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BACKGROUND: Pulse oximetry measures heart rate (HR) and percent oxygen saturation (SpO2). For aerobic exercise, whereby cellular oxygen demand and delivery are elevated and maintained for extended periods, HR and SpO2 values are consistent when measured by pulse oximetry. Yet due to its intermittent nature, HR and SpO2 values from resistive exercise may exhibit lower data reliability and repeatability. OBJECTIVE: Assess intra-rater reliability and repeatability of pulse oximetry HR and SpO2 values from two identical resistive exercise protocols. METHODS: Subjects (n= 32) performed two calf press workouts on a flywheel-based ergometer as HR and SpO2 were measured before, between sets, and after exercise. Workouts entailed a 4-set 15-repetition protocol separated by 120-second rests. Intra-rater reliability was assessed with intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC). Repeatability was measured by the smallest real difference in absolute and relative terms. RESULTS: ICC and standard error of estimate results for HR ranged from 0.60–0.79 and 9.1–13.0 respectively. SpO2 ICC and standard error of estimate results ranged from 0.16–0.71 and 1.44–4.33 respectively. Between sets, smallest real difference values tended to be less for HR. CONCLUSIONS: Results demonstrate acceptable intra-rater reliability and repeatability for HR, but not SpO2 which we attribute to the exercise mode and protocol examined.

The purpose of this systematic review is twofold: 1) to identify, evaluate, and synthesize the heretofore disparate scientific literatures regarding the effects of direct exposure to microgravity on the musculoskeletal system, taking into account for the first time both bone and muscle systems of both humans and animals; and 2) to investigate the efficacy and limitations of exercise countermeasures on the musculoskeletal system under microgravity in humans. The Framework for Scoping Studies (Arksey and O'Malley 2005) and the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions (Higgins JPT 2011) were used to guide this review. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) checklist was utilized in obtaining the combined results (Moher, Liberati et al. 2009). Data sources, PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched for published articles through October 2019 using the Mesh terms of microgravity, musculoskeletal system, and exercise countermeasures. A total of 84 references were selected, including 40 animal studies and 44 studies with human participants. The heterogeneity in the study designs, methodologies, and outcomes deemed this review unsuitable for a meta-analysis. Thus, we present a narrative synthesis of the results for the key domains under five categories: 1) Skeletal muscle responses to microgravity in humans 2) Skeletal muscle responses to microgravity in animals 3) Adaptation of the skeletal system to microgravity in humans 4) Adaptation of the skeletal system to microgravity in animals 5) Effectiveness of exercise countermeasures on the human musculoskeletal system in microgravity. Existing studies have produced only limited data on the combined effects on bone and muscle of human spaceflight, despite the likelihood that the effects on these two systems are complicated due to the components of the musculoskeletal system being anatomically and functionally interconnected. Bone is directly affected by muscle atrophy as well as by changes in muscle strength, notably at muscle attachments. Given this interplay, the most effective exercise countermeasure is likely to be robust, individualized, resistive exercise, primarily targeting muscle mass and strength.

BACKGROUND: Rehabilitation following shoulder surgery involves the use of resistive exercise but dosing of these ­exercises historically employs multiple sets of pre-determined repetitions and few reports document the perceived effort encountered by patients during these exercises for both elastic resistance and free-weights. The OMNI-Resistance Exercise Scale (OMNI-RES) has been tested and applied as a measure of perceived exertion (RPE) for resistive exercise but has not gained widespread acceptance as an optimal method for physical therapists to document RPE during rehabilitation of shoulder surgery. PURPOSE: To generate descriptive values of RPE encountered during common shoulder exercises of varying resistance in patients following shoulder surgery as well as provide a comparative analysis between perceived exertion ratings of similar exercise movement patterns using elastic and traditional isotonic resistance. STUDY DESIGN: Descriptive Cross-sectional Cohort METHODS: Sixty-six subjects (mean age 53.3 + 12.8 years) were included in this study following shoulder surgery (RC repair n=22, labral repair n=10, SA n=34). Perceived exertion using the OMNI-RES was recorded during performance of seven rotator cuff and scapular rehabilitation exercises at 6- and 12-weeks following surgery. RESULTS: Mean RPE using OMNI-RES in combined surgical groups ranged between 3.6 and 5.7 (mean = 4.50 + 2.1) across all seven exercises (scale 0 = very easy to 10 = extremely hard). From the external rotation (ER) exercise pair, paired t-tests revealed standing ER w/ Thera-band® (ERB) had a significantly higher OMNI-RES score versus sidelying ER w/ cuff weight (SLERW) (mean: 5.13 vs 4.41, p = 0.001) while the extension exercise pair consisting of standing shoulder extension w/ band (EXTB) and prone extension w/ cuff weight (PEXTW) showed no significant difference in OMNI-RES score (mean: 3.54, 3.67, p = 0.626). CONCLUSION: Commonly prescribed resistance exercise in the rehabilitation following shoulder surgery show light-moderate ratings of perceived exertion at both 6 & 12 week post-operative timepoints across three surgical procedures. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 3b

Background: Diabetic peripheral neuropathies are a het-erogeneous group of disorders caused by neuronal dysfunction in patients with diabetes. DPNs cause different pathological changes in sensory, Motor and Function levels in Diabetic patients. Aim of Study: Was to investigate the effect of Kinesio tape and resistive exercise on dorsiflexors' functional perform-ance in diabetic patients with peripheral neuropathy and compare between them. Subjects and Methods: Forty Type II diabetic patients-controlled-diagnosed by Physician and confirmed by Labora-tory investigations (HbA1c, FBG) with Mild DPNs, their ages from 50-60 years old were assigned to two equal Groups (Group A) was treated with resistive exercise for eight weeks, three times per week. And (Group B) who were treated with KinesioTM tape that was applied to dorsiflexors 24 hours a day and was replaced every 5 days for 8 weeks. For evaluation of the muscle strength Hand held Dynamometer were used (Lafayette Manual Muscle Tester, Model #01163), while the functional performance was evaluated using the 6 minutes walking test. Results: In Group A the mean value of muscle strength of the right dorsiflexors improved from (295.4±84.7) to (334.5 ±104.0) with the mean difference (39.2±63.2) which is a significant difference. The mean value of muscle strength of the left side improved from (296.2±115.2) to (310.8±111.1) with the mean difference (14.7±68.8) which is not a significant difference. The mean value of functional performance im-proved from (345.6±62.8) to (376.4±70.9) with the mean difference (30.7±31.8) which is a significant difference. In Group (B) the mean value of muscle strength of the right side improved from (296.1±66.8) to (385.5±102.5) with the mean difference (89.4±78.0) which is a significant difference, the mean value of muscle strength of the left side improved from (293.5±72.8) to (385.5±102.5) with the mean difference (89.4±78.0) which is a significant difference and the mean value of functional performance improved from (344.1±73.2) to (388.4±84.7) with the mean difference (44.3±38.8) which is a significant difference. In Conclusion: Both KinesioTM tape and resistive exercise improve the dorsiflexors and functional performance without significant difference between them on Dorsiflexors' strength and patients functional performance in diabetic polyneuropathy.

