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Introducción: Debido a ambigüedades en la nomenclatura, las infecciones respiratorias agudas bajas (IRAB) en la infancia frecuentemente no son debidamente registradas, especialmente durante las consultas ambulatorias. Contar con una herramienta que las identifique con precisión, permitirá evaluar el impacto en la salud respiratoria de noxas de alcance masivo y diseñar las políticas para prevenirlas o mitigar sus efectos. Nuestro objetivo fue construir un algoritmo que permita identificar niños con IRAB a partir de los datos de la historia clínica electrónica (HCE) del Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires (GCBA). Métodos: Utilizando la HCE-GCBA, se seleccionaron aleatoriamente 1000 consultas ambulatorias de pacientes menores de 2 años. Se buscaron términos que hicieran referencia a que la consulta era motivada por IRAB, con los que se desarrolló un algoritmo basado en reglas duras. Se utilizó otro set de datos de 800 consultas para ajustar el algoritmo y, finalmente, se validó su desempeño en un tercer set de 800 consultas correspondientes a todo el año 2018. Resultados: En el set de validación, la herramienta desarrollada identificó IRAB con sensibilidad 88,24%, especificidad 97,5%, VPP 86,07% y VPN 97,93%. Conclusión: El algoritmo de búsqueda desarrollado permite identificar con aceptable precisión las consultas ambulatorias relacionadas con IRAB en niños menores de 2 años.

BACKGROUND: Collective risk factors such as climate and pollution impact on the risk of acute cardiovascular events, including ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). There is limited data however on the precise temporal and independent association between these factors and STEMI, and the potentially interacting role of government policies against Coronavrus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), especially for Latin America. METHODS: We retrospectively collected aggregate data on daily STEMI admissions at 10 tertiary care centers in the Buenos Aires metropolitan area, Argentina, from January 1, 2017 to November 30, 2020. Daily measurements for temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, wind direction, wind speed, and rainfall, as well as carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide, and particulate matter

Climate change affects human health; however, there have been no large-scale, systematic efforts to quantify the heat-related human health impacts that have already occurred due to climate change. Here, we use empirical data from 732 locations in 43 countries to estimate the mortality burdens associated with the additional heat exposure that has resulted from recent human-induced warming, during the period 1991–2018. Across all study countries, we find that 37.0% (range 20.5–76.3%) of warm-season heat-related deaths can be attributed to anthropogenic climate change and that increased mortality is evident on every continent. Burdens varied geographically but were of the order of dozens to hundreds of deaths per year in many locations. Our findings support the urgent need for more ambitious mitigation and adaptation strategies to minimize the public health impacts of climate change., We thank the participants of the ISIMIP Health workshop in Barcelona in November 2018 where this work was discussed for the first time. This study was supported by the Medical Research Council UK (grant no. MR/M022625/1), the Natural Environment Research Council UK (grant no. NE/R009384/1) and the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Project Exhaustion (grant no. 820655). N.S. was supported by the NIEHS-funded HERCULES Center (P30ES019776). Y.H. was supported by the Environment Research and Technology Development Fund of the Environmental Restoration and Conservation Agency, Japan (JPMEERF15S11412). J.J.J.K.J. was supported by Academy of Finland (grant no. 310372). V.H. was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness (grant no. PCIN-2017-046) and the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (grant no. 01LS1201A2). J.K. and A.U. were supported by the Czech Science Foundation (grant no. 20-28560S). J.M. was supported by the Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT) (SFRH/BPD/115112/2016). S.R. and F.d.R. were supported by European Union’s Horizon 2020 Project EXHAUSTION (grant no. 820655). M.H. was supported by the Japan Science and Technology Agency as part of SICORP, grant no. JPMJSC20E4. Y.G. was supported by the Career Development Fellowship of the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council (APP1163693). S.L. was support by the Early Career Fellowship of the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council (APP1109193). Y.L.L.G. was supported by the Taiwan Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST110-2918-I-002-007) as a visiting academic at the University of Sydney.

