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Introduction: : Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is a group of physical and psychological symptoms that occur during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. Objective: To determine the proportion of adolescent girls suffering Premenstrual Syndrome using ACOG criteria, to describe the clinical presentations of PMS and to identify the factors associated with PMS among them. Method: A cross-sectional study included adolescent girls in XI and XII standards from selected Higher Secondary Schools in Goa. A sample size of 210 was calculated with a 95% confidence interval, p=0.73, and an absolute error of 0.06. A pre-tested questionnaire covering socio-demographic details, menstrual history, PMS symptoms, and lifestyle factors was distributed before a health talk to girls who had attained menarche, experienced at least three menstrual cycles, and were willing to participate. BMI was calculated and classified per Asian Pacific guidelines. Regular menstruation was defined as cycles averaging 28 ± 7 days and 3–5 days of bleeding. PMS was assessed using ACOG criteria. Data were analyzed using Jamovi Software version 2.3.28, employing descriptive statistics and the Chi-square test to study associations between variables and PMS. Results: In a cross-sectional study among 228 adolescent girls, more than half (59.2%) of the girls reported to have PMS. The mean BMI of the participants was 20.1 ± 4.31 kg/m . Irritability was reported to be the most frequent symptom in as high as 41.7% girls.Nearly two-thirds of the adolescent girls (64%) reported to have heavy low, while the majority of the girls (91.7%) suffered from dysmenorrhea. PMS was found to be associated with age at menarche, amount of blood low during menstruation and presence of dysmenorrhea (p < 0.05). Conclusion: This study revealed that 59.2% of adolescent girls reported to have PMS. Schools should foster an environment where students feel comfortable discussing PMS and other women's health issues.

Aim: Brucellosis is a zoonotic infectious disease caused by Brucella with 4 different subtypes, transmitted to humans mainly through undercooked meat, milk, and dairy products, leading to the involvement of many organs in the body. The purpose of this study is to investigate the frequency and severity of premenstrual syndrome in patients with brucellosis. Methods: The research was conducted at İdil State Hospital in Şırnak between 15.02.2024 and 15.03.2024. The premenstrual syndrome scale and sociodemographic data form were applied to female patients aged 18-50 years who presented to Idil State Hospital between 01.01.2022 and 01.01.2024 and were diagnosed with brucellosis. Results: The mean premenstrual syndrome score of women with brucellosis was 164.87 with a standard deviation of 31.58. In the control group of women who had not been exposed to brucellosis, the mean premenstrual syndrome score was 98.39 with a standard deviation of 40.31. The comparison between the two groups was significant at p

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) is a set of physical, mood, cognitive and behavioral changes which happens between the two weeks before menstruation, which can hinder a woman’s personal, academic, and professional performance. The objective of this study was to identify the prevalence of PMS in female nursing students. METHODS: A cross-sectional study using a virtual questionnaire on sociodemographic and gynecological characteristics and the Premenstrual Symptoms Screening Tool (PSST) questionnaire, which looks for physical and psychological symptoms of PMS, interference of symptoms in daily life and establishes a positive screening for PMS. RESULTS: A total of 114 students participated in the study. The most prevalent characteristics were being between 18 and 23 years old, single and in their 5th or 6th academic year. In addition, the majority went through the menarche between 11 and 13 years of age, with menstrual flow of 3-5 days. Of these, 40.4% used hormonal contraceptive methods and 37.7% did not use any type of contraceptive method. The prevalence of PMS was 61.4%. The most frequent symptoms were physical symptoms (93.9%), anger/irritation (91.2%), urge to cry/increased sensitivity (88.6%), anxiety/tension (86.8%) and decreased interest in social activities (85.1%). These symptoms interfere with relationships with family (81.6%), social life activities (80.7%), efficiency at work or college/productivity (79.8%), relationships with colleagues at work/college (77.2%) and responsibilities at home (75.4%). CONCLUSION: PMS is prevalent among female nursing students and its symptoms affect the daily lives of this population, interfering with their personal and social relationships as well as academic activities.

Introduction: The emergence of Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) caught the world by surprise, leading to a widespread global pandemic that has had profound and distressing effects on various levels. Its impact has been far-reaching, causing severe consequences that continue to unfold. COVID-19 is a multisystem inflammatory disease involving all organs, including the female reproductive system. Aim: To determine the prevalence of COVID-19 among students and compare post-COVID-19 menstrual abnormalities in the home and hospital groups. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted to assess post-COVID-19 menstrual abnormalities among medical students at Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, NRI Institute of Medical Sciences, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, in southern India from April to December 2022. A total of 600 medical students were approached, and 549 responded, among whom 258 students were reported as COVID-19 positive and 291 reported as COVID-19 negative. After excluding risk factors, 204 COVID-19 positive students were selected as the study population. Data were collected using a prevalidated questionnaire. The COVID-19 study population of 204 (100%) was further stratified into two groups based on the treatment taken at home 162 (79.4%) or in the hospital 42 (20.5%). Chi-square test and Fisher’s-exact tests were used to compare post-COVID-19 menstrual abnormalities, including cycle length abnormalities, Heavy Menstrual Bleeding (HMB), dysmenorrhoea, Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS), and hypomenorrhoea. Results: The prevalence of COVID-19 in the study population was 204, accounting for 37.15% of the total population 204/549. Out of the 204 students, 162 (79.4%) received home treatment, and 42 (20.5%) received hospital treatment. PostCOVID-19 menstrual cycle abnormalities were more prevalent in the hospital group 26/42 (61.9%) than in the home treatment group 76/162 (46.9%). The most common abnormality in both groups was PMS, with a prevalence of 21 (50%) in the hospital group and 38 (23.4%) in the home group. In the home group, 37 (22.8%) experienced longer cycles, 33 (20.3%) had dysmenorrhoea, and 19 (11.7%) had shorter cycles. In the hospital group, 14 (33.3%) had longer cycles, 13 (30.9%) experienced dysmenorrhoea, and 9 (21.4%) had shorter cycles. HMB was reported by 6 (14.2%) in the hospital group and 13 (8%) in the home group, while hypomenorrhoea occurred in 11 (6.7%) in the home group and 5 (11.9%) in the hospital group. A significant association (p=0.001) was found between the COVID-19 treatment groups and PMS. However, for other post-COVID-19 menstrual abnormalities, such as cycle length, dysmenorrhoea, HMB, and hypomenorrhoea, there was no significant association between these abnormalities and COVID-19 treatment groups. Conclusion: Post-COVID-19 menstrual abnormalities were more frequently observed in the hospital group compared to the home group. All post-COVID-19 menstrual irregularities resolved within six months, except for PMS.

