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Background: Chemotherapy as part of colorectal cancer management can cause death to immunologically active tumor cell, but also it has immune suppressive effect. Phyllanthus niruri Linn is known to has immunomodulatory effect. This study was intended to prove P. niruri Linn effect on infiltrating dendritic cells and Neutrophil/lymphocyte ratios (NLRs) in Sprague–Dawley rats with colorectal cancer which were given capecitabine chemotherapy. Methods: The study was randomized post–test only control group design. The samples were 39 Sprague–Dawley male rats, with body weight around 170–220 grams, induced by 1,2-dimetylhydrazine (DMH) 30 mg/kgBW once per week subcutaneously. On 9th,11th and 13th week, there were four induced rats sacrificed each week to detect colorectal cancer (CRC) development. On the 13th week, all of the 4 sacrificed rats developed colon cancer, so the induction had to be stopped. The rest of 27 induced rats were randomly divided into three groups: control-group (K) were left untreated (9 rats), group P1 (9 rats) were given Capecitabine and group P2 (9 rats) were given Capecitabine with combination of P. niruri Linn extract 13.5 mg/kgBW orally. After 17th week, all rats were terminated and tumor lesion of colon were processed to be paraffin blocks and were stained with HE for evaluating the NLRs, and immunohistochemistry (S100) for evaluating infiltrating dendritic cells. Data was analyzed by using Oneway-Anova-test and post-Hoc LSD-test. Considered significant if p was

Background and Aim: Many plants contain bioactive substances with antibacterial and antifungal properties. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial and antifungal activity of Cocos nucifera shell liquid smoke (CSL), clove leaf extract (CLE), and mangosteen pericarp extract (MPE) alone and in combination against Escherichia coli and Candida utilis. The antioxidant activity, phenol, saponin, and tannin of CSL, CLE, MPE, and Phyllanthus niruri L. extract were also measured. Materials and Methods: The agar well-diffusion method was used to determine the antimicrobial and antifungal activities of CSL, methanolic MPE, and CLE and their combination CSL+MPE+CLE (COMBI) on bacteria E. coli and fungus (C. utilis). Antioxidant activity was measured by the diphenylpicrylhydrazyl method. Total phenol and total tannin were measured by the Folin–Ciocalteu method and total saponin was measured by the vanillin-sulphate method. Results: The results indicated that phenolic and tannin levels were greater in MPE than in CLE, whereas the saponin content was higher in CLE compared with MPE. Undiluted (100%) MPE exhibited lower antibacterial activity (p

Rapid and accurate species diagnosis accelerates performance in numerous biological fields and associated areas. However, morphology-based species taxonomy/identification might hinder study and lead to ambiguous results. DNA barcodes (Bar) has been employed extensively for plant species identification. Recently, CRISPR-cas system can be applied for diagnostic tool to detect pathogen’s DNA based on the collateral activity of cas12a or cas13. Here, we developed barcode-coupled with cas12a assay, “Bar-cas12a” for species authentication using Phyllanthus amarus as a model. The gRNAs were designed from trnL region, namely gRNA-A and gRNA-B. As a result, gRNA-A was highly specific to P. amarus amplified by RPA in contrast to gRNA-B even in contaminated condition. Apart from the large variation of gRNA-A binding in DNA target, cas12a- specific PAM’s gRNA-A as TTTN can be found only in P. amarus. PAM site may be recognized one of the potential regions for increasing specificity to authenticate species. In addition, the sensitivity of Bar-cas12a using both gRNAs gave the same detection limit at 0.8 fg and it was 1,000 times more sensitive compared to agarose gel electrophoresis. This approach displayed the accuracy degree of 90% for species authentication. Overall, Bar-cas12a using trnL-designed gRNA offer a highly specific, sensitive, speed, and simple approach for plant species authentication. Therefore, the current method serves as a promising tool for species determination which is likely to be implemented for onsite testing.

Background and AIM: Potential utilization of medicine from herbal origin is on the rise due to adverse effects of allopathic medicines. Phyllanthin extracted from Phyllanthus niruri has been shown to be effective in Hepatoprotective effect. Its therapeutic effect in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is not much explored. The present study aim was to evaluate the role of phyllanthin in mice fed with methionine choline deficient (MCD) diet. Materials and Methods: Four–five week-old C57lb/6 mice were fed MCD diet for 4 weeks to develop experimental model of NAFLD in small animal research laboratory, PGIMER, Chandigarh. Phyllanthin extract and commercially available phyllanthin was used to assess the impact on NAFLD animal model. After recovery animal weight, liver function test, and lipid profile were measured. Data were showed as mean and standard deviation. Statistical analysis was executing using SPSS v21. Results: Data revealed that administration of 200mg/kg and 400mg/kg crude extract significantly reduced (P

Introduction: Ceremai (Phyllanthus acidus (L.) Skeels) fruit contains AHA (Alpha Hydroxy Acids) compounds which are widely used as a moisturizer or as an exfoliating process in cosmetics production. It also contains vitamin C and flavonoids, both of which acts as whitening agents. Aim: This study aims to utilise a source of natural AHA active substances found in P.acidus in face cream preparations. Methods: The juice from P.acidus was dried by freeze-drying method and formulated into a cream with the preparation process evaluated for one month. Results: The observation results showed that after one month, there was no change in colour during storage, with the pH, viscosity and spreadability of the cream in the range 4.5-6.2, 2700-3996 cps, and 4.8-5.7 cm, respectively. Conclusion: P.acidus fruit juice containing AHA can be formulated into a face cream with good physical stability.

Today, orthodox medicine has almost exceeded its limits in resolving subfertility problems in animals, thus making phytomedicine a primary tool in the treatment of infertility. In this work, three herbal supplements obtained from freshly air-dried Moringa oleifera, Phyllanthus amarus and Viscum album leaves were evaluated to ascertain their comparative effect on the reproductive potentials of bucks. Sixty bucks were allotted four diets made up of standard grower rabbit ration without supplement and with 5% Moringa, Mistletoe and Phyllanthus supplementation for 84 days. Semen samples were collected from all bucks using artificial vagina, for semen quality and seminal oxidative stress markers. The organ weights, testicular and epididymal spermatozoa reserves were assessed to determine sperm production potentials using standard procedures. The result obtained revealed that spermatozoa concentration, progressive motility, curvilinear velocity, average path velocity and the amplitude of lateral head was significantly (p 0.05) higher in the group fed with mistletoe supplemented diet compared to that recorded in the control groups. The inclusion of herbal supplements linearly (p 0.05) increased the seminal total antioxidant activity with a corresponding decrease in the seminal lipid peroxidation across the herbal supplemented treatments compared to the control. The gonadal and extra-gonadal sperm reserves of bucks fed on the herbal supplements were depleted compared to bucks on control. Bucks on mistletoe supplementation rivalled the superior daily sperm production and testicular sperm reserve in bucks without herbal supplements. In conclusion, Viscum album supplements in bucks' diets encouraged daily sperm production, testicular sperm reserves, testosterone, as well as spermatozoa kinetics. The three herbal supplements did enhance semen oxidative stability.

