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A study of the prevalence rates for selected isolated non-Mendelian congenital anomalies in the Hutterite Brethren of Alberta, Canada was undertaken to further examine longitudinal data in this isolated community that was last reported in 1985 (Lowry et al., 1985), although there are numerous publications on recessive disorders (Boycott et al., 2008; Triggs-Raine et al., 2016). Cases were ascertained from the Alberta Congenital Anomaly Surveillance System for the years 1997-2016. Since our initial results showed some surprising findings in the Hutterite Brethren, such as zero cases of spina bifida, cleft lip and palate, gastroschisis, and omphalocele, and a significant excess of cases with hypospadias, we extended the study to prior years (1980-1996) for selected anomalies. For the extended study period (1980-2016), there was a significant increased prevalence of hypospadias, tetralogy of Fallot and tricuspid atresia in the Hutterite population, and although not statistically significant, zero cases of cleft lip with cleft palate, gastroschisis and omphalocele were confirmed. Further research is needed to determine the precise effects of rural environmental exposures, lifestyle factors, and genetic associations for selected multifactorial congenital anomalies.

The dilated cardiomyopathy with ataxia syndrome (DCMA) is an autosomal recessive mitochondrial disease caused by mutations in the DnaJ heat shock protein family (Hsp40) member C19 (DNAJC19) gene. DCMA or 3-methylglutaconic aciduria type V is globally rare, but the largest number of patients in the world is found in the Hutterite population of southern Alberta in Canada. We provide an update on phenotypic findings, natural history, pathological findings, and our clinical experience. We analyzed all available records for 43 patients diagnosed with DCMA between 2005 and 2015 at the Alberta Children's Hospital. All patients studied were Hutterite and homozygous for the causative DNAJC19 variant (c.130-1G>C, IVS3-1G>C) and had elevated levels of 3-methyglutaconic acid. We calculated a birth prevalence of 1.54 cases per 1000 total births in the Hutterite community. Children were small for gestational age at birth and frequently required supplemental nutrition (63%) or surgical placement of a gastrostomy tube (35%). Early mortality in this cohort was high (40%) at a median age of 13 months (range 4-294 months). Congenital anomalies were common as was dilated cardiomyopathy (50%), QT interval prolongation (83%), and developmental delay (95%). Tissue pathology was analyzed in a limited number of patients and demonstrated subendocardial fibrosis in the heart, macrovesicular steatosis and fibrosis in the liver, and structural abnormalities in mitochondria. This report provides clinical details for a cohort of children with DCMA and the first presentation of tissue pathology for this disorder. Despite sharing common genetic etiology and environment, the disease is highly heterogeneous for reasons that are not understood. DCMA is a clinically heterogeneous systemic mitochondrial disease with significant morbidity and mortality that is common in the Hutterite population of southern Alberta.

Background: Hypospadias is a common male birth defect that has shown widespread variation in reported prevalence estimates. Many countries have reported increasing trends over recent decades.Objective: To analyze the prevalence and trends of hypospadias for 27 international programs over a 31-yr period.Design, setting, and participants: The study population included live births, stillbirths, and elective terminations of pregnancy diagnosed with hypospadias during 1980-2010 from 27 surveillance programs around the world.Outcome measurements and statistical analysis: We used joinpoint regression to analyze changes over time in international total prevalence of hypospadias across programs, prevalence for each specific program, and prevalence across different degrees of severity of hypospadias.Results and limitations: The international total prevalence of hypospadias for all years was 20.9 (95% confidence interval: 19.2-22.6) per 10 000 births. The prevalence for each program ranged from 2.1 to 39.1 per 10 000 births. The international total prevalence increased 1.6 times during the study period, by 0.25 cases per 10 000 births per year (p Conclusions: Although there have been changes in clinical practice and registry ascertainment over time in some countries, the consistency in the observed increasing trends across many programs and by degrees of severity suggests that the total prevalence of hypospadias may be increasing in many countries. This observation is contrary to some previous reports that suggested that the total prevalence of hypospadias was no longer increasing in recent decades.Patient summary: We report on the prevalence and trends of hypospadias among 27 birth defect surveillance systems, which indicate that the prevalence of hypospadias continues to increase internationally. (C) 2019 European Association of Urology. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Dubowitz syndrome (DubS) is considered a recognizable syndrome characterized by a distinctive facial appearance and deficits in growth and development. There have been over 200 individuals reported with Dubowitz or a "Dubowitz-like" condition, although no single gene has been implicated as responsible for its cause. We have performed exome (ES) or genome sequencing (GS) for 31 individuals clinically diagnosed with DubS. After genome-wide sequencing, rare variant filtering and computational and Mendelian genomic analyses, a presumptive molecular diagnosis was made in 13/27 (48%) families. The molecular diagnoses included biallelic variants in SKIV2L, SLC35C1, BRCA1, NSUN2; de novo variants in ARID1B, ARID1A, CREBBP, POGZ, TAF1, HDAC8, and copy-number variation at1p36.11(ARID1A), 8q22.2(VPS13B), Xp22, and Xq13(HDAC8). Variants of unknown significance in known disease genes, and also in genes of uncertain significance, were observed in 7/27 (26%) additional families. Only one gene, HDAC8, could explain the phenotype in more than one family (N = 2). All but two of the genomic diagnoses were for genes discovered, or for conditions recognized, since the introduction of next-generation sequencing. Overall, the DubS-like clinical phenotype is associated with extensive locus heterogeneity and the molecular diagnoses made are for emerging clinical conditions sharing characteristic features that overlap the DubS phenotype.

A new classification system was proposed by Tonkin et al as a replacement for the Swanson/International Federation of Societies for Surgery of the Hand system. We have reviewed their aims and have pointed out a number of problems that will make it difficult to be universally accepted.

Background Despite a substantial prevention of neural tube defects with mandatory folic acid (FA) fortification, a significant number of cases still exist in Alberta, Canada, particularly spina bifida (SB). The purpose of this study was to review cases with SB to provide a possible explanation as to why SB is still prevalent in Alberta. Methods Cases with SB born between 2001 and 2015, ascertained by the Alberta Congenital Anomalies Surveillance System, were reviewed. Cases were classified as lipomeningomyelocele, syndrome/recognized condition, chromosome, associated multiple congenital anomalies, and isolated. The notice of birth forms were reviewed to determine FA supplement use before and/or during pregnancy. Socioeconomic status (SES) was also examined. Results The majority of cases were isolated (58%). The total prevalence of SB for 2001-2015 was 0.37/1,000 births, with isolated SB being 0.21/1,000 births. Urinary and congenital heart defects were the most frequently identified associated anomalies. FA supplementation could not be determined for 69% of our cases because of a lack of completeness of the notice of birth forms. There was no significant difference regarding SES between mothers of cases and all mothers in Alberta. Conclusions It is important to examine cases with isolated SB to determine why mandatory FA fortification has not completely prevented SB and to identify which cases are not folate-responsive. A more concerted effort of public health education and promotion with the identification of women with suboptimal folate status and a better understanding of the role of other micronutrients is necessary.