INTRODUCTION: Menstrual problems affected by mothers or learned from mothers may continue for a lifetime. Understanding these factors may enable symptoms to be controlled. We aimed to compare premenstrual symptoms of daughters with their mothers' previous premenstrual and menopausal complaints and thought it might be a useful contribution for managing menstrual periods. METHODS: Postmenopausal women who applied to gynecology and obstetrics policlinic and their menstruating adult daughters were clinically evaluated with psychiatrist clinician interview. Menopause rating scale(MRS) and premenstrual syndrome scale(PMSS) for previous were applied to mothers, and PMSS to daughters. Sociodemographic characteristics were also evaluated. Results were compared in SPSS 26.0 program. RESULTS: There were 55 mother-daughter couples participated in the study. The mean age of daughters was 25.54 +- 6.4 years, of mothers was 55.23 +- 8.31 years. Anxiety, depressive thoughts, sleep, bloating symptoms of PMSS in both groups were similar (p=0.366, p=0.532, p=0.104, p=0.096 respectively), however depressive mood, fatigue, appetite, pain symptoms were different (p=0.003, p=0.031, p=0.010, p=0.001 respectively). Anxiety and fatigue symptoms of daughters were positively correlated with psychological menopausal symptoms of mothers (r=.334*, p=.013 and r=.302*, p=.025 respectively), however daughters' PMSS scores weren't correlated to mothers' somatic menopausal symptoms. Daughters' pain scores were correlated to mothers' urogenital menopausal symptoms o(r=.307*, p=.023). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Premenstrual symptoms of daughters were related to some of their mothers' previous premenstrual and current menopausal problems. The investigation of social relationship between PMS and menopause may play role in determining methods for managing menstruel periods. But long-term, large-populated prospective follow-up studies may provide more evidence.

IntroductionHeart rate variability biofeedback (HRVB) is a well-studied intervention known for its positive effects on emotional, cognitive, and physiological well-being, including relief from depressive symptoms. However, its practical use is hampered by high costs and a lack of trained professionals. Smartphone-based HRVB, which eliminates the need for external devices, offers a promising alternative, albeit with limited research. Additionally, premenstrual symptoms are highly prevalent among menstruating individuals, and there is a need for low-cost, accessible interventions with minimal side effects. With this pilot study, we aim to test, for the first time, the influence of smartphone-based HRVB on depressive and premenstrual symptoms, as well as anxiety/stress symptoms and attentional control.MethodsTwenty-seven participants with above-average premenstrual or depressive symptoms underwent a 4-week photoplethysmography smartphone-based HRVB intervention using a waitlist-control design. Laboratory sessions were conducted before and after the intervention, spaced exactly 4 weeks apart. Assessments included resting vagally mediated heart rate variability (vmHRV), attentional control via the revised attention network test (ANT-R), depressive symptoms assessed with the BDI-II questionnaire, and stress/anxiety symptoms measured using the DASS questionnaire. Premenstrual symptomatology was recorded through the PAF questionnaire if applicable. Data analysis employed linear mixed models.ResultsWe observed improvements in premenstrual, depressive, and anxiety/stress symptoms, as well as the Executive Functioning Score of the ANT-R during the intervention period but not during the waitlist phase. However, we did not find significant changes in vmHRV or the Orienting Score of the ANT-R.DiscussionThese findings are promising, both in terms of the effectiveness of smartphone-based HRVB and its potential to alleviate premenstrual symptoms. Nevertheless, to provide a solid recommendation regarding the use of HRVB for improving premenstrual symptoms, further research with a larger sample size is needed to replicate these effects.

Background: Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is one of the causes of poor performance in women,with direct and indirect adverse effects on their marital, family, and social life. This study aimed toexamine the effect of cognitive-behavioral counseling on resilience in adolescent girls with PMS.Methods: This randomized clinical trial was conducted from February to May 2018 on 15-17-year-old girladolescents in Hamadan high schools. Using the block randomization method and the block size of 10, werandomly assigned 120 participants with moderate to severe PMS into intervention (N=60) and controlgroups (N=60). Participants in the intervention group received eight 60-minute cognitive-behavioralcounseling sessions for 8 weeks, and the control group received no intervention. Data were gatheredusing demographic questionnaire, Premenstrual Symptoms Screening Tool, and the Connor-Davidsonresilience scale. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 16. The Chi-square, independentsamplest-test, and paired t-tests were used to analyze the data. P values

Background: Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is the combination of physical, behavioral, and psychological symptoms that characterize the week leading up to menstruation, and it can last for a few days. This study aimed to investigate irregular PMS, eating attitude behavior, and body mass index values among university students. Methods: The study sample consisted of 140 Artvin Coruh University students studying Nutrition and Dietetics. The study includes questions from three separate sections. The first section contains a sociodemographic characteristic form, the second section consists of the Premenstrual Syndrome Scale (PMSS), and the third section includes the 26-item Eating Attitude Test (EAT-26). Results: In this study, the mean total score for PMSS was 135 ± 38.3, and the mean total score for EAT-26 was 17.0 ± 10.8. Individuals with irregular sleep patterns experienced more severe PMS (p < 0.01) and a shorter daily sleep duration (p < 0.05). Conclusions: High percentages of nutrition and dietetics students in our study experienced PMS, and the incidence of eating disorders was low. The relationship between PMS and EAT-26 must be understood for the health and well-being of university students.

Both premenstrual syndrome （PMS） and bipolar disorder are common mental disorders. They have similarities in clinical symptoms and course of disease， and often occur simultaneously， which seriously affect the social function of patients. At present， few studies on PMS and bipolar disorder comorbidity have been conducted in China. In this article， the epidemiological data， possible comorbidity mechanism， diagnosis and treatment of PMS and bipolar disorder were reviewed.

Background and aims: One of the most common complaints of women is premenstrual syndrome (PMS). This study aimed to determine the effect of text messages online Education on PMS using Media-based Support. Methods: The present research was an interventional quasi-experimental study from May 2021 to August 2021 in all female students in Ramsar city, Iran. Sixty-eight cases were selected and divided into two groups (the intervention and control groups). Demographic characteristics questionnaire and Premenstrual Symptoms Questionnaire (PSQ) were used. Each case in the experimental group received text messages for three menstrual cycles. PMS symptoms were compared before and after the intervention in two groups. The data were analyzed using SPSS software (version 16), independent t-test, paired t-test, and covariance analysis (P=0.005). Results: The participants were 18-25 years old and were studying for a bachelor’s degree. Before the intervention, the mean of the PMS score was (11.25±10.05) in the Intervention group and (31.38±14.31) in the Control group (P=0.041). After the intervention, the mean PMS scores in the Intervention and Control groups were (21.85±8.25) and (33.26±14.45) (P=0.001). In the intervention group, psychological and physical symptoms were statistically significant before (25.11±10.05) and after the intervention (21.85±8.25) (P=0.007). Conclusion: The study results showed that media-based support is an efficient and effective method in reducing premenstrual symptoms, which can be used in related interventions as an effective, easy, and low-cost method.

Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) is a complex physiological and psychological condition that affects a significant number of women during their reproductive years. Although the exact etiology of PMS remains unclear, its symptoms, including mood swings, bloating, irritability, and fatigue, can significantly impair the quality of life for affected individuals. The management of PMS traditionally involves pharmacological interventions; however, emerging evidence suggests that exercise may offer a valuable non-pharmacological approach to alleviate PMS symptoms. This narrative review aims to explore the proposed etiology, prevalence, and impact PMS has on women as well as examine the literature through which exercise can positively influence PMS symptoms. While the existing literature on exercise and PMS is limited and inconclusive, several studies have reported promising results. Regular exercise has been associated with a reduction in physical and psychological symptoms of PMS including pain, fatigue, mood disturbances, and water retention. Furthermore, exercise has demonstrated its potential to enhance overall well-being and mitigate the negative effects of PMS on daily functioning. Further research is warranted to elucidate the optimal exercise prescription, duration, and intensity required to maximize the benefits and improve the understanding of exercise mechanisms on PMS symptomatology.