Objectives Phyllanthus niruri has been known as an immunomodulator and also reported to possess an antiviral activity against several RNA viruses, such as hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus by inhibiting viral entry and replication. Since the current situation of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) which infected among the world and caused severe disease and high morbidity, it urgently needed to find new agents against COVID-19. Therefore, in silico screening against COVID-19 receptors is carried out as an initial stage of drug discovery by evaluating the activity of phyllanthin and hypophyllanthin, an isolated from Phyllanthus niruri, in inhibiting spike glycoprotein (6LZG) and main protease (5R7Y) which play as target receptors of COVID-19. Methods Molegro Virtual Docker 6.0 used to determine the best binding energy through the rerank score which shows the total energy bonds calculation. Results Phyllanthin and hypophyllanthin demonstrated to possess greater binding affinity toward the COVID-19 inhibition sites than their native ligand. The rerank score of phyllanthin and hypophyllanthin are lower than the native ligands 6LZG and 5R7Y. This result indicated that phyllanthin and hypophyllanthin have a stronger interaction than the native ligands both in spike glycoprotein (entry inhibitor) and main protease (translation and replication inhibitor). Conclusions In conclusion, phyllanthin and hypophyllanthin are predicted to have strong activity against COVID-19 through inhibiting spike glycoprotein and main protease under in silico study. Further research is needed to support the development of P. niruri as inhibitor agents of COVID-19 through bioassay studies.

Present piece of work has been performed with an aim to engender genetic variations in Andrographis paniculata (Burm f.) Nees and Phyllanthus niruri L. since both plants own low or very poor genetic variations due to wild nature. A. paniculata and P. niruri both are magnificent hepatoprotective wild medicinal plants which have been used since ancient times as an ethnomedicine to cure several common and chronic ailments with the high competence and less side effects. UV-B radiations induce mutations because they are absorbed by major biomolecule predominantly by proteins and nucleic acids chiefly DNA. Owing to enormous potential as herbal medicines, both plants i.e. Andrographis and Phyllanthus have been selected for mutation breeding experiments using Ultraviolet-B radiations (UV-B) as a mutagen. When germinating seedlings of A. paniculata and P. niruri were reached up to 1–3 cm, they were treated with UV-B radiations for 0 min, 10 min, 20 min and 30 min with a recovery period of one hour at room temperature and were planted in earthen pots in triplicates. During observations, significant variations in growth and pigment content have been observed in both plants (A. paniculata and P. niruri) in a dose based manner. A wide spectrum of chlorophyll phenodeviants (chlorophyll deficient mutants) in M2 generation such as xantha, xanthoviridis, alboviridis, virscent and chlorina mutants in A. paniculata and variegated plant, xanthoviridis, xantha and albino mutants in P. niruri have also been observed. Out of all the chlorophyll mutants obtained, few were lethal hence not survived later, while rest were survived till different stages of development. On the basis of occurrence of chlorophyll phenodeviants in Andrographis and Phyllanthus, mutagenic effectiveness and efficiency of different doses of UV-B rays have been indexed. The practice of indexing of effectiveness and efficiency of any mutagen is being used for the successful execution of mutation breeding programs to find the optimum dose that may facilitate induction of a multitude of other lucrative mutations.

BackgroundThe liver is the vital organ which plays a major role in metabolism with numerous functions in the human beings such as protein synthesis, hormone production, and detoxification. Present research work is focused on hepatoprotective potential of chloroform (PNFC) and ethyl acetate (PNFEA) endophytic fractions fromPhyllanthus niruri Linn. against CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity in albino Wistar rats. To test our hypothesis, both endophytic fungal fractions were tested for vitro antioxidant and in vivo hepatoprotective activity. Serum biochemical parameters like SGOT, SGOT, SALP, cholesterol, bilirubin, and protein were estimated to assess hepatoprotective activity.ResultsGroup of rats treated with CCl4possess marked hepatic damage and oxidative stress which indicates that cellular leakage and loss of functional integrity of cell membrane in liver. PNFC and PNFEA fractions of endophyte fromPhyllanthus niruri Linn. stem have significantly reduced the elevated levels of biomarkers like SGPT, SGOT, SALP, bilirubin, cholesterol, and total protein in CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. The results obtained confirm hepatoprotective activity of endophytic fractions (PNFC and PNFEA) mediated through the stabilization of plasma membrane, repair of hepatic tissue damage, return of biochemical marker levels to normal, and regeneration of hepatocytes. Histopathological observations revealed improvement in the liver architecture after the treatment of secondary metabolites of endophytic fractions against CCl4-induced liver damage. Both fungal endophytes PNFC and PNFEA showed DPPH scavenging activity with IC50of 97.79 μg/ml and 108.40 μg/ml, respectively, and possess antioxidant potential. Presence of flavonoids in the both fractions of endophytes may be a possible reason for its antioxidant potential and identified asEurotium amstelodamistrain.ConclusionBoth fungal endophytes PNFC and PNFEA possess hepatoprotective potential due to the presence of secondary metabolites of fungi, i.e.,Eurotiumam stelodamistrain which support the claim endophytes and act as a potent biomedicine for treatment of various chronic diseases.

In a very short time, the Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, has become a global pandemic. It has infected about 29,155,581 patients and brought forth death rate about 926,544 among 216 countries as recorded by World Health Organization on 15th September 2020. At present, there is no specific and direct treatment or vaccine for this infectious disease. No therapeutic options available to cure the infection in till date which increases the mortality rate across the countries. Currently there is no antiviral treatments have been approved, several approaches have been proposed in western medicine, Chinese medicine, CAM, AYUSH and other systems. Siddha Herbal medicines are achieving high attention because of the extensive therapeutics like potent anti-microbial, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. Ministry of AYUSH, Govt. of India recommended 12 Siddha herbals (Inji – Zingiber officinale, Thulasi – Ocimum sanctum, Milaku – Piper nigrum, Karunjeeragam – Nigella sativa, Keezhanelli – Phyllanthus niruri, Adhimathuram – Glycyrrhiza glabra, Vellaippoondu – Allium sativum, Citramutti – Sida cardifolia, Seenthil – Tinospora cordifolia, Manjal – Curcuma longa, Elumitchai – Citrus lemon and Vembu – Azadirachta indica) for the prevention by enhancing immunity as well as for the management of this infectious disease in its recent official publication ‘Guidelines for Siddha Practitioners for COVID 19’. This is the common advisory and the anti-viral activity of these herbals against COVID 19 is not established yet. The current situation demands proper herbal drug utilization to prepare the population immunity to fight against the infection. The present review spotlight on the literature review and the review of pharmacological actions of these herbals.

