors or activators and the possibilities of the use of the zinc-related magnetic isotope effect are described.

The extensive introduction of the intensive programmed chemiotherapy for children in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) has resulted in the dramatic change of the disease prognosis during the last years: 70– 80% of children, suffered from ALL, enter the complete long-term remissions that is equivalent to the convalescence (Karachunskiy et al. 1995, Karachunskiy et al. 1997, Rumiantsev and Vladimirskaya 1995). At the same time, the intensive chemiotherapy, which is such an effective tool for the treatment of ALL, is known not to act selectively on the tumor cells, but exerts the similar cytotoxic effect on other rapidly dividing tissues of the patient and, first of all, on the hematopoietic system (Vladimirskaya et al. 1997, Vladimirskaya et al. 1998, Barishnikov and Shishkin 1996). Clinical impact of myelotoxic effect during antileukemic therapy is rather well known that impeled to develop the associated therapy (Karachunskiy et al. 1995, Karachunskiy et al. 1997, Rumiantsev and Vladimirskaya 1995), particularly to ground the use of growth factors. The delayed myelotoxic effects of chemotherapy are studied less, but do they have a special interest for expert evaluation of children” state, recovered from ALL, after the treatment withdrawal. Vladimirskaya E.B. et al (Vladimirskaya et al. 1994) have shown that in so called long-term survivors, recovered from ALL, the normal blood leukocyte differential counts are combined with the severe disorders of myelopoiesis, mainly due to suppression of granulocyte-macrophage precursor activity. The genesis of such disorders is unclear up till now.