There is a wide range of the proportion of congenital anomalies associated with limb deficiencies reported in the literature. This variation is primarily attributed to methodology and classification differences. The distribution of associated anomalies among cases with congenital limb deficiencies in Alberta born between January 1, 1980 and December 31, 2012 is described. Of the 170 cases identified, most were live born (75.3%), male (61.8%), had longitudinal limb deficiencies (78.8%), and had associated anomalies outside the musculoskeletal system (77.6%). Significant associations between the preaxial longitudinal group and the central nervous, gastrointestinal, and cardiovascular systems are reported as well as between the postaxial longitudinal group and congenital hip and foot anomalies. Probable and possible syndrome diagnoses are described for cases with recognized malformation patterns.

Preventing neural tube defects (NTDs) easily qualifies as a high‐value opportunity to improve childhood survival and health: the unmet need is significant (major preventable burden), the intervention is transformative (providing sufficient folic acid), and delivery strategies (e.g., fortification) are effective in low‐resource countries. Yet, NTD prevention is lagging. Can public health surveillance help fix this problem? Critics contend that surveillance is largely unnecessary, that limited resources are best spent on interventions, and that surveillance is unrealistic in developing countries. The counterargument is twofold: (1) in the absence of surveillance, interventions will provide fewer benefits and cost more and (2) effective surveillance is likely possible nearly everywhere, with appropriate strategies. As a base strategy, we propose “triple surveillance:” integrating surveillance of cause (folate insufficiency), of disease occurrence (NTD prevalence), and of health outcomes (morbidity, mortality, and disability). For better sustainability and usefulness, it is crucial to refocus and streamline surveillance activities (no recreational data collection), weave surveillance into clinical care (integrate in clinical workflow), and, later, work on including additional risk factors and pediatric outcomes (increase benefits at low marginal cost). By doing so, surveillance becomes not a roadblock but a preferential path to prevention and better care.

Shprintzen-Goldberg syndrome (OMIM #182212) is a connective tissue disorder characterized by craniosynostosis, distinctive craniofacial features, skeletal abnormalities, marfanoid body habitus, aortic dilatation, and intellectual disability. Mutations in exon 1 of SKI have recently been identified as being responsible for approximately 90% of reported individuals diagnosed clinically with Shprintzen-Goldberg syndrome. SKI is a known regulator of TGFβ signaling. Therefore, like Marfan syndrome and Loeys-Dietz syndrome, Shprintzen-Goldberg syndrome is likely caused by deregulated TGFβ signals, explaining the considerable phenotypic overlap between these three disorders. We describe two additional patients with exon 1 SKI mutations and review the clinical features and literature of Shprintzen-Goldberg syndrome.

Background Congenital anomaly (CA) surveillance provides epidemiologic data that are necessary for health planning. Approaches to CA surveillance vary; however, an increasing number of jurisdictions rely on administrative health databases for case ascertainment. This study aimed to assess the validity of CA coding in three administrative databases compared with a CA registry. Methods A cohort of 5862 live and stillborn infants from Calgary Alberta Canada was created through linking 12 clinical and administrative databases. Diagnostic codes for all health care contacts (hospitalizations, emergency room visits, out-patient physician visits) in the first 3 months of life were examined for relevant International Classification of Disease codes. Sensitivity, positive predictive values, and kappa coefficients were calculated, and data from the Alberta Congenital Anomalies Surveillance System was used as the reference standard. Results The ability of administrative data to accurately ascertain CAs varied by data source and the specificity of the diagnosis. Consistently, hospitalization data out-performed other administrative data sources in terms of sensitivity, positive predictive values, and kappa. Kappa scores for CAs easily visible at birth ranged from moderate (0.62 for emergency room visits and 0.65 for out-patient physician claims) to good (0.83 for hospitalization data) depending on the data source. Conclusion The validity of CA coding in administrative databases compared with a CA registry varies by database used and by CA studied. This has important implications for national surveillance efforts. Condition-specific validity should be assessed locally before use of these data sources for research or planning purposes. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 100:59–66, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

BACKGROUND Congenital heart defects (CHDs) are the most common type of congenital anomaly. The precise etiology is unknown and the development of successful primary prevention strategies is challenging. Folic acid may have a protective role; however published results have been inconsistent. This study examines the impact of mandatory folic acid fortification (FAF) on the prevalence of CHDs. METHODS CHD cases were ascertained using the Alberta Congenital Anomalies Surveillance System, Pediatric Cardiology Clinics, Pathology, and hospital records. The birth prevalence and odds ratios (OR) of isolated CHD cases (i.e., without noncardiac anomalies) were calculated comparing pre-FAF (1995–1997) with post-FAF (1999–2002). RESULTS The prevalence of isolated CHD cases remained relatively unchanged when pre-FAF (9.34, 95% confidence interval [CI] 8.79–9.92) was compared with post-FAF (9.41, 95% CI, 8.93–9.91). Left ventricular outflow tract obstruction (LVOTO) decreased post-FAF (OR, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.61–0.94). Coarctation of the aorta contributed to this decline (OR, 0.55; 95% CI, 0.32–0.92). Atrial septal defect (ASD) (OR, 1.42; 95% CI, 1.13–1.80) and ASD with ventricular septal defect (OR, 1.52; 95% CI, 1.10–2.10) increased post-FAF. The remaining types of CHDs were unchanged. CONCLUSION FAF alone does not have an impact on the prevalence of CHDs as a group and the majority of selected types of CHDs in Alberta. The decrease in LVOTO, particularly coarctation of the aorta, may be due to FAF or other environmental factors. The increase in ASD and ASD with ventricular septal defect may reflect an increase in diagnosis and ascertainment. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 97:564-570, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Although the majority of congenital heart defects (CHDs) occur in isolation, a significant number occur with noncardiac anomalies. This study determined the proportion of noncardiac anomalies among CHD cases in Alberta.Records of infants and children born in Alberta between January 1, 1995, to December 31, 2002, were searched using multiple sources of ascertainment in addition to the Alberta Congenital Anomalies Surveillance System (ACASS) (Alberta Health and Wellness, 2012). Each case was assigned to one CHD category and was further categorized into one of the following groups: isolated CHD, syndromes, chromosomal, associations and sequences, teratogens, Mendelian, neoplasia, heterotaxy, multiple minor anomalies, and multiple major anomalies.Of all 3751 CHD cases (prevalence 12.42/1000 total births: confidence interval, 12.03-12.83), 75% were isolated, 10% had a chromosomal etiology, and 9% had multiple major anomalies. All other categories accounted for2% each. The most commonly associated major noncardiac anomalies were musculoskeletal (MSK) (24%) followed by anomalies of the urinary tract (14%), gastrointestinal system (GI) (11%), and central nervous system (CNS) (11%).This is both a population-based and clinical study using a classification scheme that could help to determine possible etiologic factors contributing to CHD. By eliminating known etiologies such as chromosomal and single gene, future studies can focus on the remainder to evaluate possible preventive measures. The most commonly associated major noncardiac anomalies involve the MSK system, followed by the urinary, GI, and CNS systems.