Medicinal plant-derived bioactive compounds have recently gained more interest in biological research as an important source of novel drug candidates. Phyllanthus acidus (L.) is a widely distributed herbal medicinal plant naturally used in Ayurvedic medicine in Bangladesh. The present study focused on exploring the biological potential as well as the inhibitory effect of EAC cell growth with a comparative analysis between Phyllanthus acidus fruit pulp and seed. Crude methanol extract of P. acidus (MEPA) fruit pulp and seed was assessed as DPPH and NO free radical scavengers. While Brine Shrimp lethality bioassay, the standard protocol of phytochemical screening and hemagglutination assay were performed successively to determine the toxic effect on normal cells, the identification of some crucial phytochemicals, and the existence of lectin protein. EAC (Ehrlich’s Ascites Carcinoma) cell growth inhibition was determined by hemocytometer and morphological changes of EAC cells were observed by a fluorescence microscope using Swiss albino mice. The IC50 value of MEPA fruit pulp and seed was obtained as 57.159 µg/ml and 288.743 µg/ml respectively where minimal toxic effects on Brine Shrimp nauplii demonstrates that it is a good source of natural antioxidant compounds. Again, MEPA fruit pulp and seed-mediated effective agglutination of mouse blood erythrocyte strongly support the presence of lectin protein. Furthermore, MEPA fruit pulp and seed extract-treated EAC cells showed 65.71% and 28.57% growth inhibition respectively. The fluorescent microscopic examination of EAC cells treated with MEPA fruit pulp has shown more remarkable structural changes in the nucleus than that of seed. Based on the above findings, the present study reveals that MEPA fruit pulp can be considered as a novel biological candidate for the treatment of fatal diseases shortly.

Phyllanthus niruri has been widely used to treat a number of ailments in traditional medicine. The pharmacological and preventive potential of Phyllanthus niruri, such as in urolithiasis, hyperglycemia, hypertension, pain and mild cases of malaria, are well known. The present investigation was designed to study the protective effects of aqueous, methanol and chloroform extract of Phyllanthus niruri against oxidative stress and cytotoxicity induced by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells. Cytotoxicity of leaf extracts and H2O2 was identified by (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT), sulforhodamine B assay (SRB) and neutral red uptake (NRU) assays. All the three extracts showed protection against H2O2 induced toxicity and reduced the loss of cell viability proving the cytoprotective effect of the extracts against H2O2 induced toxicity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells. The aqueous extract rendered maximum protection when compared to that of methanolic and chloroform extract.

Phyllanthus niruri Linnaus (Euphorbiaceae) also known as Chanka piedra is widely grown and used throughout the tropical and subtropical countries of the world. In India it is present in the coastal areas. It is an annual herb and field weed having very short life. Phyllanthus comprises of 600-700 species with minor distinguishing features among them. In Indian ayurvedic system, plant extract of P. niruri is used as a medicine for asthma, bronchitis, anemia, leprosy, etc., As mentioned in the book Charaka Samhita P. niruri is used as an effective treatment for stimulating liver, improving digestion, to increase appetite and produce laxative effects. Phyllanthus niruri is a traditional herb with long-standing Ayurvedic, Chinese and Malay ethnomedical records and antimicrobial activity. Antimicrobial activity refers to the process of killing or inhibiting the disease causing microbes. Methanolic extract of P. niruri is an effective antibacterial agent to treat bacterial infections since the extract exhibited significant antimicrobial potency. The alcoholic extract of leaves of Phyllanthus niruri shows significant antibacterial activity against cariogenic organisms. The anti microbial activity of aqueous extract is found to be more effective than the acetone extract of Phyllanthus niruri against pathogens responsible for common infections of skin, respiratory, urinary and gastro-intestinal tracts. Keywords: Phyllanthus niruri. Chanka piedra, Antimicrobial, Antiviral, Antibacterial, Herb.

Degenerative disease is a serious health problem and causes a lot of deaths in Indonesia. One of the most dangerous degenerative diseases is cancer. Free radicals play a role in oxidative stress in the later stages of carcinogenesis. Antioxidant delays or inhibits cellular damage mainly through its free radical scavenging property. Meniran plants and guava leaves have high radical-scavenging activities. The previous studies reported that the combination of ginger and Meniran plant extract has a stronger antioxidant activity than the extract of a single plant. This research aims at determining the antioxidant activities of Meniran plants and guava leaves compared with its singular form. This research was conducted from October to December 2016 at the Chemical Laboratory of Nasional Health Science Institute and the Center for Development and Research of Medicinal Plants and Traditional Medicine, Tawangmangu, Karanganyar. The antioxidant activity assay was done using DPPH free radical method and vitamin C was used as the control. They were measured with UV-Vis Spectrophotometer. This study concludes that the IC50 value of Meniran plants was 30.689 ppm and the IC50 value of guava leaves was 13.7859. The IC50 values of Meniran plant and guava leaf combination with various ratios were 20.6095 ppm (1:1), 12.5629 ppm (1:2), and 16.841 ppm (2:1). The combination of Meniran plant and guava leaf extract (1: 2) had the strongest antioxidant activity of 12.56 ppm.

Background. Phyllanthus niruri (local name : meniran) extract is utilized in treating kidney and uterus disease. Effects of ethanol extract of P. niruri on kidney and uterus of 2% NaCl triggered fibrotic rats had been studied. Aim of Study. Aim of this study to explore the effect of leafflower (Phyllanthus niruri Linn.) treatment on kidney and uterus in 2% NaCl - induced fibrotic rats. Methods. Wistar rats were challenged with 2% NaCl in drinking water to induce fibrotic kidney and uterus. Phyllanthus niruri extract (200 mg/kg) was given orally for 4 weeks. Matrix extracellular abundance was determined by HE Staining and measured by METAVIR Fibrosis Score. The results of this study were assayed by SPSS 16. Results. P. niruri extract was potent to reduce the matrix extracellular in 2% NaCl-induced rats compared to control group (p

A B S T R A C TBackground The use of plants as natural medicinal ingredients isincreasingly in demand by the public because the plants are consideredto have lower negative effects than chemical drugs. The effect of mineranherbs extract (Phyllanthus niruri Linn) on the histological spectrum of theuterus and oviduct rat (Rattus Norvegicus) had been studied.Aim ofStudy Aim of this study to explore the effect of meniran herbs extract(Phyllanthus niruri Linn) on the histological spectrum of the uterus andoviduct rat (Rattus Norvegicus) Methods Wistar rats have been challengedwith 2% NaCl in drinking water to result in fibrotic uterus and oviduct.Phyllanthus niruri extract (200 mg/Kg) turned into given orally for 4weeks. Matrix extracellular abundance turned into decided via way ofmeans of HE Staining and measured via way of means of METAVIRFibrosis Score. The result of this examine have been assayed via way ofmeans of SPSS 16. Results P. niruri extract was potent to reduce thematrix extracellular in 2% NaCl-induced rats compared to control group(p0.05) in oviduct. Conclusion P. niruri extract was potent todecrease the matrix extracellular in the uterus of the rats, but in oviduct.

