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Adequate interaction between the macroorganism and the microbiota is the basis for proper metabolism and overall human health. Probiotics allow for targeted correction of individual metabolic processes, reducing the risk of developing diseases or increasing the effectiveness of drug therapy. Lactobacillus plantarum demonstrates high efficiency in correcting microbiota disorders, improving metabolism, regulating inflammation and immunity. A continuous search is carried out for new strains of microorganisms that have an immunocorregulating and metabolic effect.

The basis of the normal course of pregnancy is a healthy lifestyle, including nutrition as the main component. It is necessary that the diet of a pregnant woman is balanced and contains the optimal amount of not only macro-, but also micronutrients. Vitamins and minerals obtained from food play an important role in the course of many metabolic processes that ensure the growth and development of fetal tissues, and, prevent intrauterine malformations. They are fundamental to ensuring the normal course and outcome of pregnancy. Additional intake of micronutrients is aimed at ensuring the increased physiological needs of a pregnant woman’s body associated with fetal growth, placenta formation, and restructuring of the mother’s body. In recent years, many myths have arisen about the nutrition of pregnant women, in our article we will discuss the most common.

Adequate interaction between macroorganism and microbiota underlies the correct metabolism, growth and development of а human. The microbiome is a collection of microorganisms that is closely related to the human body and has a comprehensive impact on its health and function. Additional administration of probiotics can assist targeted correction of metabolic disorders, inflammation, immune response, and resistance to adverse factors. At the same time, it must be considered that the effectiveness of a probiotics depend on the selected strain of the microorganism, form, dose and duration of use. This review is devoted to current data on the role of probiotics in the prevention and adjuvant therapy of somatic diseases.

As the world continues to fight COVID-19, along with the search for effective treatments, attention is focused on food ingredients that can help strengthen the immune system. This review outlines the potential role of vitamins and minerals as immunonutrients in supporting the body's nonspecific defenses against COVID-19.

Despite advances in the diagnosis and treatment of various forms of cardiac arrhythmias, atrial fibrillation (AF) remains a serious problem in the internal medicine clinic, especially acute in gerontology. Prevention of the development of cardiac arrhythmias is an important medical and social task. Adequate nutrition plays an important role in the cardiovascular diseases prophylaxis. At the same time, a deficiency of vitamins and minerals, including vitamin D, can create a pathogenetic basis for the development of arrhythmias. Experimental and clinical studies have demonstrated the effect of vitamin D on the mechanisms underlying the formation of AF. Screening for vitamin D deficiency in cardiac patients should become routine. Correcting vitamin D deficiencies must be personalized. Further clinical trials are needed to investigate the clinical endpoints (morbidity and mortality) of vitamin D supplementation in arrhythmology.

The study of diet as a factor influencing the formation of an exogenous constitutional form of obesity in children and adolescents is an urgent task of modern health care. The distribution of energy by meals has a significant impact on the degree of overweight and the severity of obesity. In the course of the study, a weak positive correlation (r = 0.26) was revealed between the proportion of dinner in terms of calorie content and the degree of overweight: the higher the proportion of dinner in the overall structure of the caloric content of the diet, the higher the degree of obesity in a child. With regard to breakfast, an inverse negative relationship was revealed (r = -0.27): the lower the proportion of breakfast in terms of calorie content, the higher the BMI value by gender and age. The high proportion of calories in the evening meals (afternoon snack and dinner) is more important for the degree of obesity in boys (r = 0.40) than in girls (r = 0.34). The older the child, the stronger the correspondence between excess calorie intake in evening meals and the degree of excess weight (at 8-10 years old r = 0.26; at 11-13 years old r = 0.31; at 14-18 years old r = 0.48).

Thousands of studies have been conducted to study the new SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, its infectious properties, transmission routes and all associated with the clinical manifestations and severity of COVID-19, especially with potential treatments. Lactoferrin is a member of the transferrin family, which is synthesized by epithelial cells of mammalian internal glands and is widely present in various secretory fluids such as milk, saliva, tears, and nasal secretions. Lactoferrin is one of the components of the innate humoral immunity, regulates the functions of immunocompetent cells and is a acute phase protein. Lactoferrin has strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. This review assesses the possibility of using lactoferrin as a supplement in immunocorrective therapy programs for viral diseases, including the novel coronavirus infection COVID-19.