To evaluate functional myocardial contractility after 21 days of head-down bed rest (HDBR) in sedentary control (CON) or with a resistive vibration exercise (RVE) countermeasure (CM) applied, by using 4D echocardiographic (4D echo) imaging and speckle tracking strain quantification. Twelve volunteers were enrolled in a crossover HDBR design, and 4D echo was performed in supine position (REST) at BDC-2 and at R + 2, and in − 6° HDT at day 18, and during the first and the last minute of the 80° head-up step of tilt test performed at both BDC-2 and R + 2. Radial (Rad-Str), longitudinal (Lg-Str) and twist (Tw-Str) strains were measured by 4D speckle tracking, as well as left ventricle diastolic volume (LVDV) and mass (LVmass). On HDT 18: in the CON group, LVDV and LVmass were reduced (p

Subjects (n=13) did 30 workouts with their left leg on an Inertial Exercise Trainer (IET), while their right leg served as an untreated control. Before and after the 30 workouts, they underwent isokinetic strength tests (knee and ankle extensors of both legs) whose peak torque (PT), time to PT (TTPT), and rate of torque development (RTD) values were each analyzed with 2(leg)×2(time)×3(velocity) analysis of variances (ANOVAs), with repeated measures per independent variable. Peak force (PF) and total work (TW) data were measured from each IET workout, and they represent time course strength changes produced by our exercise intervention. PF and TW values for the three IET exercises that comprised each workout were each analyzed with one-way ANOVAs with time as the independent variable. Results included significant ankle and knee extensor PT increases, whereby the left leg achieved higher values at posttesting, but there were no significant TTPT changes and a time effect for ankle extensor RTD. Our data show that PF and TW each had significant increases over time, with the latter exhibiting greater gains over the 30-workout intervention. Our results imply that the IET yields strength gains over time comparable to standard resistive exercise hardware.

While high intensity exercise is associated with improvement of both motor and non-motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease (PD), there is limited evidence on its impact on sleep disturbances in PD. This scoping review aims to provide a preliminary statement of the potential size and scope of available evidence for the interaction between exercise and sleep in people with PD. Research to date on non-motor symptoms of PD is broad, with scarce information regarding specific effects of exercise on sleep. A systematic literature search was conducted through three phases. Fifteen articles met the inclusion criteria for this study. Resistive exercise and multimodal exercise programs were frequently studied and found to improve sleep and decrease sleep-related disorders. These findings suggest that exercise programs may improve sleep and other non-motor symptoms of PD. The research was inconclusive when comparing the effects of high and low intensity exercises. Further research on the interaction between exercise and sleep in PD may have implications for rehabilitative therapy interventions.

BackgroundPremenstrual syndrome (PMS) is a cyclic disorder that affects social activities, interpersonal relationship, and educational productivity of adolescents. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the effect of whole body vibration (WBV) and resistive exercise on premenstrual symptoms in adolescents with PMS.MethodsSixty adolescents, aged 16–19 years and with body mass index > 19.9 kg/m2, participated in the study. They were randomly assigned to three groups equal in number. Control group received magnesium (Mg) (250 g) and vitamin B6 supplementation once daily. Resistive exercise group received the same supplementations and resistive exercise for three times/week, while the WBV group received the same supplementations and WBV training three times/week for 12 weeks. Premenstrual syndrome questionnaire (PMSQ) was used to evaluate premenstrual symptoms, including anxiety symptoms (PMS-A), depression symptoms (PMS-D), craving symptoms (PMS-C), hyperhydration symptoms (PMS-H), other symptoms, cramp, and low back pain.ResultsPair-wise comparison test revealed a significant decrease (p= 0.000) in PMS-A, PMS-C, PMS-D, PMS-H, other symptoms, cramp, and low back pain of the resistive exercise group and WBV group after treatment. However, there was only a significant decrease in PMS-C (p= 0.03) of the control group after treatment. Post hoc test showed no significant difference (p> 0.05) between the resistive group and WBV group in all PMS symptoms after treatment.ConclusionsPassive muscular training using WBV has a similar effect to resistive exercise on premenstrual symptoms that affect the quality of life in adolescents with PMS.Trial registrationPACTR,PACTR201908589835132. Registered 26 June 2019—retrospectively registered.

Objective: This study aims to determine the effect of grip exercise by the non-paretic hand on venous return in the paretic arm in stroke in sitting and supine positions. Methods: The study population included 21 stroke patients (mean age, 59.5 years). The diameter (mm) and time-averaged mean velocity (TAMV) (cm/s) of the axillary vein on the paretic side were measured by ultrasound during three distinct conditions: resting, rhythmic non-resistive grip exercise, and resistive exercise (30% of maximum grip strength) in supine and sitting positions. The venous flow volume (ml/min) was calculated using the obtained data. Results: In the supine and sitting positions, the venous flow volume during rhythmic non-resistive and resistive exercises was increased in comparison to resting, which resulted in more increased venous flow volume by rhythmic resistive grip exercise than by non-resistive grip exercise (both, p=0.01). Conclusion: Grip exercise by the non-paretic hand was found to be effective for increasing the venous flow volume in the paretic hand, and resistive grip exercise caused the greatest increase. Our results suggest that rhythmic handgrip exercise may be clinically useful for reducing the incidence of hand edema in stroke patients.

OBJECTIVES: Yes-Associated Protein (YAP) is implicated as a regulator of the post-exercise skeletal muscle response through mechanical transduction. We recently observed that resistance exercise (RE) increased both total (t) and phosphorylated (p) muscle YAP content, which correlated with extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (Erk1/2). Other anabolic signaling pathways (i.e., mTORC1) are known to be potentiated by the combined stimuli of RE and protein ingestion during post-exercise recovery. However, the impact of protein ingestion on t- and p-muscle YAP content during recovery from RE is unknown. Therefore, we aimed to determine the nutrient sensitivity of YAP in both an acute and chronic exercise setting in aging skeletal muscle. METHODS: Acute study: 13 untrained older women (59.8 ± 0.5 y) were randomized to perform an acute bout of unilateral RE (3 sets × 12 repetitions at 65% of one repetition maximum) followed by the ingestion of whey protein (0.3 g/kg lean body mass) or water. Muscle biopsies of both the rested and exercised legs were collected before and during the postprandial period. Chronic study: 20 untrained middle-aged men and women (47.5 ± 0.3 y) performed 3 weeks of whole body RE (3 d/wk) with moderate or high protein intake set at 1.2 g/kg/d or 1.6 g/kg/d, respectively. Muscle biopsies were taken weekly in the rested state. Total and phosphorylated YAP(Ser127) and Erk1/2(Thr202/Tyr204) were examined by western blotting. RESULTS: Acute study: Protein ingestion decreased t- and p-YAP compared to the water condition in the non-exercised leg (main effect: P 0.05). There was a decrease in t-Erk1/2 irrespective of condition (P = 0.04). There was no change in p/t ratio of Erk1/2 throughout training. There was a significant correlation between t-Erk1/2 and t-YAP (r = 0.741 and P