This study investigates the effects of Phyllanthus amarus extract (PAE) on immune responses, growth, and resistance to Vibrio alginolyticus in white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). In vitro PAE treatment did not alter the cell viability of haemocytes and significantly enhanced immune parameters such as phenoloxidase (PO) activity, phagocytic activity, and superoxide anion (O2−) production. We conducted two feeding trials to examine the effects of PAE on the growth, disease resistance, and innate immune parameters of white shrimp. In the first in vivo trial, shrimps (4.01 ± 0.03 g) were fed a diet containing 0 g (control), 10 g (PAE10), 20 g (PAE20), or 40 g (PAE40) of PAE per kilogram of feed for 56 days. After the feeding period, the PAE20 group showed a significantly higher weight gain and specific growth rate than shrimp fed the control diet. Furthermore, after challenge with V. alginolyticus, shrimp fed a diet containing PAE showed significantly higher survival than those fed the control diet. The second in vivo trial (28 days) was performed to identify the mechanisms of enhanced immunity in PAE-fed shrimp. Shrimp fed the PAE20 diet generally had the highest total haemocyte count, PO activity, phagocytic activity, and O2− production, followed by the PAE40 and PAE10 groups. Thus, our results suggest that administration of 20 g of PAE per kilogram of feed can enhance immunity, growth, and resistance to V. alginolyticus in white shrimp.

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the major global health issues, strongly correlated with metabolic disorder, insulin resistance, obesity and oxidative stress. It is characterized by an excessive accumulation of liver fat, inflammation and dysfunction of the hepatocytes. NAFLD predisposes to cirrhosis, cardiovascular disease, and hepatocellular carcinoma in susceptible individuals. Although the specific signals remain poorly understood, NAFLD pathogenesis can involve the behavior of different types of hepatic cells and several extra-hepatic signals. The difficulty of NAFLD has been a big impediment to advancement and effective therapies with appropriate indicators. NAFLD's alternative medicines with medicinal herbs become the most useful solution today because of their minimum side effects. Phyllanthus niruri (P. niruri) is an herbal medicine that contains various bioactive phytochemicals with hypolipidemic, antioxidant, detoxifying, antimutagenic, anti-inflammatory and antiviral activities. The reduction of fatty acids and decreased insulin resistance (IR) is expected after P. niruri administration, which helps in the prevention of NAFLD. In this review, we describe recent clinical and diagnostic methods examining the diagnosis, development, and effects of NAFLD; comparing the attributes of the genetic and dietary animal models of NAFLD; and highlighting the potential hepatoprotective function of P. niruri, plus its therapeutic role in the prevention of NAFLD.

The ethanolic extract of leaves of Phyllanthus distichus results maximum yield value than that of petroleum ether extract, chloroform extract through successive extraction process. The ethanolic extract of leaves of Phyllanthus distichus showed maximum control in blood sugar in hyperglycemic wistar rats than other experimental extracts. The test extract also reduces the blood sugar level to a maximum extent in case of normal animals. Among the study of effects of alcoholic extracts of leaves of Phyllanthus distichus in both normoglycemic and hyperglycemic model through oral route. Toxicological study revealed that the alcoholic extracts Phyllanthus distichus leaves were safe and does not alter normal physiological and behavioral effect even at a higher dose level of 3000 mg/kg body weight. Administration of alcoholic extracts Phyllanthus distichus significantly reduces the elevated glucose level in alloxan induced diabetic rats confirms its anti-diabetic activity. This also reduces normal glucose level, which reveals the hypoglycemic property. The whole protein, whole cholesterol, ASAT, ALAT, ALP enzyme activity of alloxan administered rats showed significantly higher than normal rats, the test extract treated rats significantly reduced the elevated levels. The results of the present investigation indicate that the alcoholic extracts Phyllanthus Distichus leaves may have a place in the therapy of Diabetes Mellitus as anti-diabetic and/or hypoglycemic agent. The hypoglycemic and/or anti-diabetic effect of the test extract may be due to the influence on glycogenesis, glycogenolysis metabolic activity property of one or more of its constituents. Ethanolic extract of leaves of Phyllanthus Distichus is beneficial in lowering the blood sugar concentration and in the management of other diabetic complications without any doubt. Keywords: Alcoholic Extract of Phyllanthus Distichus (AEPD), Antigen (Ag), Alanine Amino Transferase (ALAT) Alkaline Phosphate (ALP), Asparatate

Background Insecticides are widely used in agriculture to curb the loss caused by insects. These insecticides are incorporated into the food chain and accumulate in the human body, as well disturb the various metabolic pathways. Imidacloprid is an insect neurotoxin commonly used in agriculture to control the insect pests. P. niruri is a traditional medicinal shrub widely used as an anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and anti-lethality agent. Objective The present study is designed to evaluate the ameliorative effects of Phyllanthus niruri (Bhumi amla) on the deleterious Insecticide imidacloprid in the vital organs of Chicken embryos. Materials and methods The embryonated chicken eggs were divided into the four groups (one control and three treated groups); the chorioallantoic membranes of control received 200 μl phosphate buffer saline, whereas group I and group II received 100 μg imidacloprid and 200 μl aqueous extract of P. niruri (PNE) respectively. Group III received both 100 μg imidacloprid and 200 μl PNE. The serum was collected on the 18th day its development; which was subjected to the biochemical analysis based on colorimetric assay in semi-automated biochemical analyzer using commercial kits. Results We observed significant in ovo effects of imidacloprid on chicken embryos; the values of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), were increased in imidacloprid treated group I; histopathology also revealed damage to the liver (necrotic areas and dilated blood sinusoids). Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), amylase, cholesterol, triglycerides protein and albumin levels were also altered significantly (p Conclusion The serum biochemicals were returned back to the nearly normal levels. PNE has ameliorated and overcome the effects of imidacloprid reasonably with the subsequent treatment among group III. Hence, P. niruri may be used to minimize the effects of an accidental exposure of imidacloprid.

Ethnopharmacological Relevance. Development of resistance to antimalarial drugs by Plasmodium falciparum is still rampant, and there is an urgent need for novel drugs to either standalone or to partner artemisinin for treatment of malaria. Traditionally, plants have, over the years, been a good source of antimalarial drugs. Efficacy and safety of such plants need to be scientifically authenticated. Aims, Materials, and Method. This study investigated the in vitro antiplasmodial activity, cytotoxicity, and genotoxicity of aqueous extracts of Acanthospermum hispidum DC, Alstonia boone (De Wild), Cocos nucifera L, Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf, Morinda lucida Benth, Psidium guajava, Phyllanthus niruri L, and Senna siamea Lam. Results. Five out of the eight plants, A. boonei stem bark, S; siamea Lam root, M. lucida Benth leaves, P. niruri, and A. hispidum DC whole plants, showed varying degrees of antiplasmodial activity against the asexual stage of the parasite. The most active extract against chloroquine-sensitive (3D7) and chloroquine-resistant (Dd2) P. falciparum strains is the A. hispidum extract which yielded a mean inhibitory concentration at 50% (IC50) of 3.66 µg/ml and 3.71 µg/ml for 3D7 and Dd2, respectively. This was followed by S. siamea Lam with 3.95 µg/ml for 3D7 and 4.47 µg/ml for Dd2. The IC50 values of the A. boonei extract against 3D7 and Dd2 P. falciparum parasites were 5.13 µg/ml and 3.62 µg/ml, respectively. For the M. lucida Benth extract, the least IC50 value was 6.46 µg/ml. All five extracts exhibited dose-dependent antiplasmodial activity. Assessment of the genotoxic effects the A. hispidum extract by the comet assay revealed substantial damage to P. falciparum DNA. Conclusion. This study demonstrates that the crude extract of A. hispidum DC, one of the plants used traditionally to treat malaria, inhibits the growth of P. falciparum in vitro and could be a potential source of antimalarial drug. The report has highlighted genotoxic and cytotoxic effects of the selected plant extracts on human leukocytes as well.

