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MENSAGEM DOS COORDENADORES Departamento de Aterosclerose da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia (SBC), acompanhando o amplo cenario de publicacoes cientificas sobre o tratamento das dislipidemias e prevencao da aterosclerose, bem como a importância de seu impacto sobre o risco cardiovascular, e reconhecendo a necessidade de atualizacao de sua ultima diretriz, publicada em 2013, em conformidade com as recomendacoes da SBC, reuniu um comite de especialistas, da clinica e do laboratorio clinico, a partir de janeiro de 2016, para a elaboracao deste [...]

The intake of processed foods of high calorie density is associated with weight gain and changes in lipid and cardiovascular metabolism. However, the modification of eating habits is possible due to, among other factors, information provided to patients about the foods/nutrients ingested. The present investigation observed the impact of nutritional counseling on anthropometric and on biochemical indicators in a blind controlled study. Therefore, a single investigator counseled obese workers divided into three groups over a period of 42 days. A control group (CG) received no counseling. GLi50 received 60 g/d linseed and 50% of the energy supply as carbohydrates; GRi50 received 60 g/d raw ground rice and 50% of the energy supply as carbohydrates, and GLi32 received 60 g/d linseed and 32% of the energy supply as carbohydrates. A total of 118 vo- lunteers started the protocol and 52 completed it. The most consumed foods were rice, beans, bread, manioc flour, soy oil, red meat, and eggs. CG did not show any modifications. The remaining groups, regardless of diet composition, showed a reduction of anthropometric measurements, be- sides reduced glycemia, cholesterolemia, triglycerides and insulinemia, as well as reduced peripheral resistance to the action of insulin. More important than supplementation or the proportion of carbohydrates ingested, nutritional coun- seling was the common factor for adequacy of energy intake, weight loss and improved biochemical indicators. Nutrition counseling can be a viable and economically strategy for helping patients with life style diseases.

This paper summarizes three presentations on the global and Latin American perspectives on the health significance of fat quality in the diet given at the 16th Congress of the Society of Latin American Nutrition in Havana, Cuba, November 11-16, 2012. Dietary fat quality contributes to the risk of the leading chronic diseases and is more important than fat quantity in reducing the risk of chronic disease mortality, especially from cardiovascular disease (CVD). In many countries, the consumption of saturated fats exceeds the recommended limit of 10% energy (%E) and intakes of polyunsaturated fats (PUFAs) are often below the recommended range of 6-11%E. Consumption of long-chain ω-3 PUFAs is especially low. In many Latin American countries, high consumption of carbohydrates, especially sugars, contributes to obesity, diabetes, hypertension and CVD, while intakes of total fat and PUFAs may be low. Thus, dietary fat recommendations must consider the dietary fat patterns of each country. Nutrition counseling can be effective in teaching individuals and families to modify their food intake patterns and control the major risk factors for chronic disease.

BACKGROUND: Hypertension, a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, and obesity are becoming a health problem in many developed and developing countries, as Brazil. Although hypertension and obesity are both closely associated, there is no universal anthropometric marker of this association. This is probably due to distinct population characteristics, and in the case of Brazil, the highly heterogeneous population. We evaluated which anthropometric measurement most closely relates to high blood pressure in a sample of Brazilian factory workers. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was designed. In this study, multiple logistic regression and receiver operating characteristics analysis were performed in order to obtain the precise relevance of each anthropometric measurement as a blood pressure marker. Nine hundred and thirteen men, 36 +/- 8 years-old, were submitted to a standardized questionnaire of demographic and risk factors knowledge, anthropometric and conventional blood pressure measurements were taken, and blood sample evaluations of glucose, total cholesterol, LDL-Cholesterol, and triglycerides were performed. RESULTS: Overweightness or obesity was identified in 64, 11.1% were smokers and hypertension was detected in 29.2% of the participants. A linear correlation was significant (P < 0.001) between both the systolic and diastolic blood pressure and all anthropometric measurements, except for the systolic blood pressure and waist-to-hip ratio. Waist circumference (WC) was the only independent anthropometric measurement related to hypertension. Hypertensive patients presented all anthropometric measurements larger than normotensives. CONCLUSIONS: Age and WC were the only independent predictors of hypertension, indicating that this simple measurement may be useful as a marker of hypertension in the Brazilian male, younger adult population.