Aviation and space medicine face many common musculoskeletal challenges that manifest in crew of rotary-wing aircraft (RWA), high-performance jet aircraft (HPJA), and spacecraft. Furthermore, many astronauts are former pilots of RWA or HPJA. Flight crew are exposed to recurrent musculoskeletal risk relating to the extreme environments in which they operate, including high-gravitational force equivalents (g-forces), altered gravitational vectors, vibratory loading, and interaction with equipment. Several countermeasures have been implemented or are currently under development to reduce the magnitude and frequency of these injuries. Cervical and lumbar spine, as well as extremity injuries, are common to aviators and astronauts, and occur in training and operational environments. Stress on the spinal column secondary to gravitational loading and unloading, ± vibration are implicated in the development of pain syndromes and intervertebral disk pathology. While necessary for operation in extreme environments, crew-support equipment can contribute to musculoskeletal strain or trauma. Crew-focused injury prevention measures such as stretching, exercise, and conditioning programs have demonstrated the potential to prevent pre-flight, in-flight, and post-flight injuries. Equipment countermeasures, especially those addressing helmet mass and center of gravity and spacesuit ergonomics, are also key in injury prevention. Furthermore, behavioral and training interventions are required to ensure that crew are prepared to safely operate when faced with these exposures. The common operational exposures and risk factors between RWA and HPJA pilots and astronauts lend themselves to collaborative studies to develop and improve countermeasures. Countermeasures require time and resources, and careful consideration is warranted to ensure that crew have access to equipment and expertise necessary to implement them. Further investigation is required to demonstrate long-term success of these interventions and inform flight surgeon decision-making about individualized treatment. Lessons learned from each population must be applied to the others to mitigate adverse effects on crew health and well-being and mission readiness.

To provide a comprehensive review of musculoskeletal injuries in astronauts during pre-flight, in-flight (including extravehicular activity), and post-flight periods. The discussion is inclusive of etiology and nature of the injury, preventative measures, and future considerations. The most common injuries were to the hand, shoulder, and back/spine. Patterns and location of injury depend on the phase of flight during which they occurred. Current countermeasures are effective for some concerns, but do not ameliorate all musculoskeletal risks, thus new countermeasure and preventative approaches are warranted in some arenas. During pre-flight preparations, the shoulder is a site with the most concerning injuries, and they occur during extravehicular activity training, usually secondary to interaction with the planar hard upper torso. Suit redesign is under consideration, for both the pre- and in-flight environments. Hand injuries are also common in both pre-flight training and in-flight extravehicular activity. Countermeasures include reducing moisture and protective bandaging of fingertips. Space-adaptation back pain and herniated nucleus pulposus occur in-flight and post-flight, respectively. In-flight exercise countermeasures may mitigate many in-flight and post-flight spinal pathologies. In-flight loss of bone mineral and trabecular architecture can be mediated via both pharmacologic and exercise countermeasures. The advanced resistive exercise device has shown ability to reduce not only bone loss, but also muscular atrophy. Standardized and anonymous injury reporting is essential to track the full range of injuries over time. Participation of physical medicine and orthopedic-trained physicians and therapists, working alongside the ASCR (Astronaut Strength, Conditions, and Rehabilitation) group during astronaut exercise, training, and rehab should be considered value added.

Objective: To compare the effect of endurance versus resistive exercise on cortisol and its reflect on quality of life and depression scale in young depressed elderly.Background: Exercise has been suggested to be a viable treatment for depression. This study compared the effect of endurance versus resistive exercise on cortisol and its reflect on quality of life and depression scale in young elderly in order to help elderly to be more active.Subject and Methods: Thirty subjects (13 men, 17 women) were randomly assigned into two groups equal in number. Group (A) Fifteen subjects (7 men, 8 women) received Mod-erate intensity endurance (aerobic) exercise (50 to 70) % of their maximum heart rate. Group (B) Fifteen subjects (6 men, 9 women) received resistance exercise composed of 6 stations of weight lifting with moderate intensity (30% to 40% of 1 RM for upper body exercises and 50% to 60% of 1 RM for lower body exercise). The program duration for both groups was 3 times/week for 12 weeks.Results: Showed that 12 weeks of endurance or resistance exercise for depressed young elderly subjects caused a statis-tical significant improvement in Hamilton Depression Scale (16.86% for Group A and 17.97% for Group B) and Older People Quality of Life Questionnaire (29.94% for Group A and 20.37% for Group B) and a significant decrease in cortisol level (20.81% for Group A and 15.6% for Group B) at the end of rehabilitation program with the favor of aerobic regard-ing cortisol level and quality of life. On the other hand resistive exercise has more effect on Hamilton Depression Scale.Conclusions: Both endurance and resistance exercise are effective non-pharmacological adjuvant treatment for depres-sion and improvement of quality of life in young elderly.

Objective: The effect of a resistive jaw-opening exercise using an elastic band on suprahyoid muscle activity and tongue strength was examined in healthy volunteers. Methods: Twenty-one adults wore an elastic loop around their head and mandible. To prescribe the appropriate elastic band resistance, the 10-repetition maximum (10 RM) was measured among 4 bands at baseline. Band loops, starting with the highest resistance value band, were sequentially applied to determine the suitability for 10 RM. During the exercise, the participants were required to open their jaw maximally and maintain the position for 10 s; then, they rested for 10 s. This procedure was repeated for 20 min, 3 days per week for 8 weeks to test suprahyoid muscle activation during effortful swallowing; isometric tongue pressures of the tongue tip and base at baseline, after 4, and after 8 weeks of training were measured. Results: Peak suprahyoid muscle activation amplitudes during effortful swallow and isometric pressures at the tongue tip significantly increased after 8 weeks. Conclusion: The 8-week resistive jaw-opening exercise significantly improved strength of the suprahyoid muscle and tongue pressures in healthy subjects. These positive results warrant further investigation of the therapeutic effects and feasibility of this resistive exercise.

International audience; A body mass loss has been consistently observed in astronauts. This loss is of medical concern since energy deficit can exacerbate some of the deleterious physiological changes observed during space flight including cardiovascular deconditioning, bone density, muscle mass and strength losses, impaired exercise capacity, and immune deficiency among others. These may jeopardize crew health and performance, a healthy return to Earth and mission's overall success. In the context of planning for planetary exploration, achieving energy balance during long-term space flights becomes a research and operational priority. The regulation of energy balance and its components in current longer duration missions in space must be re-examined and fully understood. The purpose of this review is to summarize current understanding of how energy intake, energy expenditure, and hence energy balance are regulated in space compared to Earth. Data obtained in both actual and simulated microgravity thus far suggest that the obligatory exercise countermeasures program, rather than the microgravity per se, may be partly responsible for the chronic weight loss in space. Little is known of the energy intake, expenditure, and balance during the intense extravehicular activities which will become increasingly more frequent and difficult. The study of the impact of exercise on energy balance in space also provides further insights on lifestyle modalities such as intensity and frequency of exercise, metabolism, and the regulation of body weight on Earth, which is currently a topic of animated debate in the field of energy and obesity research. While not dismissing the significance of exercise as a countermeasure during space flight, data now challenge the current exercise countermeasure program promoted and adopted for many years by all the International Space Agencies. An alternative exercise approach that has a minimum impact on total energy expenditure in space, while preventing muscle mass loss and other physiological changes, is needed in order to better understand the in-flight regulation of energy balance and estimate daily energy requirements. A large body of data generated on Earth suggests that alternate approaches, such as high intensity interval training (HIIT), in combination or not with sessions of resistive exercise, might fulfill such needs.