Leptospirosis is a worldwide infectious and zoonotic disease. The incidence of this disease is high in temperate regions, especially in northern Iran. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of temperature, pH, and Phyllanthus amarus plant extract on the lipL32 gene expression in pathogenic Leptospira spp. Fifty water samples were collected. Culture and PCR technique were used to isolate and identify the bacterium and the presence of the lipL32 gene. The samples were exposed to different temperatures and pH levels for one day and the Ph. amarus plant extract at different concentrations for one and seven days. RNA was extracted, and cDNA synthesis was performed for all the samples. All cDNAs were evaluated by the real-time PCR (SYBR green) technique. Out of the 50 samples, ten samples (20%), using PCR were determined to contain the pathogenic Leptospira. Fold change of the expression of the lipL32 gene associated with stresses was as follows: temperature stress of 40°C, 35°C, and 25°C reduced the lipL32 gene expression in all three isolates, especially in the isolates type 1. The pH stress, i.e., pH values equal to 8 or 9 reduced the gene expression in three types of isolates, and pH = 6 stress increases the lipL32 gene expression in the isolates of type 1. Ph. amarus plant extract stress reduced the mentioned gene expression only in isolates of type 2. Temperature and pH stresses could lead to differences in the expression level and cause the lipL32 gene expression decrease in three pathogenic isolates. The MIC results showed anti-leptospiral effect of Ph. amarus plant extract.

Considering the importance of ayurvedic herbs, science behind their potential in treating diseases and advantages over synthetic medicines in limiting side effects, there is an urgent need to employ such sacred science to produce medicines that effectively cure diseases and to distribute them to the needy. Many herbs mentioned in ayurveda are used to treat dreadful hepatic diseases especially, cirrhosis which is caused by the liver damage due to toxins, chronic alcoholism, synthetic drugs etc. In the present study, poly herbal hepatoprotective formulation, LIVAFIT, had been prepared and standardized for determining its quality and safety. Methanol herbal extracts were formulated according to a formula with Phyllanthus neruri, Picorrhiza kurroa, Andrographis paniculata as active ingredients and various other herbs helpful for possible hepatic regeneration and preventing hepatotoxicity. Physico chemically, microscopically and chemically standardized extracts were used in the study. Following the results of acute toxicity studies and after confirming the safety of extracts, hepatoprotective activity of formulation was evaluated by CCL4 induced hepatotoxicity method in albino wistar rats. It exhibited a dose dependent significant (P

Excessive alcohol consumption is a worldwide threat with severe morbidity and mortality. Other than abstinence, there is still no FDA-approved drug for alcoholic liver disease (ALD). Liver is the primary site of ethanol metabolism and hence gets the most damage from excessive drinking. It triggers multiple signalling events including inflammation, leading to an array of hepatic lesions like steatosis, hepatitis, fibrosis, and cirrhosis. Similarly, when medications or xenobiotic compounds are ingested orally, the liver gets the highest exposure of those metabolites, which in turn can cause severe liver toxicity. BV-7310 is a standardized mixture of four Ayurvedic plants, namely, Phyllanthus niruri, Tephrosia purpurea, Boerhavia diffusa, and Andrographis paniculata. In different systems of traditional medicine, each of these plants has been known to have use in gastrointestinal disorders. We wanted to assess the combined effect of these plant extracts on alcohol-induced liver damage. First, we investigated the hepatoprotective activity of BV-7310 against alcohol-induced toxicity in human liver HepG2 cells. Ethanol treatment (120 mM for 48 hours) significantly showed toxicity (around 42%) in these cells, and coincubation with BV-7310 prevented ethanol-induced cell death in a dose-dependent manner. Interestingly, the formulation BV-7310 showed synergistic activity than any individual extract tested in this assay. BV-7310 also showed potent antioxidant activity in 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) assay. Next, we induced hepatitis in Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats using repeated alcohol (40%) dosing, and carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) 24 hours before termination. Both oral doses of BV-7310 (250 and 500 mg/kg body weight) protected the alcohol-induced body weight loss and significantly improved the elevated levels of liver enzymes compared to the vehicle treated group. Thus, BV-7310 prevents alcohol-induced toxicity in both in-vitro and in-vivo models and could be beneficial for the treatment of ALD or other conditions, which may cause liver toxicity.

Meniran (Phyllantus niruri L.) and Pegagan (Centella asiatica L.) was proven had activity that considered as an antioxidant. However, the safety was not confirmed. This research is intended to evaluate sub-chronic toxicity of standardized combination extract of meniran and pegagan on liver and kidney function. This research used post-test-control design. Twenty female and twenty male Wistar strain rats divided into 4 groups. The first group was controlled in dosage of CMC Na 0.5%. The others were given a combination of meniran and pegagan extract in ratio with different dosage (50:50; 250:250; and 1250:1250 mg/KgBW). Sub-chronic toxicity test of meniran and pegagan combination was given orally once a day for 28 consecutive days. On the 29th day, all the rats were sacrificed and blood samples were analyzed using automatic analyzer. SGOT, SGPT, BUN, and creatinine value were statistically analyzed using one way ANOVA with post hoc LSD (p0.05). The treatment of meniran and gotu kola combination had significantly different of BUN value of male and female rats, and SGPT value of female rats (p

A large number of the plants are claimed to possess the antibiotic properties in the traditional system and are also used extensively by the tribal people throughout the world. It is now mostly thought that nature has given the cure of every disease in one form or another. Plants have been known to cure people from various diseases in Ayurveda. This research focused on the screening of phytochemicals and some biological activities of Phyllanthus albizzioides. The research showed that the ethanol extracts were found to be greater chemical constituents than watery extracts. Among the chemical constituents, steroid compounds were observed in highest amount in ethanol extract and the second highest in flavonoid compounds followed by tannin compounds and pheolic compounds. Furthermore, the ethanol extracts were more effective than the watery extracts in all tested biological activities such as antioxidant, anti-diabetic, cytotoxicity, antimicrobial, antitumor and NO inhibition activities. A cyclohexanone compound was isolated from the chloroform extract of the stem bark of P. albizzioides. The relative structure was determined to be 4,5-dihydroxy-3-methyl-cyclohex-2-enone on the basic of HRESIMS, 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectroscopic analyses, including 2D NMR experiments.

The prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the leading causes of chronic liver diseases worldwide. This study examined the potential protective effects of a naturally occurring polyphenolic compound, methyl brevifolincarboxylate (MBC) on fatty liver injury in vitro. The results showed that MBC at its non-cytotoxic concentrations, reduced lipid droplet accumulation and triglyceride (TG) levels in the oleic acid (OA)-treated human hepatocarcinoma cell line, SK-HEP-1 and murine primary hepatocytes. In OA-treated SK-HEP-1 cells and primary murine hepatocytes, MBC attenuated the mRNA expression levels of the de novo lipogenesis molecules, acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase (Acc1), fatty acid synthase (Fasn) and sterol regulatory element binding protein 1c (Srebp1c). MBC promoted the lipid oxidation factor peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-α (Pparα), and its target genes, carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1 (Cpt1) and acyl-coenzyme A oxidase 1 (Acox1) in both the SK-HEP-1 cells and primary murine hepatocytes. The mRNA results were further supported by the attenuated protein expression of lipogenesis and lipid oxidation molecules in OA-treated SK-HEP-1 cells. The MBC increased the expression of AMP activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation. On the other hand, MBC treatment dampened the inflammatory mediator’s, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-8, and IL-1β secretion, and nuclear factor (NF)-κB expression (mRNA and protein) through reduced reactive oxygen species production in OA-treated SK-HEP-1 cells. Taken together, our results demonstrated that MBC possessed potential protective effects against NAFLD in vitro by amelioration of lipid metabolism and inflammatory markers through the AMPK/NF-κB signaling pathway.

Scaling-up supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) for the extraction of bioactive compounds from herbal plants is challenging, especially with the presence of alcohol-water as co-solvent. Hence, the main objective of this study is to validate the scale-up criteria of SFE process for Phyllanthus niruri (P. niruri), and analyse the extract safety and profitability process at the industrial scale. The study was performed by using supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) with ethanol–water co-solvent at two operating conditions (L1: 200 bar, 60 °C and L2: 262 bar, 80 °C). The solvent-to-feed ratio (S/F) scale-up validation experiments were conducted at both operating conditions with feed mass capacity of 0.5 kg. The extraction yields and overall extraction curves obtained were almost similar to the predicted ones, with error of 5.13% and 14.2%, respectively. The safety of scale-up extract was evaluated by using a toxicity test against zebrafish embryo (FETT). The extract exhibited a low toxic effect with the LD50 value of 505.71 µg/mL. The economic evaluation using a detailed profitability analysis showed that the SFE of P. niruri was an economically feasible process, as it disclosed the encouraging values of return on investment (ROI) and net present values (NPV) for all scale-up capacities.

Scaling-up supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) for the extraction of bioactive compounds from herbal plants is challenging, especially with the presence of alcohol-water as co-solvent. Hence, the main objective of this study is to validate the scale-up criteria of SFE process for Phyllanthus niruri (P. niruri), and analyse the extract safety and profitability process at the industrial scale. The study was performed by using supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO

Plasmodium falciparumparasites are the major cause of malaria across Africa. Due to the appearance of multi-drug resistant parasites, new antimalarial drugs are needed. The medicinal plantPhyllanthus niruriis being used to treat fever and other symptoms of malaria in Nigeria; however, little is known about its antimalarial mechanisms. Here, we show that aqueous extract ofP. niruri(PE) has multiple antimalarial effects, including anti-parasitic and host immunomodulatory activity. We found that co-culture ofP. falciparumwith PE drastically reduced parasite number, but PE did not inhibit parasite development or rupture; rather, it blocked erythrocytes invasion. In addition, we identified Astragalin as one of the antimalarial compounds which are contained in PE. Moreover, we found that PE suppresses the inflammatory activity and apoptosis of immune cells (T cells) and astrocytes and neurons in the central nervous system (CNS). Furthermore, we confirmed that oral administration of PE to mice suppressed parasite growth, excessive inflammation, CNS dysfunction, and the development of experimental cerebral malaria in anin vivomurine malaria model. Our findings demonstrate that PE has multiple effects on malaria progression, targeting both parasite and host cells.

Despite high-level evidence supporting the use of pharmacotherapy therapy for the prevention of kidney stones, adherence to medications is often poor because of side-effects, inconvenience and cost. Furthermore, with a desire for more 'natural' products, patients seek dietary and herbal remedies over pharmacotherapy. However, patients are often unaware of the potential side-effects, lack of evidence and cost of these remedies. Therefore, in the present review we examine the evidence for a few of the commonly espoused non-prescription agents or dietary recommendations that are thought to prevent stone formation, including lemonade, fish oil (omega fatty acids), Phyllanthus niruri and the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet. While the present review includes only a few of the stone-modulating recommendations available to the lay community, we focussed on these four due to their prevalent use. Our goal is not to only dispel commonly held notions about stone disease, but also to highlight the lack of high-level evidence for many commonly utilised treatments.

Antimalarial agents are necessary tools in the global malaria eradication agenda and plants used traditionally in the treatment of malaria are indispensable sources of antimalarial compounds. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antiplasmodial potential of Phyllanthus nivosus leaf. In vitro antiplasmodial assay was conducted using Plasmodium falciparum infected erythrocytes incubated at 37 °C in modified RPMI 1640 culture media. The inhibitory effect of the ethanol extract on plasmodium lactate dehydrogenase (pLDH) activity was determined as a measure of antiplasmodial activity. In vivo study was done using mice infected with chloroquine sensitive P. berghei (NK-65 strain). Parasitemia, packed cell volume (PCV), hemoglobin (Hb) and liver lipid peroxidation (MDA) levels were determined after a 4 day treatment. Chloroquine was used as standard drug for both assays. The extract reduced pLDH activity by 39.52, 42.07 and 43.87% at 12, 25 and 50 μg/mL respectively. 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight of extract and 10 mg/kg chloroquine suppressed parasitemia of infected mice by 82.76, 81.11 and 86.87% respectively. Furthermore, the extract significantly reduced (p

Background and objective Faloak (Sterculia quadrifida R.Br) is widely used as traditional medicine in Indonesia to improve stamina (reduce tiredness for heavy workers). However, no scientific reports so far on the immunomodulatory effect. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of the bark of faloak as immunomodulatory agents by evaluating their effect on BALB/c mice lymphocytes proliferation, the activity of macrophage, nitric oxide production and the immunoglobulin G titer by in vivo techniques. Materials and methods Decoction of the faloak bark was used for the in vivo assay. BALB/c mice were divided into 5 dose groups, each consisting of 5 mice. One group was chosen as the baseline, 3 groups were used for the group treated with the test substance at doses of 7.5, 11.75 and 17.5 g kg-1 of body weight of mice (p.o) and a positive control group was treated with Phyllanthus niruri Linn. (PN) extract (Stimuno®) 0.585 g kg-1 b.wt., (p.o). The test samples were given every day. All mice were induced by hepatitis B vaccine at day 7 and 14. The activity of in vivo assay was determined at day 19. The activity of immunomodulatory effect is expressed in phagocytic capacity, phagocytosis index, nitric oxide, OD of lymphocyte proliferation and IgG titers. Results The macrophage phagocytic capacity and phagocytosis index were significantly increased (p 0.05). Conclusion This study showed that the faloak bark could increase the macrophages phagocytic activity, but no effect on lymphocyte cells and therefore did not influence the adaptive immune response.