FUNDAMENTO: Determinar os fatores de risco cardiovascular é essencial para a prevenção primária e secundária das doenças do aparelho circulatório. OBJETIVO: Obter a prevalência de fatores de risco cardiovascular em uma população de industriários no Brasil. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal em uma coorte com entrevista sociodemográfica para identificação de fatores de risco cardiovascular, medidas antropométricas e de pressão arterial e coleta de sangue capilar para dosagem de glicose, colesterol e triglicérides em funcionários de ambos os sexos de indústria alimentícia. RESULTADOS: Avaliaram-se 1.047 funcionários, sendo 913 (87%) do sexo masculino, com idade média de 36 ± 8 anos. A freqüência de sedentarismo foi de 83% e de sobrepeso de 63%. Hipertensão arterial foi identificada em 28% dos indivíduos e 45% estavam na faixa de pré-hipertensão. Alteração de glicose capilar foi detectada em 49% dos participantes, colesterol elevado em 7% e triglicérides em 11% da população. Os valores de índice de massa corpórea não se associaram à renda, mas houve relação inversa com nível de escolaridade. CONCLUSÃO: Sobrepeso e sedentarismo são os principais fatores de risco cardiovascular em população de industriários. BACKGROUND: Determining the cardiovascular risk factors is essential for the primary and secondary prevention of circulatory system diseases. OBJECTIVE: To obtain the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in a population of industry workers in Brazil. METHODS: Transversal cohort study, with a sociodemographic interview to identify cardiovascular risk factors, anthropometric and blood pressure measurements and capillary blood collection for blood glucose, cholesterol and triglyceride measurement in food industry workers of both sexes. RESULTS: A total of 1,047 workers were assessed, with 913 (87%) of them being males, with a mean age of 36 ± 8 years. The frequency of a sedentary lifestyle was 83% and of overweight, 63%. Systemic arterial hypertension was identified in 28% of the individuals and 45% were in the pre-hypertension range. Alterations in the blood glucose levels were identified in 49% of the participants, as well as high levels of cholesterol and triglycerides in 7% and 11% of the population, respectively. The body mass index (BMI) levels were not associated to income, but there was an inverse association with the level of schooling. CONCLUSION: Overweight and a sedentary lifestyle are the main cardiovascular risk factors in a population of industry workers. FUNDAMENTO: Determinar los factores de riesgo cardiovascular es esencial para la prevención primaria y secundaria de las enfermedades del aparato circulatorio. OBJETIVO: Obtener la prevalencia de factores de riesgo cardiovascular en una población del sector industrial en Brasil. MÉTODOS: Estudio transversal en una cohorte con entrevista sociodemográfica para identificación de factores de riesgo cardiovascular, medidas antropométricas y de presión arterial y colecta de sangre capilar para dosificación de glucosa, colesterol y triglicéridos en funcionarios de ambos sexos de una industria alimenticia. RESULTADOS: Se evaluaron a 1.047 funcionarios, 913 (87%) del sexo masculino, con edad promedio de 36 ± 8 años. La frecuencia de sedentarismo fue del 83% mientras que la de sobrepeso resultó en el 63%. Se identificó hipertensión arterial en el 28% de los individuos y el 45% estaban en la franja de prehipertensión. Se detectaron alteración de glucosa capilar en el 49% de los participantes, colesterol elevado en el 7% y triglicéridos en el 11% de la población. Los valores de índice de masa corpórea no se asociaron a la renta, pero hubo relación invertida con nivel de escolaridad. CONCLUSIÓN: Sobrepeso y sedentarismo son los principales factores de riesgo cardiovascular en población de trabajadores del sector industrial.

Background Flaxseed has received attention for its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant role. The present study hypothesizes if flaxseed added to a weight loss diet could improve the lipid and metabolic profiles and decrease risk factors related to cardiovascular disease. Methods In a prospective, single blinded 42 days protocol, subjects were allocated into two groups with low carbohydrates intake: GriceLC (35% of carbohydrate and 60g of raw rice powder per day) and GflaxLC (32% of carbohydrate and 60g of flaxseed powder per day). Blood pressure, anthropometric measures and serum levels of isoprostane, C-reactive protein, Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha, glucose, lipidic profile, uric acid, adiponectin, leptin and insulin were measured at baseline and at the end of interventions. Serum and urinary enterodiol and enterolactione were also measured. Results A total of 27 men with cardiovascular risk factors were evaluated, with mean age of 33 ± 10 years to GriceLC and 40 ± 9 years to GflaxLC. Both groups experienced weight loss and systolic blood pressure reduction. A decrease in inflammatory markers (CRP and TNF-α) was observed after flaxseed intake (mean decrease of 25% and 46% for GflaxLC respectively). All groups also showed improvement in levels of total cholesterol, LDL-c, uric acid and adiponectin. Only GflaxLC group showed a decrease in triglyceride levels. Conclusion This study suggests that flaxseed added to a weight loss diet could be an important nutritional strategy to reduce inflammation markers such as CRP and TNF-α. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02132728. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1475-2891-14-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Background Sagittal abdominal diameter (SAD) has been proposed as a surrogate marker of insulin resistance (IR). However, the utilization of SAD requires specific validation for each ethnicity. We aimed to investigate the potential use of SAD, compared with classical anthropometrical parameters, as a surrogate marker of IR and to establish the cutoff values of SAD for screening for IR. Methods A multicenter population survey on metabolic disorders was conducted. A race-admixtured sample of 824 adult women was assessed. The anthropometric parameters included: BMI, waist circumference (WC), waist-to-hip ratio and SAD. IR was determined by a hyperglycemic clamp and the HOMA-IR index. Results After adjustments for age and total body fat mass, SAD (r = 0.23 and r = -0.70) and BMI (r = 0.20 and r = -0.71) were strongly correlated with the IR measured by the HOMA-IR index and the clamp, respectively (p < 0.001). In the ROC analysis, the optimal cutoff for SAD in women was 21.0 cm. The women with an increased SAD presented 3.2 (CI 95%: 2.1-5.0) more likelihood of having IR, assessed by the HOMA-IR index compared with those with normal SAD (p < 0.001); whereas women with elevated BMI and WC were 2.1 (95% CI: 1.4-3.3) and 2.8 (95% CI: 1.7-4.5) more likely to have IR (p < 0.001), respectively. No statistically significant results were found for waist-to-hip ratio. Conclusions SAD can be a suitable surrogate marker of IR. Understanding and applying routine and simplified methods is essential because IR is associated with an increased risk of obesity-related diseases even in the presence of normal weight, slight overweight, as well as in obesity. Further prospective analysis will need to verify SAD as a determinant of clinical outcomes, such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular events, in the Brazilian population.