Background: Some women get through their monthly periods easily with few or no concerns. However, other women experience a host of physical and/or emotional symptoms just before and during menstruation (heavy bleeding and missed periods to unmanageable mood swings). These premenstrual syndrome (PMS) symptoms usually start to be problematic in the adolescent years and decline in the climacteric. Symptoms have a devastating effect which starts early in life. Aims and Objectives: The study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of PMS and its association with sociodemographic factors among female students of colleges situated in Ujjain city and coping behavior adopted to alleviate these symptoms. Materials and Methods: An observational follow-up study was conducted at 4 colleges selected by convenience sampling located in Ujjain city. PMS and menstrual profile-related data from 250 girls (18–25 years) who consented to participate were collected using a modified version of the Daily Record of Severity of Problems for at least 2 consecutive menstrual cycles. The diagnosis of PMS was made using the American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology criteria. Data analysis was done using SPSS version 16.0. Results: The prevalence of PMS was 39.6% and was not associated with any of the sociodemographic factors. It was found that majority of participants turned to healthy way of dealing with symptoms, i.e., taking hot or cold beverages and talking to family members. Conclusion: The frequency of PMS is relatively common in young girls, and most of the girls adopt home remedies to alleviate symptoms

Background: Most women of reproductive age experience physical, emotional, and psychological discomfort in the week before menstruation called premenstrual syndrome (PMS). However, the specific cause for PMS is still not clear. In this study, we aimed at assessing the association of hemoglobin (Hb) level with PMS symptoms. Materials and Methods: One hundred and forty-nine healthy female students from medical and paramedical courses of age 18–22 years who were not on any medications were included in the study. The Hb of each participant was measured. A structured PMS symptoms questionnaire was designed based on the article by Lori M. Dickerson et al. The participants were asked to fill the questionnaire and scoring was done. Data were analyzed in SPSS V24. Descriptive statistics were used to calculate proportions and inferential statistics such as the unpaired t-test and one-way analysis of variance was used to compare the Hb level among those with PMS and those without and the association of Hb level with the type of PMS symptoms, respectively. Results: 58.4% had PMS. There was a significant association of Hb level with PMS and lower Hb level was associated with physical and emotional symptoms. Conclusion: Occurrence of PMS symptoms was proportional to a fall in Hb level. Most physical symptoms of PMS are similar to anemia, hence can be confused due to PMS. Therefore, Hb level estimation helps in preventing misdiagnosis of PMS or symptoms related to decreased Hb level and also symptoms can be reduced by improving Hb levels.

BACKGROUND: Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is a combination of physical, psychological, emotional, and mood disturbances that occurs after a women's ovulation. Worldwide, PMS affects 47.8% of the reproductive age group girls. The highest prevalence is found in developed countries. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: The objectives of the study were to assess the level of knowledge regarding PMS among adolescent girls, to determine the association between the level of knowledge with selected demographic variables, and to develop and validate information booklet. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Quantitative approach and descriptive research design were used. One hundred and seventy-one adolescent girls were selected using nonprobability convenient sampling techniques from selected schools of Navi Mumbai. The structured knowledge questionnaire was used to collect the data. Data obtained were tabulated and analyzed in terms of objectives of the study using descriptive and inferential statistics. RESULTS: Major findings indicated that adolescent girls had average (56.5%) and good (37.1%) knowledge regarding PMS. The area of introduction to menstruation displayed the maximum mean percentage, whereas the least mean percentage was seen in the area of introduction and meaning of PMS. There was no association found between the level of knowledge with age, type of family, information on PMS, and family history of PMS, whereas the association was found with age of onset of PMS and monthly family income. The content of information booklet was validated by the Content Validity Index (CVI) calculation. The CVI score of the booklet was 0.94. CONCLUSION: Findings revealed that there was necessity for developing an information booklet to improve the knowledge regarding PMS among adolescent girls in selected schools of Navi Mumbai.

Background and Objective: Polycystic ovary syndrome is one of the most common endocrine disorders, whose symptoms usually begin immediately after the first menstrual period. Previous studies found a significant relationship between dysmenorrhea, premenstrual syndrome and polycystic ovary syndrome. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of chamomile on dysmenorrhea and premenstrual syndrome in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. Methods: This clinical trial was conducted on 70 patients diagnosed with polycystic ovary syndrome based on Rotterdam criteria referring to a clinic in Mashhad. Patients were randomly assigned to two groups. The first group received two 500 mg chamomile capsules per day and the second group received two placebo capsules per day for three months. The response to treatment in premenstrual syndrome, dysmenorrhea and oligomenorrhea was evaluated using the Visual Analogue Scale and DSM-IV premenstrual syndrome diagnosis questionnaire. Findings: The mean age of the patients in the intervention group was 25.43±5.58 and in the placebo group was 28.06±5.71 years. The rate of improvement in women with premenstrual syndrome (16.6%), dysmenorrhea (50%) and oligomenorrhea (26.7%) was higher in chamomile group compared to placebo. There was no statistically significant difference in body mass index between the chamomile group (25.17±4.95) and the control group (25.57±6.7). Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, chamomile improved the symptoms of oligomenorrhea in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome and showed positive effects on dysmenorrhea and premenstrual syndrome. Therefore, chamomile can be used as a simple, low-cost therapy in the treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome patients.

Abstract Objectives To assess the effect of internet-based counselling with a cognitive-behavioural approach on symptom severity of women with premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and their quality of life during the perimenstrual and late follicular phases of the menstrual cycle. Moreover, the PMS-related disability and attitude toward menstruation were investigated as secondary outcomes. Data description We provide data generated in a randomized controlled trial with two-parallel arms carried out on 92 female university students aged 18–35 years who had moderate to severe PMS, residing at halls of the Tabriz University of Medical Sciences. PMS severity was assessed during two menstrual cycles before intervention (baseline) and during two cycles just after ending the two-month intervention using Daily Record of Severity of Problems (DRSP) and the quality of life using the Quality of Life Enjoyment and Satisfaction Questionnaire—Short Form (Q-LES-Q-SF) on days 1–2 and 11–13 of the menstrual cycle at the baseline and post-intervention. Also, the PMS-related disability was assessed using Sheehan Disability Scale (SDS) and attitude toward menstruation using Menstrual Attitude Questionnaire (MAQ) at the baseline and post-intervention. Participant satisfaction and views on intervention effectiveness were also assessed using a single Likert question.

Background: The premenstrual period is a vulnerable phase for prevalence of bodily and psychological signs and symptoms named the premenstrual syndrome (PMS). There is a paucity of Indian work in this area. Aim: The aim was to study the prevalence and psychological correlates of PMS and premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD). Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out in a tertiary care hospital after obtaining the institute ethics committee clearance. Written informed consent was obtained from participants. By purposive sampling, 587 females from urban areas of Pimpri and Alandi were interviewed and subjected to the sociodemographic pro forma and the Premenstrual Symptoms Screening Tool, Menstrual Symptom Questionnaire, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, and Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21. From this sample, 140 subjects meeting diagnostic criteria of PMS or PMDD were included in the study group. An equal number of age-matched healthy controls with no known psychiatric disorders after clinical interview were included in the control group. All the questionnaires were scored as per the test manuals. Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS. Results: It was observed that 63.57% of the total cases are moderate PMS, 30.71% are severe PMS, and 5.71% are PMDD. Overall, the more common type of dysmenorrhea was the spasmodic type, but among the PMS/PMDD cases, the more common type of dysmenorrhea was the congestive type. There is significantly higher stress, anxiety, and depression and poorer sleep quality in the cases of PMS and PMDD as compared to the controls. Stress, anxiety, and depression have a significant positive correlation with poor sleep quality. Conclusions: The prevalence of PMS was 22.49% and that of PMDD was 1.36%. Congestive kind of dysmenorrhea was more frequently seen in cases of PMS. There is significantly higher stress, anxiety, depression, and disturbed sleep in females suffering from PMS and PMDD as compared to the controls.

