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Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death. The mainly risks factors for CVD are diabetes, hypertension and high levels of homocysteine (Hcys), among others. Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) has been proposed as an antiatherogenic target for its ability to hydrolyzing oxi-Low-Density-Lipoproteins (LDL) and Hcys-thiolactone. Thus, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the association of Hcys levels, and the activities and concentration of PON1, as well as vitamin B from the diet with a risk for CVD.A case-control study was carry out in patients with cardiovascular diseases (CVD), Arterial hypertension, but not CVD (AH), and in healthy controls (control group) from the Mexican Institute of Social Security. Lipid profile, intake of vitamin B, Hcys, serum amyloid A (SAA), PON1 concentration, and PON1 activities (Arylesterase activity (ARE), Lactonase activity (LAC), and CMPA activity (CMPA)) were evaluated.The CVD group had the highest concentration of Hcys and SAA than in the AH and control groups (p 0.01). ARE, LAC, and CMPA activities and PON1 concentration were lowest in the CVD group. A positive-independent association between Hcys levels and CVD was found (OR = 2.09; 95% CI: 1.69-2.56) and this increase when it was adjusted by age, BMI, ApoA1, vitamin B intake, SAA, and PON1 (OR = 14.41; 95% CI: 1.75-118.71). LAC and CMPA, as well as PON1 concentration, were inversely associated with CVD.LAC activity, PON1 concentration, and Hcys levels might be good biomarkers for CVD and their association could be modified by the intake of vitamin B.

Changes in paraoxonase 1 (PON1) activities have been observed in a variety of diseases involving oxidative stress, such as CVD. However, its role in obesity has not been fully established. In the present study, we aimed (1) to genotype sixteen PON1 SNP, (2) to measure serum PON1 activities and (3) to correlate these findings with the incidence of childhood obesity and related traits. We conducted a case–control study of 189 normal-weight and 179 obese prepubertal children, and we measured four different PON1 activities: lactonase; paraoxonase; arylesterase; diazoxonase. Although none of these activities was significantly different between the obese and normal-weight children, lactonase activity was found to be positively correlated with HDL-cholesterol and ApoA1 levels and negatively correlated with myeloperoxidase and fatty acid-binding protein 4 levels. Among the sixteen genotyped PON1 SNP, only the intronic SNP rs854566 exhibited a significant association with obesity (OR 0·61, 95 % CI 0·41, 0·91; P= 0·016). This genetic variant was also associated with increased diazoxonase, lactonase and arylesterase activities and decreased paraoxonase activity. Other genetic variants exhibited different association patterns with serum activities based on their location within the PON1 gene, and SNP that were located within the promoter were strongly associated with lactonase, arylesterase and diazoxonase activities. The functional variant Q192R exhibited the greatest effect on paraoxonase activity (P= 5·88 × 10− 42). In conclusion, SNP rs854566 was negatively associated with childhood obesity and with increased serum PON1 activities in prepubertal children. We determined that lactonase is a reliable indicator of PON1 activities and should be included in future studies of PON1 function.

Objetivo. Determinar la incidencia de detección de drogas de abuso en pacientes con traumatismo grave. Diseño. Estudio observacional prospectivo, rea lizado entre julio de 2004 y enero de 2006. Ámbito. Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos (UCI) neurotraumatológica de un hospital de tercer nivel. Pacientes. Pacientes con traumatismos que precisaron el ingreso en la UCI durante el período de estudio. Intervenciones. Análisis de alcoholemia y de tóxicos (cocaína, cannabis, anfetaminas y otras) en orina. Resultados. Se obtuvo una muestra para análisis de tóxicos en 196 pacientes de los 288 ingresados por traumatismo grave. La causa más frecuente del traumatismo fue el accidente de tráfico, con un 69%. El tóxico más frecuentemente encontrado fue el cannabis (22,4%), seguido del alcohol (17,3%) y la cocaína (12,8%). En menores de 45 años, el cannabis fue detectado en el 26,1% frente al 9,3% en mayores de 45 años (p < 0,05) y la cocaína en un 16,3% frente al 0% (p < 0,001). En menores de 45 años fue detectada la presencia de algún tóxico en el 45% frente al 23% en mayores de 45 años (p < 0,05). Conclusión. La alta proporción de resultados positivos a tóxicos en pacientes con traumatismos graves sugiere que el ambiente epidemiológico en que se mueven estos pacientes es muy preocupante. Estos datos deberían tener importancia para diseñar futuras campañas de prevención.