The problem of population aging in developed countries poses new challenges for the medical community. Sarcopenia is one of the most common problems that decrease the quality of life of older people and increase the risk of disability and death. Currently, several dietary approaches to the prevention and correction of sarcopenia have been developed. Hydroxymethyl butyrate is one of the innovative substances designed to optimize the diet of elderly patients, primarily those with a sedentary lifestyle or on bed rest.

The main aspects of the antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and hepatoprotective properties of dihydroquercetin (DHQ), which may affect the course of COVID-19, are considered. Given the low toxicity and a wide range of biological activity, aimed not only at suppressing enzymatic reactions with the participation of coronavirus, but also at eliminating the lesions caused by it in all the main target organs, dihydroquercetin can be recommended for inclusion in the complex therapy of the disease and during the recovery period of COVID-19.

Micronutrient deficiency in the diet of a pregnant woman can negatively affect not only the course and outcome of childbirth, but lead to long-term changes in the metabolism, structure and function of fetal organs. The results of numerous studies confirm the influence of nutrition on adaptation reserves, the ability to learn and the predisposition to the development of diseases in offspring. Fetal programming can influence the course of ontogenesis, the processes of development, maturation and aging of the body. The nature of intrauterine nutrition affects the health and the risk of subsequent diseases not only in children, but also in adults in the long term. For the prevention of unfavorable fetal programming, timely examination of pregnant women is necessary to detect the presence of nutritional disorders. To correct micronutrient deficiency in pregnant women, an integrated approach is used, including diet therapy using appropriate vitamin and mineral complexes. in the prevention and complex therapy of somatic diseases.

Childhood obesity is one of the major public health problems in the twenty-first century. Up to 90% of all obesity cases in children and adolescents occur in a constitutional exogenous (simple) form. Treatment of obesity in its simple form in children is most appropriate to carry out on an outpatient basis. The main principle of prevention and treatment of overweight and obesity in children is the correction of nutrition and the development of healthy eating behavior. In order to improve the availability and quality of primary health care in the field of “dietetics”, a case-based approach to nutritional correction in overweight and obese children and adolescents has been developed. The proposed case-based approach has a modern scientific and methodological rationale, takes into account time norms for consulting patients during an outpatient appointment, is a plan of thematic consultations for the healthy diet development, ensures a gradual change in patient’s eating habits and individualization of the eating behavior correction, is aimed at the possibility of regular patient monitoring in the treatment process on an outpatient basis and promotes adherence to treatment. The development of the case-based approach is due to the high social significance of obesity, the tendency towards an increase in the number of overweight and obese children and adolescents in the Russian Federation and is aimed at implementing the main directions of the National Projects “Health” and “Demography”. Key words: children and adolescents, dietetics, healthy eating, case-based approach, nutritional correction, obesity, primary health care, eating behavior

It is known that iron deficiency is a negative factor for the onset of pregnancy. It aggravates its course, increasing the risk of preeclampsia, placental insufficiency, uterine inertia, premature birth, bleeding and hypogalactia. This condition increases the risk of unfavorable outcomes, iron deficiency anemia and cognitive delay in a child. Raising the awareness of women of reproductive age and the clinical suspicion of physicians regarding the iron deficiency anemia and latent iron deficiency can facilitate timely visit a doctor. At the expert council “Relevant issues of iron deficiency in the Russian Federation” held in June 2020, aspects of the epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment of this condition were discussed, and promising directions for improving the situation were proposed.

The method of adamantly-containing phosphonous and phosphinic acids preparation, based on radical addition of hypophosphorous acid and sodium hypophosphite to unsaturated derivatives of adamantane, has been developed. Unsymmetrical phosphinic acids have been prepared by reacting bistrimetylsilyl esters of phosphonous acids with halides. The obtained phosphinic acids exhibit antiviral activity against herpes simplex virus, influenza A (H5N1), respiratory syncytial virus, and adenovirus.

Известно, что дисбаланс микроэлементов в окружающей среде оказывает непосредственное влияние на функционирование практически всех органов и систем организма человека, и при избыточном или недостаточном поступлении этих веществ начинают действовать механизмы адаптации. Микроэлементы принимают участие в синтезе и метаболизме гормонов, образовании ферментов, влияют на их активность, оказывают действие на деятельность сердечно-сосудистой, нервной, эндокринной и других систем. В настоящее время наблюдается быстрое увеличение объема научных работ о метаболизме соединений селена, селенопротеинах и их функциях, что определяется важностью их эффектов на здоровье человека.