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of esophageal atresia (EA) has been shown to vary across different geographical settings. Investigation of geographical differences may provide an insight into the underlying etiology of EA. METHODS: The study population comprised infants diagnosed with EA during 1998 to 2007 from 18 of the 46 birth defects surveillance programs, members of the International Clearinghouse for Birth Defects Surveillance and Research. Total prevalence per 10,000 births for EA was defined as the total number of cases in live births, stillbirths, and elective termination of pregnancy for fetal anomaly (ETOPFA) divided by the total number of all births in the population. RESULTS: Among the participating programs, a total of 2943 cases of EA were diagnosed with an average prevalence of 2.44 (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.352.53) per 10,000 births, ranging between 1.77 and 3.68 per 10,000 births. Of all infants diagnosed with EA, 2761 (93.8%) were live births, 82 (2.8%) stillbirths, 89 (3.0%) ETOPFA, and 11 (0.4%) had unknown outcomes. The majority of cases (2020, 68.6%), had a reported EA with fistula, 749 (25.5%) were without fistula, and 174 (5.9%) were registered with an unspecified code. CONCLUSIONS: On average, EA affected 1 in 4099 births (95% CI, 1 in 39544251 births) with prevalence varying across different geographical settings, but relatively consistent over time and comparable between surveillance programs. Findings suggest that differences in the prevalence observed among programs are likely to be attributable to variability in population ethnic compositions or issues in reporting or registration procedures of EA, rather than a real risk occurrence difference. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2012. (c) 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Acardia is a severe, complex malformation of monozygotic twinning, but beyond clinical case series, very few epidemiologic data are available. The goals of this study were to assess the epidemiologic characteristics of acardia from birth defect registries in the International Clearinghouse for Birth Defects Surveillance and Research (Clearinghouse), and compare these findings to current literature. The study included 17 surveillance programs of the Clearinghouse representing 23 countries from North and South America, Europe, China, and Australia. Anonymized individual records with clinical and demographic data were reviewed centrally by clinical geneticists. A literature search was performed. A total of 164 cases of acardia were reported from an underlying cohort of 21.2 million births. Of these, 23% were elective pregnancy terminations. Rates did not vary significantly by maternal age. For many cases, information on pregnancy exposures and genetic testing was missing. However, these limited data did not suggest high rates of chronic illnesses (diabetes, seizure disorders) or lifestyle factors such as smoking. One case had trisomy 13. Major malformations were reported in 2.4% of co-twins. With some basic assumptions, the total prevalence of acardia was estimated at 1 in 50,000-70,000 births, and 1 in 200-280 monozygotic twins. In summary, acardia is a dramatic, probably underreported, and incompletely understood malformation. Studies on its epidemiology and etiology are challenging and still rare. An international collaboration of epidemiologists, clinicians, and geneticists is necessary to understand the etiology, pathogenesis, and occurrence of this severe malformation complex. (C) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Cyclopia is characterized by the presence of a single eye, with varying degrees of doubling of the intrinsic ocular structures, located in the middle of the face. It is the severest facial expression of the holoprosencephaly (HPE) spectrum. This study describes the prevalence, associated malformations, and maternal characteristics among cases with cyclopia. Data originated in 20 Clearinghouse (ICBDSR) affiliated birth defect surveillance systems, reported according to a single pre-established protocol. A total of 257 infants with cyclopia were identified. Overall prevalence was 1 in 100,000 births (95% CI: 0.89-1.14), with only one program being out of range. Across sites, there was no correlation between cyclopia prevalence and number of births (r = 0.08; P = 0.75) or proportion of elective termination of pregnancy (r = -0.01; P = 0.97). The higher prevalence of cyclopia among older mothers (older than 34) was not statistically significant. The majority of cases were liveborn (122/200; 61%) and females predominated (male/total: 42%). A substantial proportion of cyclopias (31%) were caused by chromosomal anomalies, mainly trisomy 13. Another 31% of the cases of cyclopias were associated with defects not typically related to HPE, with more hydrocephalus, heterotaxia defects, neural tube defects, and preaxial reduction defects than the chromosomal group, suggesting the presence of ciliopathies or other unrecognized syndromes. Cyclopia is a very rare defect without much variability in prevalence by geographic location. The heterogeneous etiology with a high prevalence of chromosomal abnormalities, and female predominance in HPE, were confirmed, but no effect of increased maternal age or association with twinning was observed. (C) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Bladder exstrophy (BE) is a complex congenital anomaly characterized by a defect in the closure of the lower abdominal wall and bladder. We aimed to provide an overview of the literature and conduct an epidemiologic study to describe the prevalence, and maternal and case characteristics of BE. We used data from 22 participating member programs of the International Clearinghouse for Birth Defects Surveillance and Research (ICBDSR). All cases were reviewed and classified as isolated, syndrome, and multiple congenital anomalies. We estimated the total prevalence of BE and calculated the frequency and odds ratios for various maternal and case characteristics. A total of 546 cases with BE were identified among 26,355,094 births. The total prevalence of BE was 2.07 per 100,000 births (95% CI: 1.90-2.25) and varied between 0.52 and 4.63 among surveillance programs participating in the study. BE was nearly twice as common among male as among female cases. The proportion of isolated cases was 71%. Prevalence appeared to increase with increasing categories of maternal age, particularly among isolated cases. The total prevalence of BE showed some variations by geographical region, which is most likely attributable to differences in registration of cases. The higher total prevalence among male cases and older mothers, especially among isolated cases, warrants further attention. (C) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Epidemiologic data on phocomelia are scarce. This study presents an epidemiologic analysis of the largest series of phocomelia cases known to date. Data were provided by 19 birth defect surveillance programs, all members of the International Clearinghouse for Birth Defects Surveillance and Research. Depending on the program, data corresponded to a period from 1968 through 2006. A total of 22,740,933 live births, stillbirths and, for some programs, elective terminations of pregnancy for fetal anomaly (ETOPFA) were monitored. After a detailed review of clinical data, only true phocomelia cases were included. Descriptive data are presented and additional analyses compared isolated cases with those with multiple congenital anomalies (MCA), excluding syndromes. We also briefly compared congenital anomalies associated with nonsyndromic phocomelia with those presented with amelia, another rare severe congenital limb defect. A total of 141 phocomelia cases registered gave an overall total prevalence of 0.62 per 100,000 births (95% confidence interval: 0.52–0.73). Three programs (Australia Victoria, South America ECLAMC, Italy North East) had significantly different prevalence estimates. Most cases (53.2%) had isolated phocomelia, while 9.9% had syndromes. Most nonsyndromic cases were monomelic (55.9%), with an excess of left (64.9%) and upper limb (64.9%) involvement. Most nonsyndromic cases (66.9%) were live births; most isolated cases (57.9%) weighed more than 2,499 g; most MCA (60.7%) weighed less than 2,500 g, and were more likely stillbirths (30.8%) or ETOPFA (15.4%) than isolated cases. The most common associated defects were musculoskeletal, cardiac, and intestinal. Epidemiological differences between phocomelia and amelia highlighted possible differences in their causes.