Background: Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is a prevalent condition among sexually active women that manifests itself through a variety of physical, emotional, and behavioral symptoms during the end of the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle. Aim: This study aims to review studies that correlate physical activity with PMS. Materials and Methods: The literature search took place in four databases from the year 2000 to 2019. Results: Eight studies reported a positive correlation between physical activity, exercises, and PMS, while two reported a negative correlation. Conclusion: Physical exercise and PMS have a favorable association, according to the examined papers.

Background: Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is a stress-induced disorder and is showing a rising prevalence but its etiopathogenesis is not yet understood. Stress disturbs the balance of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system. Alteration in heart rate and blood pressure is the most important physiological response following stress-induced sympathetic changes. Aims and Objectives: The present study was designed to test the hypothesis of an association between sympathetic functions and PMS and to observe the degree of changes (if any) in these sympathetic functions. The study also aims to provide timely interventions to prevent the development of cardiovascular complications and improve lifestyle. Materials and Methods: A Menstrual Distress Questionnaire was used to evaluate physical, emotional, and behavioral symptoms accompanying the menstrual cycle of the subjects who fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Based on the scores obtained by their questionnaire, subjects with the higher scores formed the PMS group, while the age-matched females with low score served as controls. Cardiovascular sympathetic functions were assessed by standardized, simple, non-invasive tests which included Handgrip test and orthostatic hypotension test. Unpaired Student’s t-test was used for statistical analysis. Results: The results revealed that the sympathetic reactivity is insignificantly higher in PMS group during the follicular phase. During the luteal phase, sympathetic activity is significantly increased. Conclusion: PMS involves psychoneuroendocrinal turmoil, thus early screening of high-risk groups and interventions such as relaxation techniques and lifestyle modification can prevent further cardiovascular complications in patients of high sympathetic responses.

Introduction. Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is a disorder characterized by physical, psychological and behavioural symptoms. These symptoms can affect the women’s quality of life on different aspects. The objective of the study was to investigate the relationship between PMS and sleep quality among women of reproductive age. Materials and methods. This is a cross sectional study on 768 women of reproductive age, who answered a self-reported questionnaire. This questionnaire consisted of three parts: demographic data sheet, premenstrual syndrome scale (PMSS) and Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). The primary outcome was the prevalence and severity of PMS and sleep quality, in addition to the correlation between PMS and PSQI. The demographic characteristics of participants and their impact on the PMS and PSQI were secondary outcomes Results. PMS was reported in 90.5% of participants, with intensity ranging between moderate to very severe. There was a significant positive correlation between PMS and PSQI (p< 0.01). PMS did not show any correlation (P> 0.05) with the demographic characteristics, while the age and body weight only showed significant difference with reference to PSQI. Conclusion. The correlation between PMS and PSQI is significant and should be investigated in women with PMS, to develop a coping strategy regarding the sleep quality.

Background and purpose: Adolescence is an important and vital stage of life that is associated with physical, emotional, and evolutionary changes. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of mindfulness-based counseling approach on health promoting behaviors in adolescents with premenstrual syndrome (PMS). Materials and methods: A quasi-experimental study was conducted in 86 students with PMS selected from high schools in Meybod, Iran 2019. They were randomly divided into intervention group (n= 43) and control group (n= 43). The intervention group attended counseling sessions based on mindfulness approach for 8 sessions/2 hours/ a week. Demographic characteristics were recorded and Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile II (HPLP-II) and premenstrual symptoms screening tool (PSST) were administered. The scales were completed in both groups at beginning of the study, and at weeks eight and 12 after the intervention. Data analysis was performed in SPSS V19 applying independent t-test, repeated measures test, and LSD test. Results: There was no significant difference between the two groups in demographic variables (P>0.05). Before the intervention, there was no difference between the two groups in mean scores for health-promoting behaviors (P= 0.161), but, compared to the control group, the mean scores for health-promoting behaviors in intervention group showed significant increase immediately and one month after the intervention (P

Premenstrual syndrome (PMS), including the severe subtype premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD), DSM-5 category, represents a challenging combination of hormonal, environmental and neuroendocrine dysfunctions with menstrual cycle-related pattern. Controversies around the role of daily stress and associated anomalies of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis are related to the fact that stress is all the time, not just a fluctuating element. This is a narrative review on PMS/PMDD and cortisol profile. 46 articles are cited (between 2009 and 2020). PMD/PMDD underlines multiple imbalances and anomalies of the cortisol levels or its secretory pattern may be a few of them, despite the fact that multiple controversies are still present and most of studies are of limited statistical power. Women with PMS may have higher levels of cortisol in relationship to stress independently of the cycle phase, also a delay of CAR (cortisol awakening response) peak and a delayed cortisol slope during day time. It does not seem that CAR pattern is related to the phases of menstrual cycle. CAR anomalies may be associated with pain perception disturbances in PMS females. The most modern area of interest is related to allopregnanolone, a progesterone metabolite with neuroactive profile. The diurnal serum baseline cortisol and the values of cortisol after dexamethasone suppression test may be similar between patients with PMS and without, but the females with PMS that have higher allopregnanolone associate blunted values of cortisol during the night versus control (without PMS) and versus women with low allopregnanolone levels, thus proving a suboptimal response to stress. Allopregnanolone modules GABA receptors on a paradoxical manner inducing anxiety and irritability during luteal phase on women with a specific predisposal configuration of GABA receptor as those confirmed with PMDD. Overall, PMS/PMDD impairs the quality of life, thus the more we understand about its pathogeny, the easier it gets to control it.

Premenstrual syndrome is a symptom complex characterized by repeated physical, psycho-emotional, behavioral symptoms that develop into the luteal phase of the cycle (2-14 days before menstruation) and disappear with its onset. The basis of the PMS diagnosis is the cyclical nature of pathological symptoms. The PMS diagnosis is established in accordance with ICD-10 criteria based on the analysis of frequency and severity of symptoms over two menstrual cycles. Differential diagnostics of PMS, and especially its most severe form - premenstrual dysphoric disorder, should be carried out first of all with various mental diseases, because in its clinical picture often it is psychoneurological symptomatology that prevails. It is necessary to exclude major depression, dysthymic conditions, generalized anxiety, panic disorder, bipolar diseases. Similar symptoms may have anaemia, autoimmune diseases, hypothyroidism, diabetes, convulsive conditions, endometriosis, chronic fatigue syndrome, and so on. The article notes the need for a comprehensive examination aimed at identifying gynecological and associated extragenital pathology with the involvement of related specialists. The existing recommendations for treatment of PMS, confirmed by randomized controlled studies, demonstrate the effectiveness of not only combined oral contraceptives, but also non-hormonal therapy, including phytopreparation containing the extract of Vitex sacred. Their application has yielded very positive results both in randomized controlled trials and in real clinical practice.At the same time, PMS therapy should take into account the state of general and reproductive health of women, concomitant diseases, tolerance of treatment, etc. These principles should be the basis for prevention, diagnosis and treatment of women with PMS.