The human body changes while in the microgravity environment and NASA has developed countermeasures to reduce or mitigate some of these changes such as bone loss and muscle atrophy. The countermeasures equipment also help keep astronauts in good cardiovascular condition while in this environment. While this equipment, the advanced resistive exercise device (ARED), the treadmill (T2), and the cycle ergometer with vibration isolation and stabilization (CEVIS) do help tremendously, there is still room for improvement. This paper will discuss physiological changes experienced by the author, not only from microgravity, but also possibly from other sources on the ISS. And correspondingly, discuss how well the countermeasures worked for him and discuss the issues he had using these countermeasures. And areas these countermeasures were deficient, such as core strength.

Resumo Introdução: O metaborreflexo, ativado pelo acúmulo de metabólitos durante o exercício, ocasiona vasoconstrição periférica, resultando em elevação da pressão arterial. Indivíduos obesos apresentam redução da endurance muscular inspiratória, sugerindo um acúmulo precoce de metabólitos e, consequentemente, alterações no metaborreflexo inspiratório. Objetivo: Comparar as respostas hemodinâmicas mediadas pelo metaborreflexo inspiratório em indivíduos obesos e em eutróficos. Método: Participaram do estudo vinte indivíduos obesos (31 ± 6 anos, dez homens, 37,5 ± 4,7 kg/m 2 ) e vinte eutróficos (29 ± 8 anos, dez homens, 23,2 ± 1,5 kg/m 2 ) submetidos a avaliação da força muscular respiratória através de manovacuometria. O metaborreflexo inspiratório foi induzido através de exercício resistido a 60% da pressão inspiratória máxima mantido até a exaustão. O protocolo controle consistiu na respiração sem resistência inspiratória (zero cmH 2 O) mantida durante 30 minutos. A pressão arterial e a frequência cardíaca foram mensuradas ao longo dos protocolos, realizados em dias distintos e em ordem randomizada. Resultados: O protocolo de indução do metaborreflexo inspiratório induziu aumento das pressões arteriais sistólica, diastólica e média, bem como da frequência cardíaca semelhante em indivíduos obesos e eutróficos. Conforme esperado, no protocolo controle as variáveis hemodinâmicas permaneceram inalteradas. Conclusão: A força muscular inspiratória não variou (p = 0,814) entre indivíduos obesos e eutróficos. Este estudo sugere que indivíduos obesos apresentam respostas hemodinâmicas, induzidas pelo metaborreflexo inspiratório, semelhantes aos indivíduos eutróficos. Abstract Introduction: Metaboreflex, activated by the accumulation of metabolites during exercise, leads to peripheral vasoconstriction, increasing the blood pressure. Obese individuals have decreased inspiratory muscle endurance, which suggests an early accumulation of metabolites and, consequently, alterations in inspiratory muscle metaboreflex. Objective: To compare the hemodynamic responses mediated by the inspiratory muscle metaboreflex in obese and eutrophic individuals. Method: Twenty obese (31 ± 6 years old, ten males, 37.5 ± 4.7 kg/m2) and twenty eutrophic individuals (29 ± 8 years old, ten males, 23.2 ± 1.5 kg/m2) were included in this study and submitted to respiratory muscle strength evaluation through manovacuometry. Inspiratory muscle metaboreflex was induced by resistive exercise at 60% maximal inspiratory pressure sustained until exhaustion. The control protocol consisted of breathing without inspiratory resistance (zero cmH2O) sustained for 30 minutes. Blood pressure and heart rate were measured throughout the protocols, on different days and in a randomized order. Results: The inspiratory muscle metaboreflex activation induction protocol led to a similar increase in systolic, diastolic and mean blood pressures, as well as heart rate in obese and eutrophic individuals. As expected, the hemodynamic variables remained unaltered in the control protocol. Conclusion: Inspiratory muscle strength did not differ (p = 0.814) between obese and eutrophic individuals. This study suggests that obese individuals present hemodynamic responses induced by the inspiratory muscle metaboreflex, similar to eutrophic individuals. Resumen Introducción: El metaborreflejo, activado por el acúmulo de metabolitos durante el ejercicio, lleva a la vaso constricción periférica resultando en aumento de la presión arterial. Individuos obesos presentan menor resistencia muscular inspiratoria, lo que sugiere un acúmulo precoz de metabolitos y, consecuentemente, alteraciones en el metaborreflejo inspiratorio. Objetivo: Comparar las respuestas hemodinámicas mediadas por el metaborreflejo inspiratorio en individuos obesos y eutróficos. Método: Se incluyeron en este estudio veinte individuos obesos (31 ± 6 años, 10 hombres, 37,5 ± 4,7 kg/m2) y veinte individuos eutróficos (29 ± 8 años, 10 hombres, 23,2 ± 1,5 kg/m 2 ), los cuales se sometieron a evaluación de la fuerza muscular respiratoria mediante manovacuometría. El metaborreflejo inspiratorio se indujo mediante ejercicio resistido al 60% de la presión inspiratoria máxima sostenida hasta el agotamiento. El protocolo de control consistió en respirar sin resistencia inspiratoria (cero cmH 2 O) mantenida durante 30 minutos. La presión arterial y la frecuencia cardíaca se midieron a lo largo de los protocolos, que se realizaron en días diferentes y en orden aleatorio. Resultados: El protocolo de inducción del metaborreflejo inspiratorio llevó a un aumento similar en las presiones sistólica, diastólica y media, así como a la frecuencia cardíaca en individuos obesos y eutróficos. Como esperado, las variables hemodinámicas permanecieron inalterables en el protocolo de control. Conclusión: La fuerza muscular inspiratoria no difirió (p = 0,814) entre individuos obesos y eutróficos, lo que apunta que los individuos obesos presentan respuestas hemodinámicas inducidas por el metaborreflejo inspiratorio similares a los individuos eutróficos.

The deleterious effects of spaceflight encompass numerous physiological effects that undermine long-term goals of manned round-trip missions to Mars. Among the greater losses are to the human musculoskeletal system due to limited mechanical/load-bearing activity. In-flight exercise and nutritional countermeasures seek to reduce physiological losses. Restoration of mechanical/load-bearing activity in microgravity is achieved with flywheel-based exercise hardware. Research with spaceflight analogs showed exercise done with flywheel-based devices abated muscle mass and strength losses with modest increases in net energy costs. This led to the installment of flywheel-based hardware on The International Space Station (ISS). To date, exercise with flywheel-based hardware has reduced musculoskeletal losses, with more success achieved for muscle-, versus bone-based, outcomes. In-flight exercise may better address bone losses with hardware that imparts high rates of impulse loading to the engaged musculoskeleton.