This study describes the epidemiology of congenital amelia (absence of limb/s), using the largest series of cases known to date. Data were gathered by 20 surveillance programs on congenital anomalies, all International Clearinghouse for Birth Defects Surveillance and Research members, from all continents but Africa, from 1968 to 2006, depending on the program. Reported clinical information on cases was thoroughly reviewed to identify those strictly meeting the definition of amelia. Those with amniotic bands or limb-body wall complex were excluded. The primary epidemiological analyses focused on isolated cases and those with multiple congenital anomalies (MCA). A total of 326 amelia cases were ascertained among 23,110,591 live births, stillbirths and (for some programs) elective terminations of pregnancy for fetal anomalies. The overall total prevalence was 1.41 per 100,000 (95% confidence interval: 1.26-1.57). Only China Beijing and Mexico RYVEMCE had total prevalences, which were significantly higher than this overall total prevalence. Some under-registration could influence the total prevalence in some programs. Liveborn cases represented 54.6% of total. Among monomelic cases (representing 65.2% of nonsyndromic amelia cases), both sides were equally involved, and the upper limbs (53.9%) were slightly more frequently affected. One of the most interesting findings was a higher prevalence of amelia among offspring of mothers younger than 20 years. Sixty-nine percent of the cases had MCA or syndromes. The most frequent defects associated with amelia were other types of musculoskeletal defects, intestinal, some renal and genital defects, oral clefts, defects of cardiac septa, and anencephaly. (C) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Microarray-based comparative genomic hybridization (array CGH) is a newly emerged molecular cytogenetic technique for rapid evaluation of the entire genome with sub-megabase resolution. It allows for the comprehensive investigation of thousands and millions of genomic loci at once and therefore enables the efficient detection of DNA copy number variations (a.k.a, cryptic genomic imbalances). The development and the clinical application of array CGH have revolutionized the diagnostic process in patients and has provided a clue to many unidentified or unexplained diseases which are suspected to have a genetic cause. In this paper, we present three clinical cases in both prenatal and postnatal settings. Among all, array CGH played a major discovery role to reveal the cryptic and/or complex nature of chromosome arrangements. By identifying the genetic causes responsible for the clinical observation in patients, array CGH has provided accurate diagnosis and appropriate clinical management in a timely and efficient manner.

Contains fulltext : 80660.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Closed access) The predominantly autosomal dominant disorder, oculodentodigital dysplasia (ODDD) has high penetrance with intra- and interfamilial phenotypic variability. Abnormalities observed in ODDD affect the eye, dentition, and digits of the hands and feet. Patients present with a characteristic facial appearance, narrow nose, and hypoplastic alae nasi. Neurological problems, including dysarthria, neurogenic bladder disturbances, spastic paraparesis, ataxia, anterior tibial muscle weakness, and seizures, are known to occur as well as conductive hearing loss, cardiac defects, and anomalies of the skin, hair, and nails. In 2003, our analysis of 17 ODDD families revealed that each had a different mutation within the human gap junction alpha 1 (GJA1) gene which encodes the protein connexin 43 (Cx43). Since then at least 17 publications have identified an additional 26 GJA1 mutations and in this study, we present 28 new cases with 18 novel GJA1 mutations. We include tables summarizing the 62 known GJA1 nucleotide changes leading to Cx43 protein alterations and the phenotypic information available on 177 affected individuals from 54 genotyped families. Mutations resulting in ODDD occur in each of the nine domains of the Cx43 protein, and we review our functional experiments and those in the literature, examining the effects of 13 different Cx43 mutations upon gap junction activity.

The Hutterian Bretheren is an isolated population living on the North American prairies, the current community exceeding 40,000 in number. Their unique genetic history has contributed to a founder effect, which is reflected in the Mendelian disorders present in this population today. Genetic studies in the Hutterite population have led to the identification of a number of genes over the last several years and highlights the power of this population for gene identification. However, for the more than 30 autosomal recessive conditions currently recognized in this population, the gene or Hutterite specific mutation remains to be identified for over half and novel autosomal recessive syndromes continue to be recognized. This review summarizes what is currently understood about the molecular etiology of the Mendelian disorders and highlights the cardinal features of those disorders that are unique to or over-represented in this population.

Background/Purpose Anorectal malformations appeared to be increasing in the province of Alberta, Canada. To assess whether this was a significant trend, with the possibility of these having a teratogenic origin, we examined the frequency of anorectal malformations over a 15-year period. Methods We examined the records of the Alberta Congenital Anomaly Surveillance System, which is a semiactive surveillance system using the British Paediatric Association and the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health expansions of the International Classification of Diseases–Ninth Revision and the International Classification of Diseases–10th Revision . Results The overall rate was 1/2162 (4.63/10,000 total births) with a marked male predominance (1.7:1). Approximately two thirds of the 273 cases had 1 or more malformations. Conclusion Although there was an increasing trend in the rate from 1999 especially for the multiples, this was not significant. In view of the advances in syndrome identification and molecular diagnostics, consideration should be given to a detailed review of the family history and appropriate testing not only for multiple cases but also for isolated ones.

Our objective was to evaluate the frequency and type of malformations associated with gastroschisis in Large 11001 of international data, to identify malformation patterns, and to evaluate the role of maternal age in non-isolated cases. Case-by-case information from 24 registries, all members of the International Clearinghouse for Birth Defects Surveillance and Research (ICBDSR), WERE evaluated. After the exclusion of other abdominal wall defects cases were classified as: (a) isolated: (h) recognizable syndrome, chromosomal or not; (c) multiple congenital anomalies (MCA). Our results showed that out of 3,322 total cases 469 non-isolated cases were registered (14.1%): 41 chromosomal syndromes. 24 other syndromes, and 404 MCA. Among MCA four groups of anomalies were most frequent: CNS (4.5%), cardiovascular (2.5%), limb (2.2%), and kidney anomalies (1.9%). No similar patterns emerged except two patterns resembling limb-body wall complex and OEIS. In both of them the gastroschisis could he however misclassified. Chromosomal trisomies and possibly non-syndromic MCA are associated, with,in older Maternal age more than isolated cases. On consideration of our Data and the most valid studies published in the literature, the best estimate of the proportion of gastroschisis associated with major unrelated defects is about 10%, with a few cases associated to recognizable syndromes. Recognized syndromes with gastroschisis seem to be so exceptional that the well documented and validated cases are worth being published as interesting case report. An appropriate case definition in etiological studies should include only isolated gastroschisis after an appropriate definition of isolated and non-isolted cases and a thorough case-by-case review. (c) 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Muenke syndrome is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by coronal suture craniosynostosis, hearing loss, developmental delay, carpal and tarsal fusions, and the presence of the Pro250Arg mutation in the FGFR3 gene. Reduced penetrance and variable expressivity contribute to the wide spectrum of clinical findings in Muenke syndrome. To better define the clinical features of this syndrome, we initiated a study of the natural history of Muenke syndrome. To date, we have conducted a standardized evaluation of nine patients with a confirmed Pro250Arg mutation in FGFR3. We reviewed audiograms from an additional 13 patients with Muenke syndrome. A majority of the patients (95%) demonstrated a mild-to-moderate, low frequency sensorineural hearing loss. This pattern of hearing loss was not previously recognized as characteristic of Muenke syndrome. We also report on feeding and swallowing difficulties in children with Muenke syndrome. Combining 312 reported cases of Muenke syndrome with data from the nine NIH patients, we found that females with the Pro250Arg mutation were significantly more likely to be reported with craniosynostosis than males (P < 0.01). Based on our findings, we propose that the clinical management should include audiometric and developmental assessment in addition to standard clinical care and appropriate genetic counseling.

Griseofulvin is known to interfere with chromosome segregation by binding to microtubule-associated proteins. Studies in mouse germ cells have demonstrated that griseofulvin can induce aneuploidy (numerical chromosome abnormalities) at therapeutic concentrations. The aim of this study was to determine if chronic griseofulvin treatment led to an increased frequency of sperm chromosome abnormalities in one male subject. We analyzed 290 full sperm karyotypes using the human sperm-hamster oocyte fusion system. The frequency of X- and Y-bearing sperm was equal. There was no increase in the frequency of numerical (1.7%) or structural (9.3%) abnormalities in the subject compared to unexposed controls. Although reassuring, this is the first report on this subject and future studies are needed to assess the risk of griseofulvin.