Background: cases of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) among teenagers living in Hurun Inn Boarding School at the Pondok Pesantren Darul 'Ulum Jombang are quite a lot. In the 60 teenagers get surveyed, there were 22 (36.67%) people who experienced PMS. It means the problems need acute treatment to overcome. Case presentation: This case study reports the effectiveness of giving abdominal stretching to ten teenagers who have PMS at the boarding school. The results showed a decrease in the PMS scale from a severed level (70%) to a medium-scale (60%) in the first cycle of menstruation and a mild level (60%) in the second cycle. Conclusion: Abdominal stretching can reduce PMS symptoms.

Introduction: The frequency, as well as the severity of the PMS (Pre-Menstrual Syndrome), varies from female to female based on various socio-demographic, dietary, and lifestyle factors. Nevertheless, the PMS is known to affect day-to-day functioning including interference with school/work productivity, relationships with friends, family, and colleagues. This is especially important for medical students where academic performance is much skillful and demanding. Methodology: The inclusion criteria for this cross-sectional survey were female medical students studying in one of the medical colleges of the city, having regular menstrual cycle (in the last three consecutive months) and willing to participate in the research. Students were assigned from each of the four professional years (First, Second, Third, and Final) through random sampling so that the desires sample size was achieved. The study used a pre-designed questionnaire, the “Premenstrual Symptoms Screening Tool (PSST)” (through Google form), that included 14 items assessing premenstrual symptoms of appetite, mood, sleep, anxiety and physical symptoms. It includes functional impairment items in five different domains as well. Results: The common symptoms seen in the respondents were anger/irritability (Mild n = 76, 46.3%; Moderate to severe n = 68, 41.4%) followed by physical symptoms which included headaches, joint or muscle pain, breast tenderness, gain in weight and bloating. The commonest functional impairment was college/work efficiency or productivity (n = 79, 48.2%). Alcohol and tobacco consumption had a significant association with PMDD. The type of diet did not have significant statistical association with PMS or PMDD. Conclusion: The most common symptoms seen were anger/irritability as well as physical symptoms like headache, breast tenderness etc., Factors like sleep, diet, exercise, yoga, alcohol and smoking were assessed.

Objective: To determine the frequency of symptoms associated with premenstrual syndrome and to compare the difference in physical symptoms and behavioral effects among medical students with and without premenstrual syndrome. Study type, settings & duration: A cross-sectional descriptive study was done among 3rd, 4th and final year medical students of Rawalpindi Medical University during May 2020. Methodology: About 145 medical students up to 25 years with normal menstrual cycle since last 6 months were enrolled in the study through convenient sampling. Data was analyzed by SPSS version 25.0. and Microsoft Excel 2010. Results: Mean age of 145 female medical students was 20.9±1.7 years. About 105 (72.4%) students experienced premenstrual syndrome. The difference in mean age of the students with and without premenstrual syndrome was statistically significant (p

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Body composition and body fat are important in the prevention of chronic diseases in people with premenstrual syndrome. This study was performed to compare the anthropometric and conicity indexes in PMS and healthy people. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was performed on 92 dormitory students living in Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences over 18 years of age in two groups with premenstrual syndrome and healthy subjects. Anthropometric and conicity parameters were measured and compared in two groups. FINDINGS: In this study, 46 (54.8%) patients in the PMS group with an average age of 22.02±1.51 years and 38 (45.2%) in the healthy group with an average age of 21.34±2.32 that there was no significant difference between the two groups in the test (p=0.08). In the PMS group, this disorder was significantly different from that of the healthy group (p=0.0001), and the anger and allergies and anthropometric indices were significantly higher in students with menstrual syndrome than in healthy subjects (see The order of p=0.003, p=0.007, p=0.001, p= 0.02, p= 0.01, p= 0.001), but the two groups did not have a significant difference in terms of conicity. CONCLUSION: The results of this study showed that subjects with premenstrual syndrome group had higher anthropometric indices than healthy subjects. But they do not differ in terms of conicity.

Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) encompasses a vast array of physical and psychological symptoms. Of the herbal supplements mentioned for remedy PMS symptoms, chamomile used as an effective herbal medicine. The overall purpose of this review was to determine the efficacy of chamomile on the treatment PMS. An extensive research review using Web of Science, the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register database, PubMed, Chinese Biomedical Database (CBM), CINAHL, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Psych INFO, Social Science Research Network, SID, Google Scholar, Iran Doc, Magiran and Iran Medex. Eligible studies were identified from English and Persian databases, published between 1990 and 2019. Studies were screened independently by two researchers who performed the data extraction. Of Twenty-seven studies identified, Eight RCTs met our inclusion criteria. Chamomile has been used to treat PMS relief because of therapeutic properties such as anti-inflammatory effects (Chamazulene and α-Bisabolol); anti-spasmodic effects (Apigenin, Quercetin, and Luteolin, Metoxicomarin, Matrisin, and Phytoestrogens); anti-anxiety effects (Glycine, Flavonoid). The results of this review show that Chamomile is effective for the treatment of PMS. Based on these results, we believe that Chamomile can be used as good herbal medicine to treat in women with PMS.

Background Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is a common psychosomatic disorder linked to menstruation in women at gestational age and can lead to absence from work and academic failure. Objective This study aimed to determine the prevalence and severity of PMS, premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) and associated factors among the female high school students. Methods This descriptive-analytical study was carried using randomized classification method on 368 female high school students in Shoushtar, Iran in 2016. Data were collected by a demographic form and Premenstrual Symptoms Screening Tool. Collected data were analyzed using Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, Chi-squared test, binomial test, Mann-Whitney test and Spearman correlation test at a significance level of P

Tofisopam is an anxiolytic drug, available for prescription by gynecologist. This paper discusses three typical case vignettes, where woman’s anxiety interfered with her somatic condition and responded on tofisopam. There is also a discussion of combination of tofisopam with hormonal therapy and it’s efficacy and safety.

Menstrual rhythm disorders and symptoms associated with the menstrual cycle are one of the main reasons for women to make an appointment with a gynecologist. After the endocrinopathies and organic substrates of menstrual irregularities are excluded, the doctor is faced with the difficult task to treat conditions that reflect the functional dysfunction of the body and its adaptation to high stress load. It is beyond argument that hormone therapy is the main resource of a gynecologist, but it is not always acceptable and does not solve all the problems of normalizing psychoneuroendocrine status. The dependence of functional disorders on environmental stress factors allows a doctor to use lifestyle correction, including rational nutrition and adding various micronutrients, in a program to improve the quality of life, eliminate psychoemotional symptoms and symptoms of autonomic dysfunction. In turn, the restoration of the adaptive reserve of the body becomes key to the recovery of menstrual function.