Microgravity-induced lumbar paraspinal muscle deconditioning may contribute to back pain commonly experienced by astronauts and may increase the risk of postflight injury. We hypothesized that a combined resistive and aerobic exercise countermeasure protocol that included spinal loading would mitigate lumbar paraspinal muscle deconditioning during 60 days of bed rest in women. Sixteen women underwent 60-day, 6° head-down-tilt bed rest (BR) and were randomized into control and exercise groups. During bed rest the control group performed no exercise. The exercise group performed supine treadmill exercise within lower body negative pressure (LBNP) for 3-4 days/wk and flywheel resistive exercise for 2–3 days/wk. Paraspinal muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) was measured using a lumbar spine MRI sequence before and after BR. In addition, isokinetic spinal flexion and extension strengths were measured before and after BR. Data are presented as means ± SD. Total lumbar paraspinal muscle CSA decreased significantly more in controls (10.9 ± 3.4%) than in exercisers (4.3 ± 3.4%; P < 0.05). The erector spinae was the primary contributor (76%) to total lumbar paraspinal muscle loss. Moreover, exercise attenuated isokinetic spinal extension loss (−4.3 ± 4.5%), compared with controls (−16.6 ± 11.2%; P < 0.05). In conclusion, LBNP treadmill and flywheel resistive exercises during simulated microgravity mitigate decrements in lumbar paraspinal muscle structure and spine function. Therefore spaceflight exercise countermeasures that attempt to reproduce spinal loads experienced on Earth may mitigate spinal deconditioning during long-duration space travel.

This study analyzed the effects of resistive exercise and/or stretching in the muscle morphology of ovariectomized rats. Seventy-five female Wistar rats (218±22g) were divided into 8 groups: Control (CONTROL, n=5); Ovariectomy/Hysterectomy (OH, n=10): ovariectomized/hysterectomized and then waited 8 weeks for the onset of osteopenia. Stretching (STRET, n=10): manual stretching of the soleus muscle (10 repetitions of 60s), twice weekly; Ovariectomy/Hysterectomy and Stretching (OH+STRET, n=10); Progressive Loading (PL, n=10): 4 sets of 10 repetitions, initial load 50% of body weight, increasing weekly until 70%, three times a week. Progressive Loading and Stretching (PL+STRET, n=10); Ovariectomy/Hysterectomy and Progressive loading exercise (OH+PL, n=10); Ovariectomy/Hysterectomy, Progressive Loading and Stretching (OH+PL+STRET, n=10). Stretching and/or progressive loading were performed for 6 weeks. After 14 weeks, the female rats were euthanized to remove the soleus muscle. The following variables were assessed: body weight; muscle weight and length; number and length of sarcomeres and the muscle fiber cross-sectional area (MFCSA). Comparisons between the groups were performed with ANOVA one-way post hoc Tukey or Kruskall-Wallis (p

To investigate the ultrasonic effects of progressive resistance exercise (PRE) for the treatment of patients with breast cancer-related lymphedema (BCRL).The 32 patients with diagnosed BCRL were randomly divided into two groups: the PRE group and the non-PRE group. After complex decongestive physiotherapy, PRE was performed by 0.5 kg dumbbell while wearing a compression stocking or a multilayer bandage to avoid aggravation of the lymphedema in the shoulder and arm. In the first week, the PRE group performed five repetitions of each exercise, twice a day, and the exercise were increased to five repetitions every week during 8 weeks. The thickness of muscle and subcutaneous tissue and circumferences of proximal and distal upper limbs were measured at baseline, 4 weeks, and 8 weeks. Examiners measured the circumference of upper limbs with tape measure, then the thickness of the muscle and subcutaneous tissue were measured by ultrasonography.Muscle thickness of the upper limbs was less in the affected limb than that of the nonaffected limb at pretreatment. The thickness of subcutaneous tissue and circumferences of the arm was more decreased in the PRE group than that of the non-PRE group. The thickness of muscle of the arm was more significantly increased in the PRE group than that of the non-PRE group (p 0.05).For the treatment of patients with BCRL, PRE with complex decongestive physiotherapy did not cause additional swelling, and it reduced arm circumference by decreased subcutaneous tissue thickness and increased muscle thickness.

Immune system dysregulation is among the many adverse effects incurred by astronauts during space flights. Omega-3 fatty acids, &beta, alanine, and carnosine are among the many nutrients that contribute to immune system health. For space flight, crewmembers are prescribed a diet with a macronutrient composition of 55% carbohydrate, 30% fat, and 15% protein. To quantify omega-3 fatty acid, &beta, alanine and carnosine intakes from such a diet, and to examine each nutrient&rsquo, s impact on exercise performance, 21 participants adhered to the aforementioned macronutrient ratio for 14 days which was immediately followed by a workout performed on gravity-independent resistive exercise hardware. Results included daily omega-3 fatty acid intakes below the suggested dietary intake. Daily omega-3 fatty acid, &beta, alanine and carnosine intakes each correlated with non-significant amounts of variance from the workout&rsquo, s volume of work. Given the nutritional requirements to maintain immune system function and the demands of in-flight exercise countermeasures for missions of increasingly longer durations current results, in combination with previously published works, imply in-flight supplementation may be a prudent approach to help address the physiological and mental challenges incurred by astronauts on future space flights.

Long-duration spaceflight has been shown to negatively affect the lumbopelvic muscles of crewmembers. Through analysis of computed tomography scans of crewmembers on 4- to 6-month missions equipped with the interim resistive exercise device, the structural deterioration of the psoas, quadratus lumborum, and paraspinal muscles was assessed. Computed tomography scans of 16 crewmembers were collected before and after long-duration spaceflight. The volume and attenuation of lumbar musculature at the L2 vertebral level were measured. Percent changes in the lumbopelvic muscle volume and attenuation (indicative of myosteatosis, or intermuscular fat infiltration) following spaceflight were calculated. Due to historical studies demonstrating only decreases in the muscles assessed, a one-sample t test was performed to determine if these decreases persist in more recent flight conditions. Crewmembers on interim resistive exercise device-equipped missions experienced an average 9.5% (2.0% SE) decrease in volume and 6.0% (1.5% SE) decrease in attenuation in the quadratus lumborum muscles and an average 5.3% (1.0% SE) decrease in volume and 5.3% (1.6% SE) decrease in attenuation in the paraspinal muscles. Crewmembers experienced no significant changes in psoas muscle volume or attenuation. No significant changes in intermuscular adipose tissue volume or attenuation were found in any muscles. Long-duration spaceflight was associated with preservation of psoas muscle volume and attenuation and significant decreases in quadratus lumborum and paraspinal muscle volume and attenuation.

Since the advent of antiretrovirals, people with HIV are living longer and have improved quality of life. However, 30-60% of these individuals experience cognitive impairment. Fortunately, physical activity has emerged as a management strategy for cognitive impairment.To map the evidence on physical activity and cognition in HIV.We searched five databases using terms related to physical activity and HIV. Two authors independently reviewed titles and abstracts for studies that addressed physical activity/exercise and cognition in people with HIV. Authors reviewed full texts to identify articles that met our inclusion criteria. One author extracted the data, then we collated the results and summarized the characteristics of included studies.Sixteen studies from high-income countries were included; eight were interventional (five randomized controlled trials and three pre-post single group observational studies) and eight were non-interventional studies. The interventional studies included aerobic, resistive, and Tai Chi exercise for 8 weeks to 12 months in duration. Two of eight interventional studies found exercise to benefit self-reported cognition. All eight non-interventional studies showed a positive relationship between physical activity and cognitive function.Results of this study suggest that physical activity may preserve or improve cognition in people living with HIV. Implications for Rehabilitation Physical activity may play a role in preserving or improving cognition in the human immunodeficiency virus population. Exercise should be prescribed for people with human immunodeficiency virus based on the stage of infection. Rehabilitation professionals should follow current exercise guidelines when prescribing exercise for people living with human immunodeficiency virus.

