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Glaucoma services are overwhelmed and struggling to accommodate current demand. Reducing the need for hospital based services would improve our ability to see those most at risk of vision loss, which could both reduce demand and improve patient outcomes. Digital technologies that provide opportunities for home monitoring of glaucoma progression have potential to contribute to solve these challenges and, potentially, improve glaucoma care. This article will review the literatures of well-established technologies that support home monitoring for glaucoma, specifically home tonometry (with rebound tonometry) and perimetry with Moorfields Motion Displacement Test and Melbourne Rapid Field.摘要: 青光眼的医疗服务已不堪重负但仍难满足当前需求, 减少对医院诊疗的需求有利于我们诊治哪些高风险的视力丧失患者, 这既能减少对医疗资源的需求又能改善患者预后。数字技术能在家中监测青光眼的进展, 并且有利于目前所面临的挑战, 以及提高青光眼的护理水平。本文通过检索文献, 对家庭监测青光眼的成熟技术作简要综述, 特别着重强调两种家用仪器: 家用眼压计 (回弹式眼压计) 以及利用Moorfields运动位移测试 (MMDT) 以及墨尔本快速视野检测仪 (MRF) 。.

Introduction: Many studies have demonstrated an increased risk of obstetrical and neonatal complications after assisted reproductive techniques treatment compared to spontaneously conceived pregnancies. There are no data regarding these outcomes in Kosovo. The aim of our study was, to compare maternal, obstetric and neonatal parameters of in-vitro fertilization (IVF) conceived pregnancies complicated with hypertensive disorders (HD) versus uncomplicated spontaneous conceived pregnancies in Kosovo. Material and Methods: This observational study was undertaken at the Department of Gynaecology, University Clinical Centre of Kosova, during a two year period. A total of 104 pregnant women were included in the study. Maternal, obstetrical and neonatal parameters in both groups were assessed and compared. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 22.0 statistical software. Results: that conceived through IVF and had HD during pregnancy were older ( p =0.0001), primipara ( p =0.007), had multiple pregnancies ( p =0.0001) and had worse obstetrical outcomes including cervix insufficiency ( p =0.0001), premature rupture of membranes ( p =0.0001), and delivery type ( p =0.003) compared to women that conceived spontaneously. The only statistically significant differences in neonatal outcomes were in the Apgar1st ( p =0.012) and Apgar5th ( p =0.004) scores that were higher among babies born from mothers that conceived through IVF and had HD during pregnancy. Conclusions: Results of our study are in line with the results from other countries in regards to maternal demographic profile, except education level and employment, and obstetrical outcomes. However, there were no differences in regards to neonatal outcomes between the two groups of babies other than in the Apgar 1st and Apgar 5th scores.

Background: Relationships between in-vitro fertilization (IVF), gestational hypertension, and pregnancy outcomes are demonstrated in a number of studies. However, it is still debated if IVF treatment or specific characteristics of infertile patients are responsible for worse obstetrical and neonatal outcomes. Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate maternal characteristics associated with hypertensive disorders (HD) in IVF conceived pregnancies and to assess the obstetrical and neonatal outcomes. Materials and Methods: In this observational, cross-sectional study, 207 pregnant women who underwent IVF treatment were consecutively divided into two groups: a group that had no HD during pregnancy (IVF group) and a group that had HD during pregnancy (IVF+HD group). Maternal, obstetrical and neonatal data of the two groups were compared. Results: Some maternal characteristics were significantly higher in IVF+HD compared to IVF group such as: older age (p=0.0001), primiparity (p=0.038), obesity (p=0.0001), and cigarette smoking (p=0.0001). There were no significant differences between the groups in regard to obstetrical outcomes besides premature rupture of membranes time that was significantly higher in IVF+HD group compared to IVF group (p=0.036). In regard to neonatal outcomes, the only statistically significant difference was in the 5th min Apgar score, which was higher in IVF+HD group compared to IVF group without HD (p=0.002). Conclusion: With regard to significantly higher differences in maternal characteristics of IVF conceived pregnancies complicated with HD, compared to uncomplicated ones, development of a specific national prevention measure for HD of IVF conceived pregnancies in Kosovo is strongly suggested. In addition, setting up of a national registry is recommended in order to evaluate the outcomes of IVF treatments properly.

Introduction: Eye injuries are common in sports and have the potential for major morbidity with sight threatening consequences. However, a small number of sports, such as soccer, rugby or hockey are responsible for most injuries. To our knowledge, hula hoop penetrating eye injury is not described in literature. In this report, we present a case of an unusual eye injury caused by a hula hoop. Case presentation: A 17-year-old female was admitted as an urgent penetrating right eye injury caused by a hula hoop. Penetrating wound covered 2/3 of the cornea and was associated with iris prolapses and incarceration; iridodialysis of more than half of the circumference, and traumatic cataract. Her best corrected visual acuity of the right eye was “hand motion”. The second corneal wound in parallel with the first one was noticed while she was being treated surgically under general anesthesia. Iris was repositioned, anterior chamber was formed with the viscoelastic and wounds were repaired using 10-0 nylon sutures. Iridopexy was performed using straight needle 10-0 prolene, while standard cataract surgery with phacoemulsification and IOL implantation were done. The postoperative recovery was uneventful beside elevated intraocular pressure (TOD = 24 mmHg) that was treated successfully by topical beta blockers. Six months later, her best corrected visual acuity was 0.6 stenopeic, with evident linear corneal opacification and traumatic mydriasis. Conclusions: Although seemingly impossible, hula hooping can be dangerous to the eyes if practiced in incommodious areas and close to other people.