We present a series of seven patients who were previously diagnosed with Proteus syndrome, but who do not meet published diagnostic criteria for this disorder and whose natural history is distinct from that of Proteus syndrome. This newly recognized phenotype comprises progressive, complex, and mixed truncal vascular malformations, dysregulated adipose tissue, varying degrees of scoliosis, and enlarged bony structures without progressive bony overgrowth. We have named this condition congenital lipomatous overgrowth, vascular malformations, and epidermal nevi (CLOVE syndrome) on a heuristic basis. In contrast to the bony distortion so characteristic of Proteus syndrome, distortion in CLOVE syndrome occurs only following major or radical surgery. Here, we contrast differences and similarities of CLOVE syndrome to Proteus syndrome.

Environmental teratogenic factors (e.g. alcohol) are preventable. We focus our analysis on human teratogenic drugs which are not used frequently during pregnancy. The previous human teratogenic studies had serious methodological problems, e.g. the first trimester concept is outdated because environmental teratogens cannot induce congenital abnormalities in the first month of gestation. In addition, teratogens usually cause specific congenital abnormalities or syndromes. Finally, the importance of chemical structures, administrative routes and reasons for treatment at the evaluation of medicinal products was not considered. On the other hand, in the so-called case-control epidemiological studies in general recall bias was not limited. These biases explain that the teratogenic risk of drugs is exaggerated, while the benefit of medicine use during pregnancy is underestimated. Thus, a better balance is needed between the risk and benefit of drug treatments during pregnancy. Of course, we have to do our best to reduce the risk of teratogenic drugs as much as possible, however, it is worth stressing the preventive effect of drugs for maternal diseases (e.g. diabetes mellitus and hyperthermia) related congenital abnormalities.

ObjectiveTo determine the prevalence and trends of orofacial clefts in Alberta (Canada) over a 33-year period (1980 through 2011) and to determine whether the trends differ for subcategories of orofacial clefts for the period from 1997 through 2011.DesignA prevalence study based on the Alberta Congenital Anomalies Surveillance System, which has multiple sources of ascertainment, capability of verification, and an upper age limit of 1 year.InclusionAll live born and stillborn babies and fetal deaths less than 20 weeks' gestation (including terminations of pregnancy) born in Alberta of mothers who reside in Alberta.Results and ConclusionsRates for cleft lip with or without cleft palate and cleft palate only have been very stable over the 33-year period (1980 through 2011). These rates include all clefts (isolated, syndromes, recognizable conditions, chromosomal and multiple congenital anomalies). Ascertainment of fetal deaths less than 20 weeks' gestation began in 1997. There are trends for the 1997 through 2011 cohort with a marginally significant increase for cleft lip with or without cleft palate in the isolated category and a significant decrease for cleft palate, mainly in the associated groups. The impact of folic acid fortification and/or multivitamins/folic acid supplementation reports in the literature have shown no consensus with respect to a change in the prevalence of orofacial clefts. It is unclear whether folic acid fortification has had any impact in Alberta.

Rare copy number variants (CNVs) disrupting ASTN2 or both ASTN2 and TRIM32 have been reported at 9q33.1 by genome-wide studies in a few individuals with neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs). The vertebrate-specific astrotactins, ASTN2 and its paralog ASTN1, have key roles in glial-guided neuronal migration during brain development. To determine the prevalence of astrotactin mutations and delineate their associated phenotypic spectrum, we screened ASTN2/TRIM32 and ASTN1 (1q25.2) for exonic CNVs in clinical microarray data from 89 985 individuals across 10 sites, including 64 114 NDD subjects. In this clinical dataset, we identified 46 deletions and 12 duplications affecting ASTN2. Deletions of ASTN1 were much rarer. Deletions near the 3' terminus of ASTN2, which would disrupt all transcript isoforms (a subset of these deletions also included TRIM32), were significantly enriched in the NDD subjects (P = 0.002) compared with 44 085 population-based controls. Frequent phenotypes observed in individuals with such deletions include autism spectrum disorder (ASD), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), speech delay, anxiety and obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). The 3'-terminal ASTN2 deletions were significantly enriched compared with controls in males with NDDs, but not in females. Upon quantifying ASTN2 human brain RNA, we observed shorter isoforms expressed from an alternative transcription start site of recent evolutionary origin near the 3' end. Spatiotemporal expression profiling in the human brain revealed consistently high ASTN1 expression while ASTN2 expression peaked in the early embryonic neocortex and postnatal cerebellar cortex. Our findings shed new light on the role of the astrotactins in psychopathology and their interplay in human neurodevelopment.

We present a father and son with congenital foot deformity. The father at age 41 years used crutches and the son at 7 years walked unaided. Both had atrophy and weakness of lower leg muscles and mild proximal and hand intrinsic weakness. Knee and ankle myotactic reflexes were absent and sensation was intact. Creatine kinase level was normal, nerve conduction studies wer normal and electromyography showed chronic neurogenic change. In both, nerve biopsies were normal and muscle biopsies showed type 1 predominance. The boy's serum hexosaminidase, spinal MRI and SMN gene were normal. This may be the first well documented example of congenital autosomal dominant distal spinal muscular atrophy affecting legs and arms.

Filippi syndrome is characterized by developmental delay, growth failure, cryptorchidism, bilateral hand and foot syndactyly, and facial dysmorphism. The 2q24q31 contiguous deletion syndrome has similarly been associated with hand and foot anomalies, growth retardation, microcephaly, characteristic facies with a broad prominent nasal root and thin alae nasi, and intellectual disability. We present a patient with this deletion who has a Filippi-like phenotype, which may be the first causative cytogenetic result in this syndrome. This suggests the importance of array comparative genomic hybridization in evaluation of patients with Filippi syndrome, and suggests that the inheritance may not always be autosomal recessive. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

We report on two unrelated patients with an apparently new syndrome. In each family they are the only affected members, their parents are not consanguineous, and paternal and maternal ages are not advanced. At birth each patient was noted to have a marked Robin phenotype (cleft of the secondary palate and micrognathia) plus rhizomelic shortness. Delay in the appearance of long bone epiphyses was noted and followed by small fragmented and later very flat epiphyses of all long bones. The fibulae are short and radial heads dislocated. Scoliosis and marked genu valgum developed in both. Both patients have normal intelligence, vision, and hearing. Both have mildly upward slanting palpebral fissures, broad nasal tip, and apparent hypertelorism.

Anterior segment dysgenesis (ASD) encompasses a broad spectrum of developmental conditions affecting anterior ocular structures and associated with an increased risk for glaucoma. Various systemic anomalies are often observed in ASD conditions such as Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome (ARS) and De Hauwere syndrome. We report DNA sequencing and copy number analysis of PITX2 and FOXC1 in 76 patients with syndromic or isolated ASD and related conditions. PITX2 mutations and deletions were found in 24 patients with dental and/or umbilical anomalies seen in all. Seven PITX2-mutant alleles were novel including c.708_730del, the most C-terminal mutation reported to date. A second case of deletion of the distant upstream but not coding region of PITX2 was identified, highlighting the importance of this recently discovered mechanism for ARS. FOXC1 deletions were observed in four cases, three of which demonstrated hearing and/or heart defects, including a patient with De Hauwere syndrome; no nucleotide mutations in FOXC1 were identified. Review of the literature identified several other patients with 6p25 deletions and features of De Hauwere syndrome. The 1.3-Mb deletion of 6p25 presented here defines the critical region for this phenotype and includes the FOXC1, FOXF2, and FOXQ1 genes. In summary, PITX2 or FOXC1 disruptions explained 63% of ARS and 6% of other ASD in our cohort; all affected patients demonstrated additional systemic defects with PITX2 mutations showing a strong association with dental and/or umbilical anomalies and FOXC1 with heart and hearing defects. FOXC1 deletion was also found to be associated with De Hauwere syndrome.