The aim of this study was to determine whether oxidative stress markers are influenced by low-intensity laser therapy (LLLT) in rats subjected to a high-intensity resistive exercise session (RE). Female Wistar rats divided into three experimental groups (Ctr: control, 4J: LLLT, and RE) and subdivided based on the sampling times (instantly or 24 h postexercise) underwent irradiation with LLLT using three-point transcutaneous method on the hind legs, which was applied to the gastrocnemius muscle at the distal, medial, and proximal points. Laser (4J) or placebo (device off) were carried out 60 sec prior to RE that consisted of four climbs bearing the maximum load with a 2 min time interval between each climb. Lipoperoxidation levels and antioxidant capacity were obtained in muscle. Lipoperoxidation levels were increased (4-HNE and CL markers) instantly post-RE. LLLT prior to RE avoided the increase of the lipid peroxidation levels. Similar results were also notified for oxidation protein assays. The GPx and FRAP activities did not reduce instantly or 24 h after RE. SOD increased 24 h after RE, while CAT activity did not change with RE or LLLT. In conclusion, LLLT prior to RE reduced the oxidative stress markers, as well as, avoided reduction, and still increased the antioxidant capacity.

BACKGROUND: High-speed exercise is an essential training component to prepare athletes for competition. To date correlations between anthropometry and high-speed exercise performance are mixed. OBJECTIVE: To assess anthropometry as a correlate to performance from workouts comprised exclusively of tonic or phasic repetitions done on a high-speed resistive exercise device (Impulse Training Systems; Newnan, GA). METHODS: Male athletes (n = 31) did two workouts that involved performance of a standing unilateral rowing motion with their left arm for two 60-second sets. Each workout was comprised solely of tonic or phasic repetitions. Anthropometric measurements included: height, mass, body fat percentage, shoulder width, upper and lower arm lengths as well as torso length. Mean force and total work values from each type of workout served as criterion variables. RESULTS:Anthropometry predicted significant amounts of variance for both mean force and total work values (r 2 ∼ 0.21) from tonic workouts. However anthropometry failed to predict a significant amount of performance variance from phasic workouts. CONCLUSIONS: Anthropometry acts as a better correlate to high-speed resistive exercise performance for repetitions that do not terminate with impact forces and are inherently less ballistic, as the latter likely utilizes less momentum.

The purpose of this study was to examine whether a six-week elastic band exercise program using proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) can increase isotonic strength of abductor muscles in the lower extremity. Twenty-eight healthy students from S university were divided into an experimental group and control group. Each group was participated in pre and post-measurement in isotonic strength using an isotonic analyzer, En-treeM. Experimental group performed elastic band exercise using PNF pattern for a six-weeks, in contrast, control group did not take any exercise. In the results of this study, isotonic strength measurements of abductor muscles in lower extremity in experimental group were significantly different after exercise, but control group did not show any significant changes. Therefore, we hope that resistive exercise would be very valuable for healthy people as well as the old people with weakened muscle strength.

Resistive exercise is essential to maintaining proper musculoskeletal health during spaceflight. Therefore crewmembers receive instruction from strength, conditioning, and rehabilitation specialists on proper exercise technique to maximize exercise effectiveness and prevent injuries. However, long duration missions can make real-time exercise instruction and feedback problematic. A depth camera-based software tool was developed to provide exercise instruction and feedback during the deadlift exercise. The software tool uses a machine learning algorithm to identify 5 common deadlift technique mistakes. A subset containing 2 subjects with no deadlift training experience were coached on the deadlift exercise and separated into 2 groups: experimental group using the software tool or a control group without the tool. Motion-capture data were collected to evaluate the kinematic characteristics between the test and control group. It was found that the software tool assisted with increased torso, hip, and knee joint angle consistency and improved form during deadlifts.

Background HIV is increasingly considered a chronic illness. More individuals are living longer and aging with the health-related consequences associated with HIV and multi-morbidity. Exercise is a self-management approach that can promote health for people aging with HIV. We examined the safety and effectiveness of progressive resistive exercise (PRE) interventions on immunological, virological, cardiorespiratory, strength, weight, body composition, and psychological outcomes in adults living with HIV. Methods We conducted a systematic review using the Cochrane Collaboration protocol. Searching databases up to April 2013, we included randomized controlled trials that compared PRE with no exercise or another intervention performed at least three times per week for at least four weeks with adults living with HIV. Two reviewers independently determined study eligibility. We extracted data from included studies and assessed risk of bias using the Cochrane Collaboration risk of bias tool. Meta-analyses were conducted using random effects models with Review Manager (RevMan) computer software. Results Twenty studies met inclusion criteria (n = 764 participants at study completion); the majority of participants were men (77%) taking antiretroviral therapy (14/20 included studies). Exercise interventions included PRE alone (8 studies) or a combination of resistive and aerobic exercise (12 studies) ranging from 6 to 52 weeks in duration. Thirty-four meta-analyses were performed. Results demonstrated statistically significant improvements in cardiorespiratory status (maximum oxygen consumption, exercise time), strength (chest press, knee flexion), weight, and body composition (arm and thigh girth, leg muscle area) among exercisers versus non-exercisers. We found no significant differences in change in CD4 count and viral load. We were unable to perform meta-analyses for psychological outcomes however results from individual studies demonstrated improvements in health-related quality of life with exercisers compared with non-exercisers. Conclusions Performing progressive resistive exercise (PRE) or a combination of resistive and aerobic exercise at least three times per week for at least six weeks is safe and can lead to improvements in cardiorespiratory fitness, strength, weight, and body composition for adults with HIV. Exercise may be considered a safe and beneficial for enhancing the health of medically stable adults aging with HIV. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12879-017-2342-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

The purpose of this study was to examine post-exercise hypotension (PEH) responses to three different resistance exercise velocities in female athletes. The 13 female subjects with experience of resistance training performed a series of resistance exercises with 80% of one repetition maximum for 3 sets with differing in velocity of movements: fast movement (FM; 1-second eccentric and 1-second concentric actions), moderate movement (MM; 1-second eccentric and 2-second concentric actions) and slow movement (SM; 2-second eccentric and 4-second concentric actions). After completing each training session, systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were taken every 10 min for a period of 60 min of recovery. The results indicated significant increases in SBP at 10th min post-exercise in comparison to baseline. After 60-min recovery, all conditions showed statistically significant decreases in SBP when compared with pre-exercise. In all measured moments, there were no significant differences among experimental sessions in post-exercise levels of SBP and DBP. Therefore, resistance training with FM, MM, and SM can induce increases in SBP after exercise, whereas after 60-min recovery, can induce decreases in SBP or post-exercise hypotension.