Epidermolysis bullosa is a term for a heterogeneous group of rare disorders, characterized by extensive blistering of the skin and mucous membranes as the most prominent features. So far association of the disease with extra-cutaneous manifestations and complications has been pointed out. We present an unusual case of a neonate with severe complications of epidermolysis bullosa, associated with bilateral clubfoot.J Nepal Paediatr Soc 2015;35(2):181-184

Aims This study comprehensively analysed and systemized the elements associated with nursing sickness presenteeism (SP) and sickness absenteeism (SA). Background Both behaviours represent a real challenge to nursing departments because they can increase costs, cause health care adverse events, and impact the quality of health care. Design The systematic review of cohort studies was designed to be consistent with the PRISMA guidelines. Data sources PubMed, ProQuest, and Emerald were systematically searched for peer-reviewed articles published from the 1950s to December 2016. Review methods Cohort studies were included (12 SA and 1 SP) in the review if they examined the association between one or more exposures and SP and/or SA in nurses. The methodological quality of the included studies was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Results Twenty-three antecedents were associated with SA and grouped as work and organizational, mental and physical health, and demographic; 3 antecedents were associated with SP (job demands, burnout, and exhaustion). Exhaustion (fatigue) and job demands were associated with SA and SP. Depersonalization was an outcome of SP over time. Conclusion The ability to predict presenteeism and absenteeism in nursing is useful to constrain costs and ensure that quality care is delivered.

Glaucoma subsumes a group of optic neuropathies with different causes and pathophysiological mechanisms that can permanently damage vision in the affected eye if left untreated (1,2). It is the leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide (2-5). Depending on the mechanism of aqueous outflow impairment with respect to the anterior chamber angle configuration, glaucoma is classified as open or closed angle glaucoma. Open angle glaucoma (OAG) is by far more common (75%) and it is estimated that by the year 2020 it will affect 60 million people worldwide (2,4). Depending on the presence or absence of ocular or systemic disorders, OAG is classified as primary or secondary, with the primary form (POAG) prevailing. POAG is most commonly characterized by increased intraocular pressure (IOP), but IOP could also be consistently “normal”, ie, within ±2-3 standard deviations of an average “normal” value (6). Consequently, it is denoted as “high-tension” POAG (POAG-HTG) or as “normal-tension” POAG (POAG-NTG). In any case, it is a progressive chronic optic neuropathy in the absence of identifiable causes, where IOP and other unknown factors contribute to the loss of retinal ganglionic cells (RGCs) and their axons (7-9). When IOP is elevated but there is no detectable glaucomatous damage, the condition is called ocular hypertension (OHT) (8). Damage to the optical nerve is usually slow, and if treated, most patients retain useful vision for their entire lives. Therapeutic aim is to prevent impairment of vision by slowing down the apoptosis of RGCs. Different treatment modalities targeting factors that may play a role in POAG pathogenesis are being investigated (10-12) but for the time being, the only modality recommended by the professional guidelines is IOP-lowering treatment (7,8). Reduction of IOP prevents both conversion of OHT to POAG and progression of POAG (13-16), and can be achieved by medications, laser, or surgical therapy. Topical drug therapy is a standard initial intervention, whereas the latter two options are implemented mainly when conservative therapy is not effective, not tolerated, or not utilized by the patient (7-9). There are five major classes of IOP-lowering compounds, each comprising several individual drugs, and also a large number of their fixed combinations. They lower IOP by reducing aqueous production or/and by increasing aqueous outflow (7,17-20). According to the guidelines, IOP-lowering treatment should start with a mono-compound therapy and should aim to reduce IOP by 20%-30%. A rational first line mono-compound drug is the one installed as infrequently as possible for the therapeutic effect and with the fewest side-effects (7,8). If the first line medication is not effective or not tolerated it could be substituted, another drug may be added (unfixed combination), or a patient could be switched to a fixed combination of different compounds (8,17,18). A recent comprehensive evaluation (9,21) demonstrated a high level of evidence of efficacy in IOP reduction of various topical pharmacological treatments but with some uncertainty regarding their mutual relationship in this respect. The latter was in part due to inconsistent results of some studies and to the complexity of the setting (eg, different forms of OAG, treatment-naďve/previously unsuccessfully treated patients) and treatment modalities (mono-compounds, fixed/unfixed combinations) (9,21). We aimed to evaluate the existing evidence on relative efficacy and tolerability of mono-compound topical medications (recommended as initial treatment options) in POAG and OHT, the most common conditions requiring IOP-reducing therapy. Since by the year 2010 there were already 112 systematic reviews published on various aspects of glaucoma (22), of which at least 20 addressed medical treatments (23), we decided to perform an overview of systematic reviews, as they are generally considered a (potential) source of the highest level of evidence about therapeutic interventions.