Determination of major bioactive compounds in polyphyto-formulation is important for production of standardized herbal products. A fast, simple and inexpensive method for detection and quantification of andrographolide concentration in nanoemulsion preparations containing a combination of Andrographis paniculata (Burm f.) Ness. and Phyllanthus niruri L. has been developed. Detection and quantification were carried out using UV-vis spectrophotometry analysis with picric acid reagent and NaOH (8:2) in methanol solvents, read at maximum wavelength 479 nm with 22 min of incubation time. Validation was done by determine the parameters such as linearity, intra and interday precision, accuracy, limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ). The results obtained showed linearity with r = 0.9945 (y = 0.0109x − 0.2066) in the range of 30-80 μg/mL. The accuracy (recovery) varied in the range of 97.15 to 104.42 %. Percentage of relative standard deviation (% RSD) for precision and intermediate precision value were 3.23 and 3.02 % with LOD value 211 μg/mL and the LOQ 705 μg/mL. As a conclusion, this method is suitable to detect andrographolide content in herbal nano-preparation. Keywords: Andrographis paniculata, Phyllanthus niruri, Spectrophotometry, Andrographolide, Nanoemulsion.

Background: Diabetes-instigated nerve damage is a chronic complication including impaired peripheral nerve function with lowered nerve conduction velocity (NCV), demyelination of nerve fibres and alterations in the behaviour. Many clinical and experimental studies have proved that Phyllanthus amarus and esculetin have potential effects against various diseases.Purpose: The aim of this study is to assess the neuroprotective role of hydro-ethanolic extract of Phyllanthus amaras (PAE) and esculetin (ESC) on NCV, metabolism, behavioural and structural changes in diabetic rats.Methods: The extent of protection using PAE and ESC in diabetic rats was determined by checking the HbA1c, NO, myeloperoxidase (MPO), total calcium, protein content, Na+-K+ATPase activity, acetylcholine content and behavioural alterations using rotarod and maze learning tests on 7, 14 and 21 days. NCV was measured on the 21st day.Results: The diabetic rats showed increased HbA1c, nitrite, MPO, calcium and decreased protein, Na+-K+ATPase activity, NCV, acetylcholine, behavioural alterations and morphological changes of sciatic nerve so that diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is manifested. Continuous treatment for three weeks with Phyllanthus amarus and esculetin significantly minimized the damage to axons and myelin sheath and enhanced the sciatic NCV by reversing all the mentioned parameters.Conclusion: Phyllanthus amarus and esculetin showed the anti-diabetic as well as anti-inflammatory characteristics by prevention of initiation of adverse processes of the sciatic nerve morphology, internal cell functions leading to improved coordination, behavioural and physiological functions in STZ-induced diabetic rats. PAE has shown similar effects with the ESC. However, further studies are essential to confirm their detailed therapeutic effects.

In the present article we have developed an eco-friendly, phytosynthetic, cost-effective and straightforward method for the synthesis of nearly monodisperse CuO nanospheres (NSP) using leaf extracts of medicinal plants Phyllanthus reticulatus (PR) and Conyza bonariensis (CB) as novel green reducing agents. Copper nitrate (Cu (NO3)2) was used as a precursor. The stoichiometric ratio of both leaf extracts (PR/CB) and Cu(NO3)2 was standardized for the synthesis of NSP. During formation of CuO NSP, a color of solution gradually changed from light greenish-blue to black with a number of intermediate stages and it correlated to the reduction reaction catalyzed by phytochemicals. As-synthesized materials were characterized in detail at the structural, electronic level and morphological authentication by XRD, FT-IR, EDS, UV-DRS, Raman, XPS, SEM, TEM, BET and AFM. SEM studies of phytosynthesized materials revealed nearly monodisperse nanospheres, while TEM rendered average particles size 4–14 nm. Also, AFM profiles suggested a homogenized nature of the nanospheres. Then, the antioxidant property was obtained by α, α-diphenyl-β-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). Ethanolic, methanolic extracts were used for the antioxidant activity, while ascorbic acid was used as a standard medium. Each plant extract exhibited noteworthy antioxidant activity. Moreover, the antibacterial activity of CuO NSP (PR/CB) was tested against human pathogenic bacteria viz. gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and gram-negative Escherichia coli. Result rendered effective antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli.

Phyllanthus muellarianus (Kuntze) Exell. (Euphorbiacea) leaves are widely used in the treatment of neurological disorders in Nigeria. We investigated the protective effect of aqueous leaf extract o...

Introduction. The aim of our study was to assess the efficacy of Phyllanthus niruri standardized extract, combined with magnesium and B6 vitamin, used to treat uncomplicated nephrolithiasis. Patients and methods. We included in the present study 48 patients with uncomplicated nephrolithiasis, with the maximum calculi diameter of up to 15 mm, confirmed by non-contrast-enhanced computer tomography. Each patient followed a three-month therapeutic regimen with the above mentioned combination, with imaging assessment of the calculi after treatment. Results. Per patient: The mean age of the patients was 48 years. The median number of calculi was 1 and the mean dimension was 5.5 mm. The stone-free status after treatment was not correlated with gender (p=0.7), side location (p=0.8) or with the number of calculi (p=0.3), but we found a correlation with the location in the upper or middle calyx (54.5% vs 13.8%, p=0.008) and with the maximum diameter (p=0.001). Per stone: 60 calculi were analyzed, 8.3% being located in the upper calyx, 36.7% in the middle and 55% in the lower one. After treatment, 40% were absent, 21.7% showed lower dimensions and 38.3% remained unchanged, with the mean reduction of 1.7 mm. We identified a cut-off value of ≤ 3 mm (AUC 0.9, CI:0.8-0.9, p

To study the effect of methanolic extract of Phyllanthus niruri on animal model of Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Mellitus was induced in rats by injecting Streptozotocin (60mg/kg) intraperitonealy. Blood glucose was measured on day 3 by GOD-POD method. Rats having fasting blood glucose >250 mg/dl were further selected for study. Four groups were created i.e. Control, Control+Streptozotocin, Streptozotocin+ Metformin(75mg/kg) and Streptozotocin+ extract of P. niruri (250mg/kg). Each group was consisting of 6 rats of either sex. Metformin and experimentalextract were administered for 21 days. Blood Glucose was measured on day 7 and 21. Triglyceride, Cholesterol and Leptin level were also measure by commercially available kit. Anti-oxidant potential was assessed by estimating extent of Lipid peroxidation (LPO) by Malondialdehyde (MDA), Nitric oxide (NO), Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and Glutathione (GSH) in four different tissues i.e. Liver, Kidney, Pancreas, Muscle on day 21. Unpaired and paired student’s t-test were applied for statistical analysis using SPSS Software. The extract of P. niruri showed significant decrease in blood glucose level on day 21 (p-0.04). The treatment didn’t show significant lowering of Leptin and Cholesterol level however Triglyceride level was significantly reduced (p-0.05). The treatment group showed improvement in oxidative stress by increasing SOD and GSH and decreasing LPO and NO activity. The study showed anti-hyperglycemic and anti-oxidative properties of methanolic extract of P.niruri.