Background & Aim: Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is defined as a set of physical and psychological symptoms occurring during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of group cognitive behavioral therapy and group cognitive hypnotism on decreased depression among female students with PMS. Materials and Methods: This clinical trial was conducted on female students of Rasht, Iran in 2017. In total, 30 students with PMS were selected by random sampling and randomly divided into three groups, including two experimental groups and one control group. While eight sessions of cognitive behavioral therapy and hypnosis cognitive therapy were held for the first and second groups, respectively, the third group received no treatment. Data were collected using an eight-item researcher-made PMS questionnaire and Beck Depression Inventory in two pretest and posttest stages. In addition, data analysis was carried out using the covariance analysis and Lamtriks post hoc. Results: In this study, both therapy methods were effective in reducing depression among women with PMS (P

Abstract Objective The purpose of this study was to assess the magnitude of premenstrual syndrome and its associated factors among secondary school students in Debremarkos, North west Ethiopia. Results Premenstrual syndrome was reported by 81.3% of the participants. Statistically significant association was observed between the occurrence of PMS and age, AOR (CI) 1.20 (1.01, 1.44), involving in heavy non-academic duties, AOR 95% (CI) 2.13 (1.17, 3.89), early menarche ( 35 days), AOR (95% CI) 0.13 (0.02, 0.75).

Research objective. To carry out the overview of the published works devoted to assessment of efficiency and safety of the phytodrug mastodynon, which includes Vitexagnus-castus extract, in treatment of mastalgia caused by a benign dysplasia of mammary glands and/or a premenstrual syndrome, with the analysis of use of the obtained data in clinical practice of obstetrician-gynecologist. Materials and methods. The foreign and domestic articles which are selected in Pubmed, eLIBRARY according to keywords «cyclic mastalgia», «diffusion benign dysplasia of mammary glands», «premenstrual syndrome», «hyperprolactinemia», «Vitexagnus-castus», «mastodynon» are used. The results of the analysed clinical trials demonstrate efficiency of phytodrugs in treatment of mastalgia in patients with various forms of diffusion mastopathy and premenstrual syndrome.Conclusion. Mastodynon can be recommended as effective and safe first-choice drug for treatment of a cyclic mastalgia in patients with a diffusion benign dysplasia of mammary glands and a premenstrual syndrome.

The article emphasizes the role of magnesium in a woman’s body, the causes and symptoms of its deficiency. It also describes the role of estrogens, combined oral contraceptives and hormone replacement therapy in the development of magnesium-deficient states, and the relationship between these states and vitamin B6. The paper overviews multicenter studies on the treatment of magnesiumdeficient conditions from the standpoint of evidence-based medicine, which show the need to maintain an adequate level of magnesium and pyridoxine in the treatment of estrogen-dependent diseases.

Introduction: Premenstrual syndrome is one of the most common female problems and causes changes such as functional disorders in women. Low quality sleep can affect every aspect of life. The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between the premenstrual syndrome with sleep quality in women sponsored by the drug addiction treatment centers in Shiraz in 2017. Materials & Methods: This descriptive study was carried out on 70 women sponsored by the drug addiction treatment centers in Shiraz in 2017. After completing the consent form, participants completed the premenstrual syndrome and the Petersburg sleep quality questionnaires. The data were analyzed using the Spearman correlation coefficient and the results were considered statistically significant at P≤0.05. Findings: The results showed that 53.03% had good sleep quality and 47.70% had undesirable sleep quality. The symptoms of the premenstrual syndrome were mild in 19.69%, moderate in 46.96%, and severe in 33.33% of the women. There are significant relationships between the total score of sleep quality, the total score of premenstrual syndrome (P = 0.04), and psychological symptoms (P = 0.03) and impact on life (P = 0.02) variables. Also, there were significant relationships between dysfunction in the morning, the total score of premenstrual syndrome (P = 0.003), and psychological symptoms (P = 0.02) and impact on life (P = 0.01) variables. Code of ethics: IR.MIAU.REC.1395.112 Discussion & Conclusions: Based on our findings, we can say that there is a significant relationship between sleep quality and premenstrual syndrome in women sponsored by the drug addiction treatment centers in Shiraz.

Objective (s): Premenstrual syndrome is one of the most common disorders of women in reproductive age and is associated with decreased quality of life. However, how this syndrome affects the quality of life in women is not well defined. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the consequence of premenstrual syndrome on womenchr('39')s quality of life. Methods: This was a qualitative study. We reviewed experiences of 21 women with premenstrual syndrome. And were asked to express their perceptions. The data obtained from interviews. To explore the data content analysis was performed. Results: The findings showed premenstrual syndrome affected quality of life in women in several areas including physical health (cardio-pulmonary, genitourinary, neurological, skin and hair, digestive, musculoskeletal and general health); psychological health (mood, cognitive and emotions)”, behaviors (sleep and nutrition patterns); and family-social issues (inadequate interpersonal relationships, sexual dysfunction and social isolation). Conclusion: The findings suggest that special attention should be given to consequences of premenstrual syndrome on the quality of life in women. Improving quality of life in this population needs essential consideration.

Aim of Study: We assessed the prevalence and severity of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) in adolescents and identified probable associations of PMS and premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) with age, locality, food habits, obesity, stress, genetic influence, menorrhagia and dysmenorrhoea. Methods: Cross-sectional study in schools of Anand District in State of Gujarat, India. We conducted the study in 1702 girls in the age group of 8–23 years who had achieved menarche. Main Outcome Measures: Prevalence of PMS and PMDD using the self-administered Premenstrual Symptoms Screening Tool for Adolescents (PSST-A). Results: The prevalence of moderate to severe PMS was 19.3% and PMDD was 4.6%. Almost all (94.8%) girls had at least one PMS symptom with 65.7% having moderate to severe symptoms. We found dysmenorrhoea in 71.2% girls and menorrhagia in 15.2%. Physical symptoms were reported by 53.5%, disruption of daily activities by 41.7%, while 25.1% had to miss school/college. Majority (81.3%) felt that PMS was a normal part of menstruation and 53.0% reported moderate to severe stress. Multivariate logistic regression model revealed older age, dysmenorrhoea, menorrhagia, high levels of stress and PMS in mother to be significantly associated with PMS. In addition to these, lower age at menarche and junk food significantly contributed to PMDD. Conclusion: Prevalence of moderate to severe PMS and PMDD in this population falls within the range reported elsewhere. PMS/PMDD affects the lives of many, significantly reducing their efficiency and worsening the quality of life.

Objective: This study was designed to compare the effect of aromatherapy with Rosa Damascena and Citrus Aurantium blossom on psychological and physical symptoms and social functions of females with premenstrual syndrome. Materials and Methods: This double-blind clinical trial was conducted on 95 students. They were randomly divided into three aromatherapy groups (aromatherapy with 4% concentration of Rosa Damascena and 0.5% concentration of Citrus Aurantium blossom essential oil) and aromatherapy with sweet almond oil (as control group). Premenstrual Symptoms Screening Tool questionnaire (PSST) was completed before and during the first and second month of the intervention. Data were analyzed by SPSS software version 22. Results: After intervention, the scores of mental symptoms decreased in all three groups and this decrease was significant in both Citrus Aurantium (P = 0.004) and Rosa Damascena groups (P = 0.007). The score of physical symptoms was decreased in all three groups but it was significant only in the Rosa Demecensa group (P = 0.042). The reduction of effect of symptoms on social function was observed in two intervention groups which were significant only in Rosa Damascena group (P < 0.001). Conclusion: Essential oils of Rosa Damascena and Citrus Aurantium were both effective in improving the symptoms of premenstrual syndrome but the effect of Rosa Damascena, with regard to improvement of symptoms of premenstrual syndrome was more than that of Citrus Aurantium in all psychological, physical, and social aspects.