Summary Background Many regions of the world are now facing more frequent and unprecedentedly large wildfires. However, the association between wildfire-related PM2·5 and mortality has not been well characterised. We aimed to comprehensively assess the association between short-term exposure to wildfire-related PM2·5 and mortality across various regions of the world. Methods For this time series study, data on daily counts of deaths for all causes, cardiovascular causes, and respiratory causes were collected from 749 cities in 43 countries and regions during 2000–16. Daily concentrations of wildfire-related PM2·5 were estimated using the three-dimensional chemical transport model GEOS-Chem at a 0·25° × 0·25° resolution. The association between wildfire-related PM2·5 exposure and mortality was examined using a quasi-Poisson time series model in each city considering both the current-day and lag effects, and the effect estimates were then pooled using a random-effects meta-analysis. Based on these pooled effect estimates, the population attributable fraction and relative risk (RR) of annual mortality due to acute wildfire-related PM2·5 exposure was calculated. Findings 65·6 million all-cause deaths, 15·1 million cardiovascular deaths, and 6·8 million respiratory deaths were included in our analyses. The pooled RRs of mortality associated with each 10 μg/m3 increase in the 3-day moving average (lag 0–2 days) of wildfire-related PM2·5 exposure were 1·019 (95% CI 1·016–1·022) for all-cause mortality, 1·017 (1·012–1·021) for cardiovascular mortality, and 1·019 (1·013–1·025) for respiratory mortality. Overall, 0·62% (95% CI 0·48–0·75) of all-cause deaths, 0·55% (0·43–0·67) of cardiovascular deaths, and 0·64% (0·50–0·78) of respiratory deaths were annually attributable to the acute impacts of wildfire-related PM2·5 exposure during the study period., Australian Research Council, Australian National Health & Medical Research Council.

There is strong experimental evidence that physiologic stress from high temperatures is greater if humidity is higher. However, heat indices developed to allow for this have not consistently predicted mortality better than dry-bulb temperature.We aimed to clarify the potential contribution of humidity an addition to temperature in predicting daily mortality in summer by using a large multicountry dataset.In 445 cities in 24 countries, we fit a time-series regression model for summer mortality with a distributed lag nonlinear model (DLNM) for temperature (up to lag 3) and supplemented this with a range of terms for relative humidity (RH) and its interaction with temperature. City-specific associations were summarized using meta-analytic techniques.Adding a linear term for RH to the temperature term improved fit slightly, with an increase of 23% in RH (the 99th percentile anomaly) associated with a 1.1% [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.8, 1.3] decrease in mortality. Allowing curvature in the RH term or adding terms for interaction of RH with temperature did not improve the model fit. The humidity-related decreased risk was made up of a positive coefficient at lag 0 outweighed by negative coefficients at lags of 1-3 d. Key results were broadly robust to small model changes and replacing RH with absolute measures of humidity. Replacing temperature with apparent temperature, a metric combining humidity and temperature, reduced goodness of fit slightly.The absence of a positive association of humidity with mortality in summer in this large multinational study is counter to expectations from physiologic studies, though consistent with previous epidemiologic studies finding little evidence for improved prediction by heat indices. The result that there was a small negative average association of humidity with mortality should be interpreted cautiously; the lag structure has unclear interpretation and suggests the need for future work to clarify. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP5430.

Pollution and climate have an impact on pediatric respiratory diseases; few studies have assessed this in the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires.To assess the impact of the interaction between air pollutants and climate on the Emergency Department visits for acute lower respiratory tract infection (ALRTI) in a children's hospital.Ecological, time-series study with generalized additive models that included total visits and visits for ALRTI to the Emergency Department between 2012 and 2016. A series with 7-day moving averages for ALRTI visits was founded as a bias control measure. Predictors were daily levels of air pollutants (carbon monoxide, nitrous dioxide, particulate matter10 μ) and meteorological variables (temperature, humidity). Pollutants were measured at three monitoring stations. Temporal variables (day of the week, warm/cold semester) were controlled.There were 455 256 total visits; 17 298 accounted for visits for ALRTI. A correlation was established only between total visits and day of the week (Mondays and Saturdays, more visits; Thursdays, less visits). Less visits for ALRTI were recorded in the warm semester compared to the cold semester (relative risk = 0.23; 95 % confidence interval: 0.29-0.18; p0.001). One monitoring station did not show any correlation; the other two stations showed a weak correlation between carbon monoxide and particulate matter10 μ and visits for ALRTI.The season accurately accounts for the increased number of total visits and visits for ALRTI. Although there was a correlation between the level of certain pollutants and the number of visits, its impact was irrelevant.Introducción: La contaminación y el clima tienen impacto en la patología respiratoria en niños; pocos estudios lo evaluaron en la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. Objetivo: Evaluar el impacto de la interacción entre contaminantes atmosféricos y clima en las consultas por infección respiratoria aguda baja (IRAB) en un hospital pediátrico. Métodos: Estudio ecológico, de series temporales con modelos aditivos generalizados, que incluyó todas las consultas y consultas por IRAB (urgencias) entre 2012 y 2016. Para controlar sesgos, se conformó una serie con promedios móviles de 7 días para consultas por IRAB. Los predictores fueron niveles diarios de contaminantes atmosféricos (monóxido de carbono, dióxido nitroso, material particulado10 μ) y variables meteorológicas (temperatura, humedad). Los contaminantes fueron medidos en 3 estaciones de monitoreo. Se controló por variables temporales (día de la semana, semestre cálido/frío). Resultados: Las consultas totales fueron 455 256 y por IRAB 17 298. Solo consultas totales correlacionaron con día de la semana (lunes y sábados, más consultas y jueves, menos). El semestre cálido registró menos consultas por IRAB que el frío (riesgo relativo = 0,23; intervalo de confianza 95 %: 0,29-0,18; p0,001). Una estación de monitoreo no presentó ninguna correlación; las otras mostraron correlación débil entre monóxido de carbono y material particulado10 μ y consultas por IRAB. Conclusión: La época del año explica con precisión el incremento del número de consultas totales y por IRAB. Aunque el nivel de algunos contaminantes muestra correlación con el número de consultas, su impacto es irrelevante.