BACKGROUND Congenital heart defects (CHDs) are the most common type of congenital anomaly, with a wide range of reported birth prevalence estimates. This quality assurance study describes CHD case ascertainment by the Alberta Congenital Anomalies Surveillance System (ACASS). METHODS ACASS data for CHD cases were compared with additional sources including the two Pediatric Cardiology clinics in Alberta, the Alberta Children's Hospital Department of Pathology, and hospital records. Cases included live births, stillbirths, and fetal deaths at less than 20 weeks' gestation born in Alberta, Canada, between 1995 and 2002. The birth prevalence of cases and chi-square linear trend analyses were calculated for specific types of heart defects for the total study period. RESULTS The ascertainment of CHD cases by ACASS was 45%. The total prevalence of CHD cases was 5.59 per 1000 total births (TBs; 95% confidence interval [CI], 5.32–5.86) when ACASS was the only data source and increased to 12.42 per 1000 TBs (95% CI, 12.03–12.83) when all data sources were used. Although the total prevalence of CHD cases remained stable during 1995 to 2002, the prevalence of atrial septal defect (ASD) and cases with an ASD and ventricular septal defect (VSD) significantly increased. The prevalence of left ventricular outflow tract obstruction cases significantly decreased during the study period. CONCLUSIONS Pediatric cardiology clinics are worth including as additional ascertainment sources to contribute to more accurate prevalence estimates. The significant increases of ASD and cases with both an ASD and VSD may reflect differences in diagnostic and ascertainment practices. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Cloacal exstrophy presents as a complex abdominal wall defect thought to result from a mesodermal abnormality. Anatomically, its main components are Omphalocele, bladder Exstrophy and Imperforate anus. Other associated malformations include renal malformations and Spine defects (OEIS complex). Historically, the prevalence ranges from 1 in 200,000 to 400,000 births, with higher rates in females. Cloacal exstrophy is likely etiologically heterogeneous as suggested by its recurrence in families and occurrence in monozygotic twins. The defect has been described in infants with limb-body wall, with trisomy 18, and in one pregnancy exposed to Dilantin and diazepam. Due to its rarity, the use of a nonspecific diagnostic code for case identification, and lack of validation of the clinical findings, cloacal exstrophy remains an epidemiologic challenge. The purpose of this study was to describe the prevalence, associated anomalies and maternal characteristics among infants born with cloacal exstrophy. We used data from the International Clearinghouse for Birth Defects Surveillance and Research submitted from 18 birth defect surveillance programs representing 24 countries. Cases were clinically evaluated locally and reviewed centrally by two authors. Cases of persistent cloaca were excluded. A total of 186 cases of cloacal exstrophy were identified. Overall prevalence was 1 in 131,579 births: ranging from 1 in 44,444 births in Wales to 1 in 269,464 births in South America. Live birth prevalence was 1 in 184,195 births. Prevalence ratios did not vary by maternal age. Forty-two (22.6%) cases met the criteria for the OEIS complex, whereas 60 (32.3%) were classified as OEI and 18 (9.7%) as EIS (one with suspected VATER (0.5%)). Other findings included two cases with trisomy 13 (one without a karyotype confirmation), one with mosaic trisomy 12 (0.5%), one with mosaic 45, X (0.5%) and one classified as having amnion band sequence (0.5%). Twenty-seven (14.5%) infants had other anomalies unrelated to cloacal exstrophy. Cloacal exstrophy is a rare anomaly with variability in prevalence by geographic location. The proportion of cases classified as OEIS complex was lower in this study than previously reported. Among all cases, 54.8% were reported to have an omphalocele. (C) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Sirenomelia is a very rare limb anomaly in which the normally paired lower limbs are replaced by a single midline limb. This study describes the prevalence, associated malformations, and maternal characteristics among cases with sirenomelia. Data originated from 19 birth defect surveillance system members of the International Clearinghouse for Birth Defects Surveillance and Research, and were reported according to a single preestablished protocol. Cases were clinically evaluated locally and reviewed centrally. A total of 249 cases with sirenomelia were identified among 25,290,172 births, for a prevalence of 0.98 per 100,000, with higher prevalence in the Mexican registry. An increase of sirenomelia prevalence with maternal age less than 20 years was statistically significant. The proportion of twinning was 9%, higher than the 1% expected. Sex was ambiguous in 47% of cases, and no different from expectation in the rest. The proportion of cases born alive, premature, and weighting less than 2,500 g were 47%, 71.2%, and 88.2%, respectively. Half of the cases with sirenomelia also presented with genital, large bowel, and urinary defects. About 10-15% of the cases had lower spinal column defects, single or anomalous umbilical artery, upper limb, cardiac, and central nervous system defects. There was a greater than expected association of sirenomelia with other very rare defects such as bladder exstrophy, cyclopia/holoprosencephaly, and acardia-acephalus. The application of the new biological network analysis approach, including molecular results, to these associated very rare diseases is suggested for future studies. (C) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Rates of Down syndrome (DS) show considerable international variation, but a systematic assessment of this variation is lacking. The goal of this study was to develop and test a method to assess the validity of DS rates in surveillance programs, as an indicator of quality of ascertainment. The proposed method compares the observed number of cases with DS (livebirths plus elective pregnancy terminations, adjusted for spontaneous fetal losses that would have occurred if the pregnancy had been allowed to continue) in each single year of maternal age, with the expected number of cases based on the best-published data on rates by year of maternal age. To test this method we used data from birth years 2000 to 2005 from 32 surveillance programs of the International Clearinghouse for Birth Defects Surveillance and Research. We computed the adjusted observed versus expected ratio (aOE) of DS birth prevalence among women 25-44 years old. The aOE ratio was close to unity in 13 programs (the 95% confidence interval included 1), above 1 in 2 programs and below 1 in 18 programs (P

BACKGROUND The population prevalence of multiple congenital contractures, many of which have either arthrogryposis multiplex congenita or amyoplasia congenita, ranges from 1/3300 to 1/56,000. Three other studies report a range of 1/4500 to 1/12,500. Classification and coding of these disorders in the International Classification of Diseases, tenth edition, (ICD-10) is less than satisfactory, even when augmented by the Royal College of Pediatrics and Child Health (RCPCH). expansion. METHODS The database of the Alberta Congenital Anomalies Surveillance System (ACASS) was used to review all cases (1980–2007) of the previously named disorders with special emphasis on the 1997–2007 cohort. The latter period was chosen because more complete ascertainment was likely due to the addition of terminations of pregnancy data beginning in 1997. This cohort was further analyzed into the three practical groups: I, limb only; II, limb plus non–central nervous system anomalies; and III, limb plus lethality, central nervous system anomalies, or both, with further syndrome identification in groups II and III. The ICD-10–RCPCH classification and codes were reviewed. RESULTS The prevalence for multiple congenital contractures in Alberta is 1/8700 for 1980-1996 and 1/4300 for 1997-2007. Rates for the three groups were calculated. Specific diagnostic categories were found in groups II and III of 43% and 65%, respectively. Mortality is high, especially in the first month of life (45% total losses). New classification and coding systems are proposed. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2010. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