Bone loss, a key concern for long-duration space travelers, is typically considered a female issue. The number of women who have flown long-duration space missions is now great enough to allow a quantitative comparison of changes in bone and renal stone risk by sex. Participants were 42 astronauts (33 men and 9 women) on long-duration missions to the International Space Station. Bone mineral density (by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry) and biochemical markers of bone metabolism (from blood and urine samples) were evaluated before and after flight. Data were analyzed in two groups, based on available resistance exercise equipment. Missions were 49 to 215 days in duration, flown between 2000 and 2012. The bone density response to spaceflight was the same for men and women in both exercise groups. The bone mineral density response to flight was the same for men and women, and the typical decrease in bone mineral density (whole body and/or regional) after flight was not observed for either sex for those using an advanced resistive exercise device. Biochemical markers of bone formation and resorption responded similarly in male and female astronauts. The response of urinary supersaturation risk to spaceflight was not significantly different between men and women, although risks were typically increased after flight in both groups, and risks were greater in men than in women before and after flight. The responses of men and women to spaceflight with respect to these measures of bone health were not different.

Exposure to microgravity causes functional and structural impairment of skeletal muscle. Current exercise regimens are time-consuming and insufficiently effective; an integrated countermeasure is needed that addresses musculoskeletal along with cardiovascular health. High-intensity, short-duration rowing ergometry and supplemental resistive strength exercise may achieve these goals. Twenty-seven healthy volunteers completed 5 wk of head-down-tilt bed rest (HDBR): 18 were randomized to exercise, 9 remained sedentary. Exercise consisted of rowing ergometry 6 days/wk, including interval training, and supplemental strength training 2 days/wk. Measurements before and after HDBR and following reambulation included assessment of strength, skeletal muscle volume (MRI), and muscle metabolism (magnetic resonance spectroscopy); quadriceps muscle biopsies were obtained to assess muscle fiber types, capillarization, and oxidative capacity. Sedentary bed rest (BR) led to decreased muscle volume (quadriceps: −9 ± 4%, P < 0.001; plantar flexors: −19 ± 6%, P < 0.001). Exercise (ExBR) reduced atrophy in the quadriceps (−5 ± 4%, interaction P = 0.018) and calf muscle, although to a lesser degree (−14 ± 6%, interaction P = 0.076). Knee extensor and plantar flexor strength was impaired by BR (−14 ± 15%, P = 0.014 and −22 ± 7%, P = 0.001) but preserved by ExBR (−4 ± 13%, P = 0.238 and +13 ± 28%, P = 0.011). Metabolic capacity, as assessed by maximal O2consumption,31P-MRS, and oxidative chain enzyme activity, was impaired in BR but stable or improved in ExBR. Reambulation reversed the negative impact of BR. High-intensity, short-duration rowing and supplemental strength training effectively preserved skeletal muscle function and structure while partially preventing atrophy in key antigravity muscles. Due to its integrated cardiovascular benefits, rowing ergometry could be a primary component of exercise prescriptions for astronauts or patients suffering from severe deconditioning.

BACKGROUND: Few studies examined lactate, testosterone and cortisol changes from supramaximal exercise done by women. OBJECTIVE: Assess the impact of repetition type and exercise history/background on lactate, cortisol and testosterone changes from high-speed workouts done by women. METHODS: College-age women (11 competitive athletes, 18 novice athletes) performed two high-speed workouts on an Impulse resistive exercise machine. Each workout entailed two 60-second sets of either tonic or phasic repetitions. There were two hormonal (pre- and post-exercise) measurements per workout. Lactate was measured six times (pre-, and at zero-, five-, ten, 15- and 20-minutes post-exercise). RESULTS: Mean force showed a main effect for workout (tonic > phasic). Lactate had a time main effect, as zero-, five-and ten-minutes post-exercise results were significantly higher than 15- and 20-minutes post-exercise values as well as pre-exercise data. Cortisol had a group main effect (competitive > novice). Testosterone results included a time effect trend (p = 0.12) for higher post-exercise values. CONCLUSIONS: Results warrant continued inquiry regarding 1): pre-and post-workout salivary hormonal assays, and 2): acute testosterone changes from high-speed supramaximal exercise done by female athletes.

This study considered the effects of repeated bouts of short-term resistive exercise in old (age: 64.5±5.5 years; n = 10) and young men (age: 25.1±4.9 years; n = 10) who performed six knee extension exercise bouts over two weeks using various markers of exercise-induced muscle damage and electromyographic activity. We found that time-course changes in quadriceps isometric torque, creatine kinase activity, and muscle soreness in the two groups were similar. However, recovery in the acute torque deficit was mediated by more favourable electromyographic activity changes in the young group than in the older adults group. Muscle elastic energy storage and re-use assessed with dynamometry was selectively improved in the young group by the end of the protocol. Serum myoglobin concentration increased selectively in old group, and remained elevated with further bouts, suggesting higher sarcolemma vulnerability and less effective metabolic adaptation in the older adults, which, however, did not affect muscle contractility.

Generally, the evaluation of the blood pressure response to resistance exercise has been limited to the evaluation of discontinuous casual blood pressure monitoring, often measured at the end of the exercise.To continuously evaluate the blood pressure response at different intensities of leg press exercise with the same duration and number of repetitions.Seven normotensive healthy men performed an incremental test on the leg press machine at relative intensities of one repetition maximum (1RM). The blood pressure and heart rate were measured simultaneously to the incremental exercise by a photoplethysmographic method.The mean ± SD peak values of the heart rate, diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and systolic blood pressure (SBP) were obtained on 70% of 1RM and were 145 ± 20 bpm, 113.1 ± 15.4 mmHg, and 192.4 ± 20.0 mmHg, respectively. The SBP was characterized by a decrease followed by an increase during the sets of exercise. The decrease in the SBP was 12-22 mmHg and took approximately 25 seconds to reach the minimum value before the increase. It was observed for all participants in most of the intensities. The rate of increase in the SBP was not statistically different between the intensities.Both duration and intensity of exercise have an impact on the blood pressure response. Above 30% of 1RM, the SBP decreases in approximately 20 seconds and starts to increase until the end of the set of leg press exercise.

Flavio A Cadegiani,1 Osvalmir Sá Silva2 1Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 2Corpometria Institute, an Obesity and Endocrinology Center, Brasilia, DF, Brazil Objective: Acarbose is a glucosidase inhibitor that slows carbohydrate digestion. It could thus be effective to promote remission of dumping syndrome (DS). Previous studies associating acarbose and late dumping, although not early dumping, have been reported. Herein, we aimed to evaluate the role of acarbose in dumping syndrome prevention and treatment and in resistive exercises resistance in bariatric subjects. Methods: Bariatric patients with DS and complete adherence to diet plan and resistive exercises were included (n=25). Number of early and late episodes, self-referred intensity of each episode, and ability to increase intensity of resistive exercise were evaluated, on a 0–10 scale. Acarbose was administered orally (50 mg) for 6 months, 4–5 times a day before meals. Results: Acarbose administration was associated with a decrease in the number of early (2.18–0.31) and late (2.79–0.12) episodes per week and intensity of each episode (6.10–1.65) and an increase in the ability to perform resistive exercises (3.03–7.12). Complete remission of DS was seen in 21 patients (84%), which persisted for 6 months with the use of acarbose. Conclusion: Acarbose prevented dumping in almost all studied subjects and helped improve exercise capacity. Keywords: dumping syndrome, bariatric surgery, post-bariatric, obesity

This study was to investigate the balancing and clinical abilities trunk muscle stabilization exercise and trunk muscle resistive exercise of stroke patients having surface changes in balance of body. The subjects of this study were 30 stroke patients(15 males and 15 females) that three times a week for 12 weeks at the same time point and with the same amount of exercise. They were separated into two groups and did reinforcing exercise on trunk muscle stabilization exercise and trunk muscle resistive exercise for three times a week for twelve weeks. It were measured balancing ability, they performed functional standing balance test, functional forward arm stretching test. performance-oriented mobility assessment, berg balance scale. The balancing exercises were modified from preceding studies and consisted of 6 difference exercises. The functional standing test with open and close eyes and performance-oriented mobility assessment, the trunk muscle stabilization exercise group and the trunk muscle resistive exercise group improved significantly. The forward arm stretching was test the trunk muscle stabilization exercise group more improved. This study found that the balancing exercise on trunk muscle stabilization exercise was more effective than trunk muscle resistive exercise for stroke patients. Thus, trunk muscle stabilization exercise has more positive effects on the improvement of balancing abilities of stroke patients.