Flaxseed has received attention for its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant role. The present study hypothesizes if flaxseed added to a weight loss diet could improve the lipid and metabolic profiles and decrease risk factors related to cardiovascular disease. In a prospective, single blinded 42 days protocol, subjects were allocated into two groups with low carbohydrates intake: GriceLC (35% of carbohydrate and 60g of raw rice powder per day) and GflaxLC (32% of carbohydrate and 60g of flaxseed powder per day). Blood pressure, anthropometric measures and serum levels of isoprostane, C-reactive protein, Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha, glucose, lipidic profile, uric acid, adiponectin, leptin and insulin were measured at baseline and at the end of interventions. Serum and urinary enterodiol and enterolactione were also measured. A total of 27 men with cardiovascular risk factors were evaluated, with mean age of 33 ± 10 years to GriceLC and 40 ± 9 years to GflaxLC. Both groups experienced weight loss and systolic blood pressure reduction. A decrease in inflammatory markers (CRP and TNF-α) was observed after flaxseed intake (mean decrease of 25% and 46% for GflaxLC respectively). All groups also showed improvement in levels of total cholesterol, LDL-c, uric acid and adiponectin. Only GflaxLC group showed a decrease in triglyceride levels. This study suggests that flaxseed added to a weight loss diet could be an important nutritional strategy to reduce inflammation markers such as CRP and TNF-α. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02132728 .

The association between short sleep duration and decreased insulin sensitivity in adolescents has been described. However, to our knowledge, no studies have investigated this association measuring insulin sensitivity by the hyperglycemic clamp technique.To compare the distributions of parameters of insulin resistance in adolescents with sleep deprivation vs adequate sleep, and to investigate the association between sleep deprivation and insulin sensitivity.Cross-sectional multicenter study using data from the Brazilian Metabolic Syndrome Study conducted from June 29, 2011, to December 3, 2014, at an obesity outpatient clinic at the University of Campinas and public schools, with a convenience sample of 615 adolescents aged 10 to 19.9 years with a body mass index (BMI; calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared) for age and sex at the fifth percentile or higher. A subsample of 81 adolescents underwent the hyperglycemic clamp technique.The self-reported sleep duration was used to classify the population into 2 groups: adolescents with sleep deprivation (8 hours/night) and adolescents with adequate sleep (≥8 hours/night). Insulin sensitivity was assessed using the hyperglycemic clamp technique.Among the 615 adolescents (56.3% female; median age, 15.9 years [interquartile range, 12.9-17.8 years]) included in the sample, the mean (SD) sleep duration was 7.9 (1.7) hours/night. The adolescents with sleep deprivation (n = 257) compared with those with adequate sleep (n = 358) had a higher median (interquartile range) age (17.0 [15.4-18.3] vs 14.1 [11.8-16.9] years), BMI (25.0 [21.2-29.3] vs 23.1 [19.5-27.6]), waist circumference (83.0 [73.5-95.4] vs 79.0 [68.5-91.0] cm), sagittal abdominal diameter (17.9 [15.8-20.8] vs 17.0 [15.0-19.8] cm), neck circumference (35.2 [33.0-38.0] vs 33.0 [30.0-35.5] cm), uric acid level (4.9 [4.0-5.8] vs 4.5 [3.7-5.5] mg/dL), and white blood cell count (7000 [5900-8200] vs 6600 [5600-7800] cells/μL) (all P .05). Moreover, the adolescents with sleep deprivation had a lower median (interquartile range) insulin sensitivity index compared with those with adequate sleep (0.10 [0.05-0.21] vs 0.21 [0.09-0.33] mg · kgfat-free mass-1 · min-1 · mU/L × 100, respectively; difference, -0.01; 95% CI, -0.01 to -0.00; P = .02). After controlling for age and sex in the multivariate regression model, sleep deprivation remained an independent predictor for those variables. In the sleep deprivation group, BMI and central distribution of fat were higher in all categories of adiposity.Sleep deprivation (8 hours of sleep per night) is associated with centripetal distribution of fat and decreased insulin sensitivity in adolescents. Therefore, investigations of sleep duration and sleep quality in adolescents should be included in clinical practice to promote, through health education, the eradication of the health risks associated with sleep restriction.