Abstract Background Menstrual migraine (MM) and premenstrual syndrome (PMS) are two conditions linked to specific phases of the menstrual cycle. The exact pathophysiological mechanisms are not fully understood, but both conditions are hypothesized to be triggered by female sex hormones. Co-occurrence of MM and PMS is controversial. The objective of this population-based study was to compare self-assessed symptoms of PMS in female migraineurs with and without MM. A total of 237 women from the general population who self-reported migraine in at least50% of their menstruations in a screening questionnaire were invited to a clinical interview and diagnosed by a neurologist according to the International Classification of Headache Disorders II (ICHD II), including the appendix criteria for MM. All women were asked to complete a self-administered form containing 11 questions about PMS-symptoms adapted from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. The number of PMS symptoms was compared among migraineurs with and without MM. In addition, each participant completed the Headache Impact test (HIT-6) and Migraine Disability Assessment Score (MIDAS). Findings A total of 193 women returned a complete PMS questionnaire, of which 67 women were excluded from the analyses due to current use of hormonal contraception (n = 61) or because they did not fulfil the ICHD-criteria for migraine (n = 6). Among the remaining 126 migraineurs, 78 had MM and 48 non-menstrually related migraine. PMS symptoms were equally frequent in migraineurs with and without MM (5.4 vs. 5.9, p = 0.84). Women with MM reported more migraine days/month, longer lasting migraine attacks and higher HIT-6 scores than those without MM, but MIDAS scores were similar. Conclusion We did not find any difference in number of self-reported PMS-symptoms between migraineurs with and without MM.

Background and Aim: Premenstrual syndrome is one of the most common disorders of reproductive age, which has significant effects on women's economic, social and professional status. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of Iron and vitamin D supplementation on the severity of premenstrual syndrome symptoms through High school Students in the City of Birjand in 2015- 2016. Materials and Methods: This quasi-experimental study was performed on 149 students in the grade of Junior high school and senior high school which were selected by random sampling. The participants completed the standard questionnaire for the screening of premenstrual symptoms in order to measure the mood, physical symptoms and effects of these symptoms in the three stages before and after 16 weeks of iron and 9 months of vitamin D supplementation. Data were analyzed by SPSS software (version 16) using Chi-square test, repeat ANOVA, one-way ANOVA and Friedman non-parametric test were analyzed at a significant level less than 0.05. Results: There were 56 students (37.6%) in the PMS group, 19 (12.8%) in the PMDD group and 74 (49.7%) in the non-affected group. The comparison of scores in three study periods showed that the severity of affective symptoms (p=0.005) and effects of the symptoms (p=0.015) in the PMDD group, and only the effects of symptoms (p=0.011) in the PMS group, were reduced, But there was no change in the scores of somatic symptoms in these two groups. In non-affected group, the scores of these three areas showed a significant increase. Conclusion: The Iron and vitamin D supplementation may reduce symptoms of premenstrual syndrome. Further studies are recommended in this area.

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Although many studies have investigated premenstrual syndrome and related factors, there is still only a limited number of studies investigating the relationship between premenstrual syndrome and basic personality traits. This study was conducted to investigate the association between premenstrual syndrome and basic personality traits among university students. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional analytical study conducted in a city in western Turkey. METHODS: The Premenstrual Syndrome Scale, the Basic Personality Traits Scale and a questionnaire on sociodemographic characteristics developed by the present researchers were applied to 490 female students at the College of Health Sciences of a state university. RESULTS: Premenstrual syndrome was more common among students living in rural areas (65.1%), students with chronic diseases (74.1%), students who suffered from menstrual cramps (61.1%), students who used cigarettes (72.1%) and students with alcohol intake (65.5%). In the final model of the logistic regression analysis, presence of pain during the menstrual period increased the risk of presence of PMS by a factor of 1.554 (95% confidence interval, CI: 1.033-2.336; P = 0.034) and high scores on the total basic personality traits scale increased it by a factor of 1.016 (95% CI: 1.002-1.030; P = 0.029). The prevalence of premenstrual syndrome was found to be higher among students who were less extrovert (P = 0.007) and less conscientious (P = 0.001); and among students with higher neuroticism (P = 0.000) and negative valance (P = 0.000). CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that personality may be associated with premenstrual syndrome.

Introduction: Premenstrual syndrome as a periodic event that social adjustment and interpersonal relationships can be difficult. Regarding the prevalence of premenstrual syndrome and the harmful effect of severity of symptoms on marital satisfaction, The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between severity of symptoms of premenstrual syndrome and marital satisfaction among couples in Kerman city in 2016. Methods: This cross-sectional study that randomized 240 young couples who referred to health centers in Kerman were selected in the second 6 months of 2016. The instrument used a standard questionnaire screening premenstrual symptoms, a standard questionnaire Index Of Marital Satisfaction for the satisfaction of couples. The investigators have assured that all information obtained will remain confidential Data were analyzed by SPSS 20 software using independent t-test, one-way ANOVA, correlation coefficient and frequency distribution tables. Results: The mean age of men and women respectively was equal to 35.5 ± 8.2 to 32.4 ± 7.6 . The mean and standard deviation of marital satisfaction score of women and men were (114.97 ± 23.27) and (125.25 ± 26.17 ) respectively There was a significant relationship between the satisfaction of men and women in relation to premenstrual syndrome (p=0/001).Pearson correlation showed an inverse relationship between the symptoms of premenstrual syndrome and couples' satisfaction. (r=-0.138 , P=0.002).. Conclusion: With increasing severity of premenstrual syndrome in women, marital satisfaction decreases among couples.. so it is recommendate that women and men receive the necessary knowledge about to control the symptoms of premenstrual syndrome. Keywords: Marital Relationship, couples، premenstrual syndrome

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: One of the factors affecting dermatophyte is hormonal factors, in which atopic dermatitis is more common in adult women. Since one of the psychotic problems regarding reproductive performance of women is premenstrual syndrome, in this study, the association between premenstrual syndrome and atopic dermatitis in reproductive age women was investigated. METHODS: This case-control study was performed on 82 women aged between 15 and 49 years old in two groups of atopic dermatitis referring to Skin Clinic of Sina Hospital in Tehran and control group including healthy women for atopic dermatitis. Demographic questionnaire and (PSST) Premenstrual Symptoms Screening Test (with score 42-0) were completed and evaluated by both groups. FINDINGS: The mean age of subjects in the case group was 17.17 ± 4.45 and in the control group was 27.29 ± 8.03 years. The results showed by controlling the possible confounding factors as age, occupation and marital status the probability of having moderate or severe premenstrual syndrome in patients with atopic dermatitis is 13.26 (OR= 13.26, 95% CI: 3.31, 53.07), as compared with healthy subjects. CONCLUSION: The results showed that there is a strong relationship between moderate to severe menstrual syndrome and atopic dermatitis in women.