BACKGROUND: The First Nations (Amerindian) population of British Columbia, Canada, has the highest reported birth prevalence in the world of cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL/P) at nearly 3 per 1000 births. In addition, a substantial proportion of cleft palate only (CPO) cases in this population has been reported to be X-linked. The aims of this study were to perform complex segregation analysis to investigate the mode of inheritance of CL/P in the First Nations people of British Columbia and to review the etiology of the CPO cases. METHODS: All First Nations children born in British Columbia between 1952 and 1971 with an orofacial cleft were included in the study. Multiple sources of ascertainment were used, so that nearly 100% of live births were identified and included during this time. No stillbirths were found but would likely have been ascertained. Extended pedigrees were constructed from these probands and examination of immediate family members, e.g., parents and siblings, was done wherever possible. Complex segregation analysis included all family members. In addition, a CPO case review was conducted. RESULTS: Complex segregation analysis supports the hypothesis that the most likely mode of inheritance of CL/P in this population is a mixed model; that is, an autosomal major gene with polygenic component. The review of 26 CPO cases showed that a substantial proportion are syndromic. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Congenital anomalies (CA) are present in approximately 3% of all newborn babies and account for about 12% of paediatric hospital admissions. They represent an important public health problem. Surveillance is especially important so that preventive measures such as folic acid fortification can be properly assessed without resorting to a series of ad hoc studies. Canada’s surveillance of CAs is weak, with only Alberta and British Columbia having established sytems. Most provinces have perinatal systems but their CA data are incomplete and they do not capture terminations of pregnancy. The same is true of the Public Health Agency of Canada’s system. A new system, the Fetal Alert Network, has been proposed for Ontario, which represents a start but will require additional sources of ascertainment if it is to be a truly population-based system for Ontario.

Objectives: Fortification of grain products with folic acid has been shown to significantly reduce the occurrence of neural tube defects (NTDs) in Canada and elsewhere. However, the impact on non-NTD anomalies has not been well studied. Methods: Using the Alberta Congenital Anomalies Surveillance System (ACASS), we examined changes in occurrence of select congenital anomalies where folic acid supplementation with multivitamins had previously been suggested to have an effect. Anomalies documented in the ACASS 1992-1996 (pre-fortification) were compared to 1999-2003 (post-fortification). Results: A significant decrease in spina bifida (OR 0.51, 95% CI 0.36-0.73) and ostium secundum atrial septal defects (OR 0.80, 95% CI 0.69-0.93) was evident, but there was a significant increase in obstructive defects of the renal pelvis and ureter (OR 1.45, 95% CI 1.24-1.70), abdominal wall defects (OR 1.40, 95% CI 1.04-1.88) and pyloric stenosis (OR 1.49, 95% CI 1.18-1.89). Conclusions: Consistent with other studies, a 50 % reduction in spina bifida was associated with the post-fortification time period. Supporting the possibility that folic acid fortification may play a role in preventing other birth defects, a 20% reduction in atrial septal defects was also associated. The increase in abdominal wall defects, most notably gastroschisis, is likely related to pre-existing increasing trends documented in several regions around the world. The increase in pyloric stenosis and obstructive urinary tract defects was not expected and any causal relationship with folic acid fortification remains unclear. Similar studies by other birth defects surveillance systems in Canada and elsewhere are needed to confirm these trends. Key words: Folic acid; heart septal defects, atrial; congenital abnormalities; pyloric stenosis; gastroschisis Resume Objectifs : Il est prouve que l’enrichissement en acide folique des produits cerealiers reduit la frequence des anomalies du tube neural (ATN) au Canada et ailleurs dans le monde. Cependant, l’impact d’un apport supplementaire en acide folique sur les autres anomalies congenitales n’a pas ete suffisamment etudie. Methode : A l’aide du systeme de surveillance des anomalies congenitales de l’Alberta (ACASS), nous avons examine les variations dans la frequence de certaines anomalies congenitales pour lesquelles on pense qu’une supplementation multivitaminique contenant de l’acide folique aurait un effet. Les anomalies repertoriees dans l’ACASS de 1992 a 1996 (avant l’enrichissement) ont ete comparees aux donnees de 1999-2003 (apres l’enrichissement). Resultats : Des baisses significatives du spina bifida (RC=0,51, IC de 95 % = 0,36-0,73) et de la persistance de l’ostium secundum [variete la plus frequente de communication interauriculaire] (RC=0,80, IC de 95 % = 0,69-0,93) ont ete observees, avec par contre des augmentations significatives des malformations obstructives du bassinet du rein et de l’uretere (RC=1,45, IC de 95 % = 1,24-1,70), des malformations de la paroi abdominale (RC=1,40, IC de 95 % = 1,04-1,88) et de la stenose du pylore (RC=1,49, IC de 95 % = 1,18-1,89). Conclusion : Conformement aux resultats d’autres etudes, une diminution de 50 % dans la frequence du spina bifida etait associee a la periode suivant l’enrichissement en acide folique. Un tel enrichissement pourrait jouer un role dans la prevention d’autres anomalies congenitales, comme en temoigne la baisse de 20 % dans la frequence de la communication interauriculaire. L’augmentation des malformations de la paroi abdominale, en particulier du laparoschisis, est probablement liee a des tendances haussieres preexistantes signalees dans plusieurs regions du monde. Les augmentations de la stenose du pylore et des malformations obstructives du tractus urinaire n’etaient pas prevues, mais une relation causale entre ces anomalies et l’enrichissement en acide folique n’est pas encore etablie. Il faudrait mener des etudes semblables a partir d’autres systemes de surveillance des anomalies congenitales au Canada et ailleurs dans le monde pour confirmer ou infirmer ces tendances. Mots cles : acide folique; communication interauriculaire; anomalies congenitales; stenose du pylore; laparoschisis

BACKGROUND: Holoprosencephaly (HPE) is a developmental field defect of the brain that results in incomplete separation of the cerebral hemispheres that includes less severe phenotypes, such as arhinencephaly and single median rnaxillary central incisor. Information on the epidemiology of HPE is limited, both because few population-based studies have been reported, and because small Studies must observe a greater number of years in order to accumulate sufficient numbers of births for a reliable estimate. METHODS: We collected data from 2000 through 2004 from 24 of the 46 Birth Defects Registry Members of the International Clearinghouse for Birth Defects Surveillance and Research. This Study is based on more than 7 million births in various areas from North and South America, Europe, and Australia. RESULTS: A total of 963 HPE cases were registered, yielding an overall prevalence of 1.31 per 10,000 births. Because the estimate was heterogeneous, possible causes of variations among populations were analyzed: random variation, Under-reporting and over-reporting bias, variation in proportion of termination of pregnancies among all registered cases and real differences among populations. CONCLUSIONS: The data do not suggest large differences in total prevalence of HPE among the studied Populations that would be useful to generate etiological hypotheses.