Purpose Postexercise hypotension after resistive exercises has been described, but its underlying mechanisms are not well known. This study observed the blood pressure (BP) and vascular conductance after multiple sets of a lower-body resistive exercise. Methods BP and forearm blood flow (FBF; venous occlusion plethysmography) were assessed at rest and during reactive hyperemia, before and during postexercise recovery (10 and 60 min) in 16 men assigned to experimental (EG; n=9) and control (CG; n=7) groups. The EG performed the bilateral knee extension (10 sets of 15 repetitions with 90% of 15 repetitions maximum), whereas CG stayed at rest. Results No between-group differences were detected at rest in any of the variables (P>0.13). In EG, the systolic BP (mmHg) assessed 10 min after the exercise was significant compared with rest condition (104.4±1.5 vs. 111.3±2.0; P=0.011). The FBF (ml/100 ml/min/mmHg) and the forearm vascular conductance (FVC; ml/min/mmHg) in the postexercise recovery were lower than at rest in EG (FBF: rest=3.08±1.03, 10 min=2.21±0.68, P=0.007 and 60 min=2.33±0.47, P=0.018; FVC: rest=0.039±0.014, 10 min=0.029±0.008, P=0.02 and 60 min=0.030±0.006, P=0.03), but not in CG (FBF: resting=2.80±0.52, 10 min=2.87±0.53, P=0.22 and 60 min=2.97±0.73, P=0.14; FVC: resting=0.035±0.006, 10 min=0.029±0.010, P=0.32 and 60 min=0.029±0.013, P=0.13). No within-group (P=0.67) or between-group (P=0.11) changes were found in FBF and FVC during reactive hyperemia along postexercise recovery. Conclusion Multiple sets of a single-resistance exercise induced postexercise hypotension and decreased FBF, albeit vasodilatation capacity was probably preserved.

To examine blood lactate concentrations from high-speed exercise resistive exercise, subjects performed workouts on an inertial kinetic exercise (Oconomowoc, WI) device. Workouts entailed two 60-s sets of elbow flexor (curling) repetitions. Pre- and post-exercise blood lactate concentrations were measured, via a fingertip blood drop, with an analyzer. From workouts the average acceleration, maximum force and total torque were derived. Blood lactate concentrations were analyzed with a 2 (gender)×2 (time) ANOVA, with repeated measures for time. Average acceleration, maximum force and total torque were analyzed with one-way (gender) ANOVAs. With an α=0.05, blood lactate concentrations had a time (prepost) effect, while exercise performance variables had gender (menwomen) effects. Current blood lactate concentrations were commensurate with other studies that used a modest level of resistance and engaged a small muscle mass. Given the current workout protocol and muscle mass engaged, as well as parallels to other results, our study appears to offer a valid portrayal of subsequent changes in blood lactate concentrations from high-speed resistive exercise.

Submitted by Guilherme Lemeszenski (guilherme@nead.unesp.br) on 2013-08-22T19:02:00Z No. of bitstreams: 1 S0004-27302011000200008.pdf: 1470921 bytes, checksum: e7dfc2dad3a50090546b9202448598cf (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-22T19:02:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 S0004-27302011000200008.pdf: 1470921 bytes, checksum: e7dfc2dad3a50090546b9202448598cf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-03-01 Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-30T20:02:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S0004-27302011000200008.pdf: 1470921 bytes, checksum: e7dfc2dad3a50090546b9202448598cf (MD5) S0004-27302011000200008.pdf.txt: 44819 bytes, checksum: fee65b1d443c77d5608ffa48e6cd7d00 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-03-01 Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-20T13:23:15Z No. of bitstreams: 2 S0004-27302011000200008.pdf: 1470921 bytes, checksum: e7dfc2dad3a50090546b9202448598cf (MD5) S0004-27302011000200008.pdf.txt: 44819 bytes, checksum: fee65b1d443c77d5608ffa48e6cd7d00 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-20T13:23:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S0004-27302011000200008.pdf: 1470921 bytes, checksum: e7dfc2dad3a50090546b9202448598cf (MD5) S0004-27302011000200008.pdf.txt: 44819 bytes, checksum: fee65b1d443c77d5608ffa48e6cd7d00 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-03-01 Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) OBJETIVO: Investigar em ratos obesos o efeito da prática de exercício resistido sobre a sensibilidade à insulina e sobre a expressão de citocinas pró-inflamatórias e de transportador de glicose em músculo solear. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Ratos Wistar alimentados com dieta hiperlipídica (grupos obesos) foram submetidos ao protocolo de exercício tipo jump squat. A sensibilidade à insulina e a expressão gênica de Tnf-α, SOCS3 e GLUT4 foram comparadas entre os grupos obesos sedentários (OS) e exercitados (OE) e controles sedentários (CS) e exercitados (CE). RESULTADOS: A sensibilidade à insulina estava reduzida no grupo OS e elevada no OE. Os conteúdos de RNAm de Tnf-α e de SOCS3 estavam aumentados no músculo esquelético do grupo OS e reduzidos no OE. O conteúdo proteico e de RNAm de GLUT4 não diferiu entre os grupos. CONCLUSÃO: O exercício resistido reverte o quadro de resistência à insulina periférica e de inflamação no músculo esquelético de obesos induzidos por dieta. OBJECTIVE: To determine if resistive exercise protocol can modulate Tnf-α, SOCS3 and glucose transporter GLUT4 genes expression in skeletal muscle, and peripheral insulin sensitivity in obese rats induced by hyperlipidic diet. MATERIALS and METHODS: Wistar obese rats induced by hyperlipidic diet were subjected a resistive exercise protocol as jump squat. Insulin sensitivity and mRNA content of Tnf-α, SOCS3 and GLUT4 were assayed and compared among the groups: obese sedentary (OS) and exercised (OE), control sedentary (CS) and exercised (CE). RESULTS: The mRNA content of Tnf-α and SOCS3 has increased in skeletal muscle from OS and has decreased in OE group. The protein and GLUT4 mRNA contents were correlated but they did not change among the groups. Peripheral insulin sensitivity has increased in the OE compared to OS group. CONCLUSION: The resistive exercise reverses the peripheral insulin resistance and the inflammatory state in skeletal muscle from diet-induced obese rats. Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho Departamento de Fisioterapia Universidade de São Paulo Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho Departamento de Fisioterapia