Among health disorders in women who were difficult to identify was a set of symptoms known as premenstrual syndrome. Approximately 80%-95% of women between the ages of 16 to 45 years experiencing an annoying premenstrual syndrome symptoms. Premenstrual syndrome can be triggered by several factors, mainly caused by stress. The purpose of this research was to investigated the correlation between the stress level with the incidence of premenstrual syndrome among college student. This was an observational analytical research with cross sectional approach. The research was conducted at State Islamic University Sunan Ampel Surabaya with 35 respondents acted as a research samples. The study used Chi-Square tes for bivariat analysis. The result showed that there was a meaningful correlation between the stress level with premenstrual syndrome (p = 0.040), confirming the stress variable as one of the factors that can lead to the occurrence of premenstrual syndrome. From this research concluded that the stress level must be well managed by the female college students so the incidence of premenstrual syndrome can be prevented.

Background: This study tried to find out the prevalence of menstrual abnormalities in adolescent girls and their association with dietary and exercise pattern in Garhwal region of India. Materials and Methods: In this study, cross-sectional questionnaires survey was conducted in different schools of Garhwal. These questionnaires were based on socioeconomic data, dietary and physical activities, and menstrual abnormalities. Results: The age of menarche was 13.5 ± 0.64 years. Dysmenorrhea (62.75%), premenstrual syndrome (PMS) (40.42%), and irregular cycle (28.72%) were observed common problems among adolescent girls. The result showed that dysmenorrhea, PMS, and menstrual irregularities were directly associated with dietary habits and physical activities. Dysmenorrhea was associated with eating junk food (66.10%), and PMS was associated with lacking of physical activities (78.94%). Conclusion: The result suggests that feeding habit and physical activities directly affecting the menstrual health of adolescent girls.

Introduction: Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is one of the most prevalent disorders at reproductive age and has a negative impact on emotions and performance of women. Since various factors play a role in the development of this syndrome, the present study was aimed to examine biopsychosocial etiology of PMS in the form of a narrative review. Materials and Methods: Relevant studies were collected based on the three subjects of biological, psychological, and social etiologies during 1987–2015. First, Medical Subject Headings was used to specify the relevant keywords such as biological, psychological, social, and premenstrual syndrome which were used to search Internet databases including Google Scholar, Scopus, PubMed, PMDR, Ovid, Magiran, and Iranmedex, which led to collection of 1 book and 26 Persian and English articles. Results: The results were classified into three sections. In the biological section, the effect and role of sex hormones and their changes in PMS were examined. In the psychological section, hypotheses on PMS and the role of psychological problems in the development of PMS were examined. In the social section, the role and social, religious, and cultural position of women and its relationship with PMS were examined. Conclusion: To reduce negative experiences of PMS, it is recommended that girls should be provided with necessary scientific information on puberty and premenstrual health. The results showed that paying attention to the complaint on premenstrual symptoms is significant in women's comprehensive assessment, and it plays an essential role in diagnosing psychological and physical annoying diseases.

Introduction: Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) afflicts 20-50% of all women of reproductive age, whereas premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) affects only 3-7% of women in this group. However, there has been little research regarding PMS/PMDD and associated coping methods in Japan since the recognition of this condition 10 years ago. In the current study, we examined existing knowledge about both PMS and PMDD, as well as their prevalence, among medical students at Tokyo Women's Medical University. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional questionnaire study. We presented the questionnaire to 108 third-year and 65 sixth-year students in the medical department. The questionnaire was compiled, in part, with reference to portions of the diagnostic basic standard in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fourth Edition Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR). Results: Complete questionnaires were returned by 147 students, with an 84.9% return rate. Thirteen students (8.8%) met the diagnostic standard for PMDD and 37 (25.2%) met the diagnostic standard for PMS. Eleven students (7.5%) had no symptoms either before or during their periods. Respondents who received pharmacological treatment accounted for 27.1% of the third-year students and 45.2% of the sixth-year students. In addition, respondents who had received non-pharmacological treatment accounted for 22.4% of the third-year and 45.2% of the sixth-year students. Conclusion: Results from this study highlight the need for further guidance and self-care education regarding menstruation-related conditions and symptoms.

Abstrak Dismenore merupakan gangguan menstruasi dengan prevalensi terbesar diikuti gejala sindrom premenstruasi yang mencakup gejala fisik dan psikologis. Asupan mikronutrien kalsium dan magnesium dapat membantu mengatasi keluhan ini. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui pengaruh konsumsi suplemen kalsium dan magnesium terhadap dismenore dan gejala sindrom premenstrual pada perempuan berusia 19–23 tahun. Penelitian ini merupakan eksperimental kuasi dengan rancangan pretes dan postes. Penelitian dilakukan di Universitas Kristen Maranatha Bandung pada bulan Juli–Desember 2016. Subjek penelitian adalah 60 orang perempuan berusia 19–23 tahun, dibagi menjadi dua kelompok secara acak untuk pemberian bahan uji kalsium (1.000 mg/hari) atau magnesium (250 mg/hari) yang diberikan mulai hari kedua menstruasi sampai siklus menstruasi yang berikutnya. Kadar kalsium atau magnesium serum diukur dengan metode spektrofotometri. Dismenore diukur dengan skala nyeri visual analog scale (VAS), sedangkan skor sindrom premenstrual diukur dengan shortened premenstrual assessment form sebelum dan sesudah pemberian bahan uji. Konsumsi kalsium menurunkan skor skala VAS rata-rata pada dismenore dari 6,97 menjadi 3,80 (p=0,000**) dan skor total gejala sindrom premenstrual rata-rata dari 15,07 menjadi 10,80 (p=0,000**). Konsumsi magnesium mengurangi skor skala VAS rata-rata pada dismenore dari 7 menjadi 4 (p=0,000**) dan skor total gejala sindrom premenstrual rata-rata dari 12,27 menjadi 9,87 (p=0,001**). Simpulan penelitian ini adalah konsumsi suplemen kalsium atau magnesium mengurangi keluhan dismenore dan gejala sindrom premenstrual pada perempuan usia 19–23 tahun. Abstract Dysmenorrhea is a menstrual disorder with the greatest prevalence followed by premenstrual syndrome that includes physical and psychological symptoms. Micronutrients intake of calcium and magnesium can help overcome these complaints. This research was conducted to find out the effect of calcium and magnesium supplements consumption on dysmenorrhea and premenstrual syndrome symptoms in 19–23 years old women. This was quasi experimental research with pre- and post-test design. The research was conducted in Maranatha Christian University Bandung from July to December 2016. The subjects of research were 60 women aged 19–23 years old, divided into two groups randomly. One group given calcium (1,000 mg/day) or magnesium (250 mg/day), which was given at the second day of menstruation until the next menstrual cycle. Serum levels of calcium or magnesium were measured with spectrophotometry method. Dysmenorrhea was measured with visual analog scale (VAS), whereas score of premenstrual syndrome was measured with shortened premenstrual assessment form, before and after treatment. The consumption of calcium lowers the VAS score average on dysmenorrhea from 6.97 to 3.80 (p=0.000**) and the mean score of premenstrual syndrome from 15.07 to 10.80 (p=0.000**). Consumption of magnesium reduces the VAS score average on dysmenorrhea from 7 to 4 (p=0.000**) and the mean score of premenstrual syndrome from 12.27 to 9.87 (p=0.001**). In conclusion, consumption of calcium or magnesium supplements reduce dysmenorrhea and premenstrual syndrome in women aged 19–23 years old.