BACKGROUND: In 1998, fortification of a large variety of cereal products with folic acid became mandatory in Canada. A multicentric study was carried out to assess the impact of this policy on the frequency of NTDs. The present analysis focused on spina bifida. METHODS: The study population included approximately 2 million livebirths, stillbirths, and terminations of pregnancies because of fetal anomalies among women residing in seven Canadian provinces, from 1993 to 2002. Spina bifida cases were divided according to the upper limit of the defect: upper (cranial, cervical, or thoracic) and lower (lumbar or sacral) defects. Based on published results of red blood cell folate tests, the study period was divided into prefortification, partial fortification, and full fortification periods. RESULTS: A total of 1,286 spina bifida cases were identified: 51% livebirths, 3% stillbirths, and 46% terminations. Prevalence decreased from 0.86/1,000 in the prefortification to 0.40 in the full fortification period, while the proportion of upper defects decreased from 32% to 13%. Following fortification, regional variations in the prevalence and distribution of sites almost disappeared. CONCLUSIONS: Results confirmed the etiologic heterogeneity of spina bifida and the more pronounced effect of folic acid in decreasing the risk of the more severe clinical presentations. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 2008. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

BACKGROUND: Recent studies reported no reduction in the frequency of lipomeningomyelocele (LMMC) in Hawaii and Nova Scotia after the implementation of a folic acid food fortification policy in 1998, while a marked reduction in the prevalence of other NTDs was observed. This study was performed to assess the prevalence of LMMC in Canada in relation to the timing of food fortification. METHODS: The study population included livebirths, stillbirths, and terminations of pregnancies because of fetal anomaly to women residing in seven Canadian provinces, from 1993 to 2002. In each province, the ascertainment of NTD cases relied on multiple sources, and in addition all medical charts were reviewed. The study period was divided into pre-, partial, and full fortification periods, based on results of red cell folate tests published in the literature. RESULTS: A total of 86 LMMC cases were recorded among approximately 1.9 million live births. The average birth prevalence rate was 0.05/1,000, ranging from a minimum of 0.01/1,000 in 2002 to a maximum of 0.08/1,000 in 1999. There was statistical heterogeneity between years (p = .01), but no pattern compatible with a decrease following fortification. Comparing the full fortification period with the prefortification period, there was a slight but not statistically significant decrease in LMMC birth prevalence. CONCLUSIONS: LMMC seems to be pathogenically distinct from myelomeningocele and more studies are needed to understand the embryologic mechanisms leading to this condition, and the environmental and genetic factors involved in its etiology. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2008. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

An example of familial mental retardation is described in which there is a distinctive phenotype. It consists of IQ in the 30-50 range, microcephaly, short stature, narrow skull, prominent ears and nose and a cryptic subtelomeric translocation resulting in del 14qter and dup 9qter. Variable features include congenital heart disease, peripheral neuropathy and epilepsy. The phenotype was described in 1965 by Anyon.

This study reports a 25-year follow-up of a patient with De Hauwere syndrome (Axenfeld-Rieger anomaly, hydrocephalus, and hearing loss) whose intelligence is normal. Short stature and hyperlaxity of joints later leading to severe joint pain were noted. Mutation analysis of candidate genes known or suspected to be associated with Axenfeld-Rieger eye malformations was performed. This included complete sequencing for PITX2, BARX1 and the forkhead domain of FOXC1. The results of these analyses were negative and suggest that De Hauwere syndrome is caused by a different gene.

BACKGROUND: Two crucial issues relative to the benefits and impact of folic acid in the prevention of birth defects are whether supplementation recommendations alone, without fortification, are effective in reducing the population-wide rates of neural tube defects (NTDs), and whether such policies can reduce the occurrence of other birth defects. Using data from 15 registries, we assessed rates and trends of 14 major defects, including NTDs, in areas with official recommendations or fortification to assess the effectiveness of recommendations and fortification on a wide range of major birth defects. METHODS: We evaluated surveillance data through 2003 on major birth defects from population-based registries from Europe, North America, and Australia. All included ascertainment of pregnancy terminations (where legal). Trends before and after policies or fortification were assessed via Poisson regression and were compared via rate ratios. RESULTS: Significant changes in trends were seen for NTDs in areas with fortification but not in areas with supplementation recommendations alone. For other major birth defects, there was an overall lack of major trend changes after recommendations or fortification. However, some significant declines were observed for select birth defects in individual areas. CONCLUSIONS: Recommendations alone remain an ineffective approach in translating the known protective effect of folic acid in population-wide decline in NTD rates. Fortification appears to be effective in reducing NTDs. The effect on other birth defects remains unclear.

Townes-Brocks syndrome is an autosomal dominantly inherited disorder, which comprises multiple birth defects including renal, ear, anal, and limb malformations. TBS has been shown to result from mutations in SALL1, a human gene related to the developmental regulator SAL of Drosophila melanogaster. The SALL1 gene product is a zinc finger protein thought to act as a transcription factor. It contains four highly conserved, evenly distributed C2H2 double zinc finger domains. A single C2H2 motif is attached to the second domain, and at the amino terminus SALL1 contains a C2HC motif. Most mutations causing TBS are clustered in the N-terminal third of the SALL1 coding region and result in the production of truncated proteins containing only one or none of the C2H2 domains and the N-terminal transcriptional repressor domain of SALL1. Twenty-three SALL1 mutations were reported prior to this work, 22 of which are located in exon 2, 5′ of the second double zinc finger-encoding region. Here we present 12 novel mutations in SALL1 associated with Townes-Brocks syndrome in 13 unrelated families. These include three nonsense mutations, three short insertions and six short deletions. Thus the number of SALL1 mutations increases to 35. Rare phenotypical features among mutation positive patients include hypothyroidism, vaginal aplasia with bifid uterus, cryptorchidism, bifid scrotum without hypospadia scrotalis, unilateral chorioretinal coloboma with loss of vision, dorsal hypoplasia of the corpus callosum, and umbilical hernia. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Background: A higher than expected rate of anophthalmia/microphthalmia (A/M) for 1999 was noted in both the Alberta Congenital Anomalies Surveillance System (ACASS) and the Canadian Congenital Anomalies Surveillance System (CCASS).Since this increase was at variance with the previous 19 years, we performed a review to determine whether the increase was true and, if so, the possible explanation. Methods: We reviewed the records of the cases of A/M in the ACASS together with the accompanying attachments (e.g., consultant, autopsy and chromosome reports) for 1991–2001. In addition, we contacted all 91 registered ophthalmologists in Alberta. Letters were also written to the Edmonton and Calgary offices of the Canadian National Institute for the Blind (CNIB). Results: Sixty cases of A/M were ascertained over the study period. Of the 88 active ophthalmologists in the province, 21 (24%) replied, but no new cases were ascertained from this source. No replies were received from the CNIB.We constructed five categories of clinical phenotypes for the 60 cases: 20 had a chromosomal etiology, 13 had a recognized syndrome or association, 16 had extraocular malformations, 5 had other eye anomalies, and 6 had A/M only. Pregnancy terminations were not included. The higher rate in 1999 was mainly due to cases with a chromosomal etiology or a recognized syndrome or association. There was no indication that a teratogen was causing a cluster of A/M cases, as our annual rates were comparable to those for other jurisdictions not only in Canada but also in other countries. Interpretation: Our review confirmed that the rate of A/M in Alberta in 1999 was high but that the increase was mainly due to five cases of trisomy 13 together with one case associated with a syndrome (Meckel-Gruber). Our findings provide reassurance that there was no environmental cause of clustering of anophthalmia or microphthalmia. This review demonstrates the importance of ongoing population-based surveillance in providing baseline birth prevalence rates for evaluating trends and clusters.