Objetivo: evaluar el impacto de los contaminantes atmosféricos y el clima en el número de consultas al departamento de emergencias de un hospital pediátrico en Buenos Aires, Argentina. Material y métodos: estudio ecológico utilizando análisis de series temporales con modelos aditivos generalizados (GAM) para el período 2012-2014, analizando cantidad diaria de consultas en función de tres contaminantes del aire: monóxido de carbono (CO), dióxido de nitrógeno (NO2) y material particulado de diámetro menor a 10 micrones (PM10), temperatura diaria, humedad relativa, dirección y velocidad del viento y lluvia, controlando por día de la semana y tendencia de largo plazo. Resultados: las consultas en invierno (286 diarias) fueron significativamente mayores que en las demás estaciones (p

Global climate change circulation pattern respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). We assessed whether RSV season has changed over the past 20 years and its correlation with mean annual temperature.Cross-sectional study that included records of RSV and temperatures from Buenos Aires (1995-2014). RSV season onset, offset and duration, and its correlation with mean annual temperature were described for each year.A total of 8109 RSV infections were identified. The duration of RSV season reduced significantly (1995: 29 weeks vs. 2014: 17 weeks; R: 0.6; p0.001) due to an early ending (1995: week 45 vs. 2014: week 33; R: 0.6; p0.001). No correlation was observed between mean annual temperature and RSV season start, end and duration.Over the past 20 years, RSV season shortened significantly, but no correlation with temperature was observed.El cambio climático global podría modificar la circulación del virus sincicial respiratorio (VSR). Evaluamos si la temporada de VSR se modificó en los últimos 20 años y su correlación con la temperatura media anual.Estudio transversal, en el que se utilizaron registros de VSR y temperatura de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires (19952014). Para cada año, describimos el inicio, el fin y la duración de la temporada de VSR y su correlación con la temperatura media anual.Se identificaron 8109 infecciones por VSR. La duración de la temporada disminuyó significativamente (1995: 29 semanas vs. 2014: 17 semanas; R: 0,6; p0,001), debido a una finalización más precoz (1995: semana 45 vs. 2014: semana 33; R: 0,6; p0,001). No se observó correlación entre la temperatura media anual y la duración, el comienzo ni la finalización de la temporada de VSR.En los últimos 20 años, la duración de la temporada de VSR se acortó significativamente, sin correlación con la temperatura.

This work aims to deepen recent studies on the impact of air pollution on human health in Latin American cities. A time series study has been performed comparing the mortality attributable to atmospheric carbon monoxide (CO) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) in Santiago (Chile) and Buenos Aires (Argentina). Pollution, meteorological and mortality data have been integrated in a general additive model (GAM) to establish the correlation between pollutant concentration levels and daily death counts. The analysis includes other variables such as gender, age and causes of death for each city with the result that both cities show increased deaths that can be attributed to an increase in CO and NOx levels. The impact is higher for Santiago's populations, for all the studied groups. This may be related to previous exposure to high pollution levels or to the co–presence of other pollutants not accounted for in this study.