The antimicrobial activity of saponin extracted from Phyllanthus niruri was investigated on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) was used to determine the structure spectra of the extracted purified saponin. The 13carbon NMR predicted on the basis of chemical shift that appeared in the resonances of 20 – 60 ppm gave a structure named Phylagenin-13-O-α-D-glucopyranoside and Phylagenin-25-O-β-D-glucopyra-noside. The susceptibility profile of MRSA determined by the agar-diffusion method showed that 97.0% and 90.0% of the test bacterium were resistant to Tetracycline and Cotrimoxazole respectively and 60% of the bacterium was susceptible to saponin extract. The ability of saponin extracted from P. niruri to treat clinical manifestation like chest congestion and skin desquamation from which S. aureus resistant to conventional antibiotics have been isolated has been confirmed in this study. The fact that this extract exerted an inhibitory effect on MRSA indicates that they can potentially be further developed into antimicrobial clinically used agents.

Background Standardized extract of Phyllanthus amarus has been shown to possess inhibitory effects on cellular and humoral immune responses in Wistar-Kyoto rats and Balb/c mice. Objective In the present study, the standardized extract of P. amarus was investigated for its suppressive effects on type II collagen-induced rheumatoid arthritis (TCIA) in Sprague Dawley rats. Method The major components of the extracts, lignans and phenolic compounds were analysed by using a validated reversed phase HPLC and LC-MS/MS. A rheumatoid arthritis rat model was induced by administering a bovine type II collagen emulsion subcutaneously at the base of tail, on day 0 and 7 of the experiment. Effects of the extract on severity assessment, changes in the hind paw volume, bone mineral density, body weight and body temperature were measured. Concentrations of cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-1α, IL-6) released, matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-1, MMP-3 MMP-9) and their inhibitor (TIMP-1), haematological and biochemical changes were also measured. ELISA was used to measure the cytokines and proteinases in the rat serum and synovial fluid according to manufacturer's instructions. Results The extract dose-dependently modulated the progression in physical parameters (i.e. decrease in body weight, increase in body temperature, reduced hind paw volume, reduced the severity of arthritis), bone mineral density, haematological and biochemical perturbations, serum cytokines production and levels of matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitor in the synovial fluid. Histopathological examination of the knee joint also revealed that the extract effectively reduced synovitis, pannus formation, bone resorption and cartilage destruction. Conclusion The results suggest that the oral administration of a standardized extract of P. amarus was able to suppress the humoral and cellular immune responses to type II collagen, resulting in the reduction of the development of TCIA in the rats.

Treatment options for most cancers are still insufficient, despite developments and technology advancements. It has been postulated that the immune response to progressive tumors is insufficient due to a deficiency in afferent mechanisms responsible for the development of tumor-reactive T cells. Many patients treated for cancer will have their cancer recurrence, often after a long remission period. This suggests that there are a small number of tumor cells that remain alive after standard treatment(s) – alone or in combination and have been less effective in combating metastasis that represents the most elaborate hurdle to overcome in the cure of the disease. Therefore, any new effective and safe therapeutic agents will be highly demanded. To circumvent many plant extracts have attributed for their chemoprotective potentials and their influence on the human immune system. It is now well recognized that immunomodulation of immune response could provide an alternative or addition to conventional chemotherapy for a variety of disease conditions. However, many hurdles still exist. In recent years, there has been a tremendous interest either in harnessing the immune system or towards plant-derived immunomodulators as anticancer agents for their efficacy, safety and their targeted drug action and drug delivery mechanisms. This review discusses Phyllanthus Schum. & Thonn. their chemopreventive and immunomodulatory properties over the past few years. Although, as many as 500 important bioactive phytochemical compounds have been isolated from Phyllanthus their chemotherapeutic, immunomodulatory properties, molecular targets and modes of action are yet to be enlightened in detail. Hence, the theme of this review is very useful for further research on Phyllanthus species. because many phytochemicals from these plants have demonstrated preclinical therapeutic efficacy for a wide range of human diseases.

This study aimed to determine that amla (Phyllanthus emblica L.) extract prevents and alleviates hair loss. We measured cell proliferative activity, 5alpha- reductase inhibitory, TGF-beta1 and DKK-1, IGF-1 and VEGF effect on human dermal papilla cells to investigate therapeutic effect of the amla extract. The cell proliferative activity in human dermal papilla cells was observed to be most prominent in the range of 50 μg/ml. Also, amla extract decreased the expression of 5alpha-reductase in a dose dependent manner in human dermal papilla cells. And IGF-1 and VEGF which were known to accelerate the differentiation and growth of human dermal papilla cells was increased by amla extract in a dose dependent manner. Taken together, these results suggest that amla extract has hair growth promoting effect and it may be a potent candidate for the prevention of hair loss.

The study aims to learn the efficacy combination of Phyllanthus niruri and Androgaphis paniculata toimprove the performance of laying hens infected with Escherichia coli pathogen. Fifty laying hens of IsaBrown strain were randomly divided into 5 treatments, each treatment was divided into 10 replications(n=10). Treatment P0- (control group without infected), P0+ (hens group infected with Avian Pathogenic’sEscherichia coli without given extract), P1 (hens group infected with Avian Pathogenic’s Escherichia coliwith 10% Phyllanthus niruri extract and 30% Androgaphis paniculata), P2 (hens group infected with AvianPathogenic’s Escherichia coli with 20% Phyllanthus niruri extract and 20% Androgaphis paniculata) andP3 (hens group infected with Avian Pathogenic’s Escherichia coli with 30% Phyllanthus niruri extract and10% Androgaphis paniculata). Performances observed were feed consumption, Hen Day Production, eggsweight and feed conversion. Data analyzed by ANOVA and tested with the F test. The feed consumptionshowed in P1 was different from P3, P2, P0+ and P0-, P1 was different from P2 but not with P3, P0+, andP0- showed significantly different in each treatment. In P3 showed no differences with all treatments. Theeggs weight showed different in P0+ for all treatments, while the other treatments in P1, P2, P3 and P0-showed no differences. The feed conversion showed in P0+ was different for all treatments, while othertreatments showed no difference. P0+ treatment compared to (P0-, P1, P2) was significantly different, P0+treatment compared to P3 treatment was not significantly different, between P3 and P1 treatment was notsignificantly different, and between P1 and P2 with P0- was not significantly different, also between P3 withP2 and P0- treatments was significantly different. Supply of P. niruri extract. and A. paniculata in layinghens can improve the performance of laying hens infected with Escherichia coli pathogen.